Technical Report2

8/12/2019 Technical Report2

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THE EPOCHE 2014 Erasmus IP

Excellence in Photogrammetry

for Open Cultural Landscape & Heritage Education

25 May - 07 June 2014, Limenas, Thassos, Greece

Project Thesis of group E

ERIKA DACYT, Vilnius University of Applied Sciences

SIMON RANSMAYR, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences

PS IOANA, Polytechnic University of Timioara Faculty of Civil Engineering

TRANA DANIELA, 1stDecembrie 1918 of Alba Iulia, Surveying Engineering

KOUVELA CHRISTINA, Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Institute of Technology (T.E.I.)


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Table of Content

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 51.1 General Information about Thassos Island ........................................................ 51.2 Information about EPOCHE 2014 ...................................................................... 61.3 Participating Universities .................................................................................... 7

2 Theory .................................................................................................................... 102.1 Digital Photogrammetry .................................................................................... 102.2 Topography Science ........................................................................................ 11

3 Material and methods ............................................................................................. 123.1 Hardware ......................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1 Notebook ................................................................................................... 123.1.2 Camera ...................................................................................................... 133.1.3 Total Station .............................................................................................. 14

3.2 Software ........................................................................................................... 163.2.1 Direct (Digital RECTifier) ........................................................................... 163.2.2 Photo-Modeler Scanner ............................................................................. 163.2.3 Agisoft PhotoScan Pro............................................................................... 17

4 Projects ................................................................................................................... 184.1 Using Digital RECTifier .................................................................................... 18

4.1.1 Mosaic of the Egyptian Building Faade .................................................... 184.2 Using PhotoModeler Scanner .......................................................................... 21

4.2.1 Camera Calibration .................................................................................... 214.2.2 War Memorial Monument .......................................................................... 214.2.3 The Pillar ................................................................................................... 25


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4.3 Using Agisoft PhotoScan ................................................................................. 28 Sarcophagus .................................................................................................... 28 Lion Statue ....................................................................................................... 28 Spinx Sculpture ................................................................................................ 284.3.1 Sarcophagus ............................................................................................. 294.3.2 Lion Statue ................................................................................................ 304.3.3 Sphinx Sculpture ....................................................................................... 31

5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 336 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 33


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1 Introduction

1.1 General Information about Thassos Island

An island, a thousand stories. When the Phoenicians, in the Neolithic Era, inhabited for

the first time in this unique place, may not have imagined that they would be charmed

by its beauty and would keep them there forever. Later, the Thracians, discovered over

the landscape of Thasos not only the magic, but the wealth as well; the mines with their

abundant deposits, gave them power, but also became subject to claim by the Ionians

of Paros. As a result, the island was occupied in the 7th century, which marked a new

era for Thasians, who founded colonies with continuous economic and cultural

progress.

The Archaic period in Greece, found Thasos powerful, with highly developed trade.

During the Medic wars the island was conquered by the Persians, while during the

Peloponnesian war, Athenians and Spartans had the island within their aspirations.

However, those who gave impetus to Thasos were the Romans. The mines may have

been used up, but nature endowed the place with two other elements of enrichment;

marbles and wine. The Byzantine era, does not seem to have favored Thasos; after the

first fall of Constantinople, in 1204, the Doge of Venice Henrico Dandolo conquered the

emerald of the Aegean.

Later, Thasos incorporated into then state of Thessaloniki, and after the recapture of

Constantinople by Michael Palaeologus, became once again a part of Byzantine, where

it remained until 1455, however under the hegemony of Francis Genovese Getalouzos,

that was grated to him as a gift. From 1455 and up to 1770, Turkish conquerors put their

stamp on Thasos, while in 1770, was the turn of Russians to occupy the island. The

Turkish Egyptian Muhammad Ali had Thasos under his possession from 1813, while in

1821, in the Greek revolution, Thasians also participated, but without great success.


