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Prof. TanmayBhattacharyaVidyasagar University

BiodiversityConservation

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What is Biodiversity?

Term was first coined by Walter G Rosen (1985)

Wilson and Peters (1988) brought biodiversity in

lime light through the book Biodiversity After Rio Conference it has become a popular term

Biodiversity is the totality of genes, species andecosystems in a region

There are three hierarchical components of

biodiversity

Diversity within species - Genetic diversity

Diversity between species - Taxonomic diversity

Diversity of Ecosystems - Ecological diversity

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Biodiversity

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Genetic diversity

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Genetic diversity

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Species diversity

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Taxonomic diversity

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Taxonomic diversity

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Taxonomic diversity

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Tundra

Tundra

Savana

Coral Reef

Desert Polar

Wetland Cultivated land

Tropical rain forest

Ecological Diversity

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Taxonomicgroup

Number ofnamed species

1. Virus 5,000

2. Bacteria 4,0003. Fungi 70,000

4. Plants 270,000

5. Fish 22,0006. Reptiles 12,000

7. Birds 10,000

8. Mammals 4,5009. Invertebrates (Excluding

Insects)400,000

10. Insects 960,000

11. Others 43,500

Total 1801000

Global Biodiversity (Alonso et al., 2001)

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Himalayas

Western Ghat

Sri Lanka

Indo-Burma

Sundaland

Hotspot

of India

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Value of Biodiversity

Biological

/

Ecological Taxonomicallyuniquespecies Endemicspecies

Keystonespecies

Ecologicallyimportantspecies

Utilitarian

Speciesused

for

food,

fiber,

medicine

etc.

directly

orindirectly Specieswithpotentialityforfutureutilization

Speciesneeded

to

maintain

environmental

health

andquality

Cultural

Culturallyand

spiritually

important

species

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Biodiversity & Biotechnology

Biodiversityprovidesrawmaterialsforbiotechnology

Fermentation Antibioticsandmedicine Biofertilizers

Vermitechnology Biogas Bioremediation Tissueculture Hybridization GMO

and

Transgenics

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Biodiversity vis--vis Biotechnology

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Extinction

99.9%ofthespecieswhichever existedare

nowextinct(Raup,1991).

Presentbiodiversity

=

Speciation

Extinction

Pseudoextinction

Extirpation(localextinction)

Trueextinction

(Global

extinction)

Backgroundextinction

Massextinction

Anthropogenicextinction

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Mass extinction

354 million years ago

438 million years ago

245 million years ago

208 million years ago

65 million years ago

Name Period ExtentofSpeciesloss

Cause

VI Presentera ???Anthropogenic

activities

VEndof

Cretaceous7076% Impactofmeteor

IV EndofTriassic 7980% Impactofmeteor

IIIEndof

Permian95%

Greatgeologic

upheaval,

movementofland

mass&

formation

of

Pangea

II LateDevonian 7983% GlobalCooling

ILate

Ordovician84 85% Impactofmeteor

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Global biodiversity slumped 27% in past 35 years

(Marshall, 2008)

Human Impacts have elevated the rate of extinction by

several thousand times of the natural rate

It is predicted to reach 10,000 times of the natural rate by

2100

If the current rate of destruction of Biosphere continues

50% of the existing species will be extinct in next 100

years

Climate change alone will cause extinction of 50% of the

species

34% of fish, 25% of mammals, 25% of amphibians, and

20% of repti les are in the brink of extinction

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Rate of extinction

According to WCU natural rate of extinction is 1

species of mammal and 2 species of birds in 400

years

The recorded rate of extinction during past 400

years is 85 species of mammals and 113 species

of birds (Primack, 2002)

Since the beginning of recording in 1600 AD 800species have become extinct due to wanton

activities of Man

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1. Habitat Loss / degradation Deforestation

