Teaching Aids

Are the instructional method and instructional material

the same?

instructional methods and instructional materials are not one and not the same .

Instructional methods are the way by which information is taught.

Instructional materials, include print and non-print media and the accompanying hardware which used to supplement and enhance teaching and learning activities by highlighting important points or key steps or tasks, so help to communicate information clearly and maintain students' interest.

No one tool is better than another The teacher must be familiar with the media Media must be consistent with: cognitive, affective, and/or psychomotor skills.

Instructional methods.

Predetermined behavioral objectives

Instructional aides should be appropriate for The physical conditions of the learning

environment, The available financial resources The learner sensory abilities The message imparted by instructional materials

must be accurate, valid, appropriate, unbiased, and free of any unintended messages.

Delivery System

Content

Presentation

Delivery System- The delivery system includes both the software and

the hardware used in presentation of information. - Eg. the educator giving a lecture might choose to embellish the

information being presented using a delivery system, such as PowerPoint slides (software), and a computer (hardware).

- The choice of the delivery system is influenced by the size of the audience,

- The pacing or flexibility needed for delivery, and- The sensory aspects most suitable to the audience.

Content

Past to Present

Simple to Complex

Known to Unknown

Most Frequently Used to Least Frequently Used

PresentationEducator role in presentation  Practice using your visual aids in advance Set up or prepare visual aids before students arrive Check that equipments is working before students

arrive Capture the interest of students Make students aware of the objectives and

presentation 

Cont. Presentation Create positive learning climate Demonstrate effective presentation skills Make sure that students can see the writing board,

flipchart sand screen Charts , diagrams and tables should be large and

simple Prepare hardcopies of handouts Have question or exercise after using visual aids.

I-Written or printed materials . Which Domain

II- Demonstration Materials Which Domain?

III-Audiovisual Materials Which Domain?

I. Written or printed materials Handouts books pamphlets brochures instruction sheets

Nature of the audience Literacy Level Required Figure 5.1

Brevity and Clarity (KISS rule: keep it simple and

smart). Figure 5.2Layout and Appearance Figure 5.3

Opportunity for Repetition Concreteness and Familiarity Figure 5.4

Advantages DisadvantagesAlways available less opportunity to clear up

misinterpretation

Rate of reading is controllable by the reader

Highly complex materials may be overwhelming to the learner

Complex concepts can be explained both fully and adequately

Literacy skill of learner may limit effectiveness

Verbal instruction can be reinforced Impersonal Limited feedback

Learner is always able to refer back to instructions given in print

Absence of instructor lessens

1. Models

2. writing board

3. Posters

II- Demonstration Materials

II- Demonstration Materials

Models

Models are usually three-dimensional instructional tools that allow the

learner to immediately apply knowledge and psychomotor skills by

observing, examining, manipulating, handling, assembling, and

disassembling objects while the teacher provides feedback . In addition,

these demonstration aids encourage learners to think abstractly and give

them the opportunity to use many of their senses.

2. Writing board Important guidelines for instructors using

chalkboards and white marker boards: Use chalk or pens that contrast with the background of the board so

that students can see the information clearly. Make text and drawings large enough to be seen in the back of the room. Underline headings and important words for emphasis. Do not talk while facing the board Do not block the students' view of the board; stand aside when you

have finished writing or drawing. Allow sufficient time for students to copy the information from the

board. Summarize the main points at the end of the presentation..

3- Posters Use complementary (opposite-spectrum) color

combinations One color should make up as much as 70% of the

display. Balance script with white space (or another

background color) and graphics to add variety and contrast.

Convey the message in common, straight forward language

Adhere to the KISS principle (keep it simple and smart). Keep objectives in mind

Cont. Posters Be sure content is current and free of spelling, grammar, and

mathematical errors.. Avoid using all-capital letters except for very short titles and

labels. Use a title or introductory statement that orients readers to the

subject. Logically sequence the written and graphic components Use arrows, circles, or directional lines The ability of a poster to influence behavior or expand awareness

can be greatly enhanced by careful consideration of its content, intended audience, and design elements

We hope you find this template useful! This one is set up to yield a 36x84” (3x7’) horizontal poster when we print it at 200%.

We’ve put in the headings we usually see in these posters, you can copy and paste and change to your hearts content! We suggest you use keep black text against a light background so that it is easy to read. Background color can be changed in format-background-drop down menu.

The boxes around the text will automatically fit the text you type, and if you click on the text, you can use the little handles that appear to stretch or squeeze the text boxes to whatever size you want. If you need just a little more room for your type, go to format-line spacing and reduce it to 90 or even 85%.