Expansion of Agriculture

Urbanization

Industrialization

2. Invasive Alien species

3. Harvesting (food, medicine, fueletc.)

4. Accidental mortality5. Persecution (pest control)

6. Pollution

7. Natural disasters

8. Changes in native speciesdynamics

9. Intrinsic factors

10.Poaching and Trade

11.Global Warming and ClimateChange

Threats to Biodiversity

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Main causes of species loss

Invasive alien species 39%

Habitat destruction 36%

Hunting 23%

Other causes 2%

Man is responsible for 98% of the presentbiodiversity loss (WCMC, 1992)

Presently 20% of the worlds endangered speciesare threatened by exotic invaders

Climate change alone will cause extinction of50% of species

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V IUCN R d Li t C t

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Ver 3.1 IUCN Red List CategoryExtinct (EX) Not seen in wild for past 50 years

Extinct in the wild (EW) - Present in only domesticated or cultivated conditionCritically Endangered (CR)- 80% decline in past 10 years

< 50 mature individuals

Probability of extinction 50% within 10 yrs or 3generations whichever is longerEndangered (EN) 50% decline in past 10 years

< 250 mature individualsProbability of extinction 20% within 20 yrs or 5

generations whichever is longer

Vulnerable (VU) 20% decline in past 10 years< 1000 mature individuals

Probability of extinction 10% within 100 yrs or 5generations whichever is longer

Near Threatened (NT) - Close to be vulnerable

Least Concern (LC) Do not qualify as any of the above

Data Deficient (DD) Sufficient information not available

Threatened species (CR + EN + VU) deserve special conservation effort

Th t l ti

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Threat evaluation

IUCN Red List Statistical Summaries, 2008.

Th t d i

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Threatened species

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Dodo

No more inthe world

CheetahExtirpated

from India

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Critically Endangered

Gyps bengalensis

E d d

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Endangered

Panthera tigris tigris

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Vulnerable

Antilope cervicapra

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Plant Diversity in India - At a Glance

Groups No. of Species

Total Plants 47,000

Angiosperms (Flowering plants) 17,000

Gymnosperms 64

Pteridophytes 1,022

Ferns 1,200

Bryophytes 2,584

Lichens 1,600

Fungi 2,300

Algae 2,500

Bacteria 850Orchids 1,100

Endemic P lants 6,850

Plants of Ethnobotanical I nterest 800

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Animal Diversity in India - At a Glance

Groups No. of Species

Total Animals 89,461

Mammals 390Birds 1,232

Reptiles 456

Amphibia 219

Pisces 2,546

Insects 59,353Other invertebrates 45265

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2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened species of India

(Source: 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species)

Taxonomic group Number of SpeciesMammals 96

Birds 76

Reptiles 25Amphibians 65

Fishes 40

Molluscs 2Other Invertebrates 109

Animals 313

Plants 246

Total 659

Threatened species deserve conservation priority

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in situ & ex situ conservation

in situ conservation involves conservation in

protected areas (Sanctuary, National Park,Biosphere Reserve)

ex situ conservation involves use of

biotechnology1. Cryopreservation

2. Gene Bank/ Seed Bank

3. Genetic engineering

4. Captive breeding

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Protected Areas: INDIA

Year Sanctuary National

Park

Biosphere

Reserve

Area

(%)

1960 60 5

1970 151 5

1.81980 205 19 2.4

1990 411 70 7 42000 441 80 12 4.8

2010 514 99 16 4.83Source, National Wildlife Database 2010

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Tiger population in India

YEAR Tiger Source

Before 1901 1000000 Estimated

1930 40000 Sankhla, 19781964 4000 Gee, 1964

1969 2500 Sankhla, 1969

1972 1827 (73) Tiger census1979 3015 (296) Do

1984 4005 (352) Do

1989 4334 (353) Do

1993 3750 (335) Do

2007 1411 (304) ? NTCA

Tiger Population and

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Tiger Population and

Number of Tiger Reserves

Aspects which need intervention

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Aspects which need intervention

Invasive Alien Species Biotic invasion is one of the five top causes for global biodiversity

loss (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)

Theme of IDB (22nd May 2009) was invasive alien species (IAS)