The dotted lines through the center of the piece will not print, they are for alignment. You can move them around by clicking and holding them, and a little box will tell you where they are on the page. Use them to get your pictures or text boxes aligned together.

How to bring things in from Excel® and Word®

Excel- select the chart, hit edit-copy, and then edit-paste into PowerPoint®. The chart can then be stretched to fit as required. If you need to edit parts of the chart, it can be ungrouped. Watch out for scientific symbols used in imported charts, which PowerPoint will not recognize as a used font and may print improperly if we don’t have the font installed on our system. It is best to use the Symbol font for scientific characters.

Word- select the text to be brought into PowerPoint, hit edit-copy, then edit-paste the text into a new or existing text block. This text is editable. You can change the size, color, etc. in format-text. We suggest you not put shadows on smaller text. Stick with Arial and Times New Roman fonts so your collaborators will have them.

Scans

We need images to be 72 to 100 dpi in their final size, or use a rule of thumb of 2 to 4 megabytes of uncompressed .tif file per square foot of image. For instance, a 3x5 photo that will be 6x10 in size on the final poster should be scanned at 200 dpi.

We prefer that you import tif or jpg images into PowerPoint. Generally, if you double click on an image to open it in Microsoft Photo Editor, and it tells you the image is too large, then it is too large for PowerPoint to handle too. We find that images 1200x1600 pixels or smaller work very well. Very large images may show on your screen but PowerPoint cannot print them.

Preview: To see your in poster in actual size, go to view-zoom-100%. Posters to be printed at 200% need to be viewed at 200%.

Feedback: If you have comments about how this template worked for you, email to sales@megaprint.com.

We listen! Call us at 800-590-7850 if we can help in any way.

Methods Conclusions

Title of the Research StudyPEOPLE WHO DID THE STUDY

UNIVERSITIES AND/OR HOSPITALS THEY ARE AFFILIATED WITH

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Figure #1 Figure #2

Bibliography

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Introduction Results

Logo

Advantages DisadvantagesBrings the learner closer to reality through active engagement

Content may be static, easily dated

Useful for cognitive reinforcement and psychomotor skill development

Can be time consuming to make

Effective use of imagery may impact affective domain

Potential for overuse

Many forms are relatively inexpensive

Not suitable use with large audiences

Opportunity for repetition Not suitable for visually impaired learners

1- Projected learning resource

2- Audio learning resource

3- Video learning resource

4- Telecommunications learning resource

5- Computer learning resource

III-Audiovisual Materials

I- PowerPoint Illustrate one idea per slide. Keep images simple by using symbols, or

diagrams. Put long lists of words or complex figures on

handouts that supplement the slides. Avoid distorted images by keeping the

proportion of height to width at 2:3. Use large, easily readable, and professional-

looking lettering.

2- Overhead Transparencies Provide an outline for the teacher to follow in

discussing the main points of a presentation. Transparencies are very useful for presenting

a large amount of information Show images, illustrations, charts, or diagrams

to support a topic. Provide visual support to students as they

make their own presentations and oral reports.

Audiotapes: Compact Discs, Cassette tapes and CDs

are very popular formats today It can be prepared specifically to meet the needs of a

learner by reinforcing facts, giving directions or providing support.

Radio The radio has tremendously affected all of our lives for

many years and is one of the oldest forms of audio technology.

Videotapes and DVD

Videotapes and DVDs are one of the major non-print media

tools for enhancing patient, family, staff, and student

education because tapes can be simultaneously entertaining

and educational

Telecommunications learning resource

Telecommunications is a means by which

information can be transmitted via television,

telephone, and satellite broadcasting. اذاعى بث

Telecommunications devices have allowed

messages to be sent to many people at the same

time in a variety of places at great distances..

Computer learning resource

It is an efficient instructional tools in that

educators has more time to teach other tasks not

usually taught via computer such as

psychomotor and affective skills.

Advantages Disadvantages

May be especially beneficial for visually impaired, low-literacy patients

Some forms may be expensive

Most forms very practical, cheap, small, and portable

Needs sufficient delivery system

Flexible for use with different audiences

Some purchased materials may be too long

Powerful tool for role modeling, demonstration.

Some purchased may be inappropriate for audience

Time efficient Some purchased materials may be so complex

Ask your- self which material will best support your particular audience.

Remember that active learn involvement is best for retention of information.

Above all else, remember that instructional materials should be used to support learning only by complementing and supplementing your teaching, not by substituting for it.

Information retention based on level of active learner involvement.

Type of teaching activities

After 3 Hour After 3 Days

Verbal (one-way) lecture 10% 10%

Written (reading) 25% 10%

Visual and verbal (illustrated lecture)

72% 20 %

Participatory (role play, case study, practice, etc.)

90% 70%

Any Questions ???