Since 17th century IAS have contributed nearly 40% all animalextinction

Worldwide 30% of animals and 15% of plants have been

considered as IAS

Rich biodiversity of India is under threat from IAS. 40% of Indian

species are aliens and 25% of them are invasive (Venkatraman,

2009)

IAS has the ability to out compete, predate and eliminate nativespecies

1. Invasive Alien Species

2. GMOs

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World wide an estimated 80% of endangered species could

suffer losses by competition with or predation by invasive

species (Pimental et al. 2005)

In Hawaii 263 native species disappeared, 1400 are in trouble of

which 300 have been listed as endangered due to invasion by

exotic species

Of 113 species of endemic birds 50 are now extinct and 40 are

endangered

In North America 68% of the fish species have become extinct

during past 100 years due to introduction of exotic species

Allelopathic effect can make environment unsuitable for native

species

Environmental benefits of

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Environmental benefits of

GMO and Bt crops

Resistance against pest and disease

High yielding

Herbicide tolerant

Less land needed for agriculture

Conserve resources: less labour, fuel,fertilizer and water needed

Enhance economic growth

Environmental problems of

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Environmental problems of

GMO and Bt crops

Haveselective

advantage

over

native

population

Mayreduce

biodiversity

through

Competition

Releaseof

toxins

Escapeandgeneflow

Maydisrupt

ecological

balance

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GMO has a competitive advantage and if it

escapes from the fields it has the potential toreplace the non GM counterparts

Escape of genetically distinct farmed fish can

pose problems to natural fish biodiversity

In Scotland an escape of 1 lakh farmed Atlantic

salmon has been reported 15 20% of Atlantic salmon caught off the shore

of Norway were of farmed origin

Gene flow from such escaped GMO may causegenetic modification of native population, changeecological role of their wild relatives. This may

cause ecological disruption

Bt corn pollen can kill Monarch butterfly larvae Bt corn pollen can kill Monarch butterfly larvae

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Bt corn pollen can kill Monarch butterfly larvae

Bt corn toxin harm beneficial insects living in

soil Bt toxin may travel long distance in streams

and may harm beneficial stream insects

Bt corn pollen can kill Monarch butterfly larvae

Bt corn toxin harm beneficial insects living in

soil Bt toxin may travel long distance in streams

and may harm beneficial stream insects

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Agriculture, being monoculture, itself reduces

biodiversity

GM crops take this one step further Monoculture - All the individuals are of same species

GM cropping - All the individuals within a species are

genetically identical

Genetic engineering could lead to a loss of cultivar

varieties which in turn may cause widespread

outbreak of pest and disease

IUCN (2004) has adopted a resolution for

moratorium on further environmental releases of

GMO until this can be demonstrated to be safe for

biodiversity and for human and animal health

Recently Chhattisgarh Govt. has opposed therelease of Bt brinjal for commercial use

The Telegraph Nov 1 2009

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The Telegraph Nov. 1, 2009

Genetic brinjal opposedNew Delhi, Oct. 31 (PTI):The Chhattisgarh government hassought the intervention of Union environment minister J airamRamesh to disallow commercial cultivation of geneticallymodified brinjal in the country"We are seeking the intervention of the environment minister tostop commercial cultivation of Bt brinjal. We have alreadyletters to J airam Ramesh and Union agriculture minister

Sharad Pawar, Chhattisgarh agriculture ministerChandrashekhar Sahu said.

The biotechnology regulator, the Genetic Engineering ApprovalCommittee (GEAC), had on October 14 cleared Bt brinjai for

commercial use.The Union government is, however, yet totake a decision.Sahu said the committee's decision was taken in haste toserve "vested commercial interests of multinational companiessuch as Monsanto" which are involved in developing

genetically modified crops.

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On a case by case basis researchers

must determine if a specific GMcropping system or introduction of

exotic species improves economicdevelopment or destroys it by

destroying natural biodiversity. These

are the aspects which need serious

intervention

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Thank You