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1.2 Information about EPOCHE 2014

The EPOCHE Erasmus IP (Excellence in Photogrammetry for Open Cultural

Landscape & Heritage Education) is about the improvement of traditional methods for

surveying, documenting and WBE (Web-based Education) for Archaeological Sites and

Cultural Landscapes & Heritage (CLH); especially by synergy effects gained by the

combination of ICT low-cost techniques as innovative practices under digital

Photogrammetry.

EPOCHE Objectives: Developing low-cost digital photogrammetric techniques as

innovative practices in Photogrammetry and CLH education and training; Shortening the

gap between the established traditional e-learning management systems and the

modern adaptive & intelligent WBE tutoring for the benefit of the CLH education;

Demonstrating new WBE opportunities and the power/usefulness of the on-line learning

environment (as an innovative ICT-based tool for training/lecturing Surveying and

Photogrammetry in CLH);

EPOCHE Target Groups:(A) Students (BSc, MSc/MA and PhD) bound to Landscape

Architecture, Architecture, Archaeology, Surveying, and Geoinformatics; (B) Scientists

and Personnel of Prehistoric Classical Antiquities e.g. the staff of the I Ephoreia of

Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities, Kavala, Greece).

EPOCHE Main Activities:During the IP the students are grouped into project teams.

The theoretical knowledge is gained together at common sessions and the practicalwor will be done by multi-national multi-discipline groups. On the last day the groups

are presenting their results for the other groups and the Staff of the I Ephoreia of

Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities (Kavala, Greece).Hence, the IP is divided into the

following courses: 3-day theoretical course; 2-days practical training course; 2-day field


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work course, 1-day practical course for processing the data collected during the field

work; and 1-day for WBE presentation of the results.

Learning Outcomes: Develop tools for an integrated management of the metadata

related to 3D artefacts; Develop easy-to-use authoring tools for CLH 3D experiences;

Ensure access to CLH 3D content through a WBE digital library; Value-added

functionality of a non-textual, semantic documentation and processing of CLH 3D

content in a WBE environment; Develop solutions for improved search, identification, re-

use and integration of 3D datasets by end users in CLH; Provide solutions for an

effective rights management of CLH 3D content.

Expected Outcomes:Promote adherence to the principles of the London Charter for

the use of 3D Visualization in the Research and Communication of Cultural Heritage

(CH); Advance the state-of-the-art in 3D digitization tools for 3D shape, surface, type

and material acquisition in CH, investigating both active and passive acquisition

methods and improving the range of artefacts that can be captured at a reasonable

cost; Develop intelligent tools for 3D acquisition in CH with low-cost techniques;

Develop tools for the analysis of 3D artefacts and associated information. Finally,

teaching Compendium for the trainers and Teaching Material for the students will be

produced. This compendium and the teaching material will be published and shared as

an e-learning course using a Course Management System (CMS) environment.

1.3 Participating Universities

BOKU Universi ty, Enviro nm ental Engin eer ing, Vienna (Austr ia)

The University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, or simply BOKU

(derived from its German name, Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien), founded in 1872, is


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an "education and research centre for renewable resources" in Vienna. There are

currently around 12,000 students enrolled at BOKU.

"1 Decembrie 1918" Universi ty, Geodesy (Topography) Alba Iul ia

(Romania)

"1 Decembrie 1918" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research

institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into

the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian

Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations. The

name of the University is derived from the date, 1 December 1918, when the Union ofTransylvania with Romania was declared, today recognized in Romania as Great Union

Day. Its Latin name, Universitas Apulensis, refers to the historical region known as

Apulensis within Roman Dacia where the University is located.

Polytechnic University of Timioara, Geodesy (Topography),

Timioara (Romania)

The "Politehnica" University of Timioara is a public university founded on November

11, 1920. Located in Timioara, Romania, it is one of the largest technical universities in

Central and Eastern Europe. The University offers a wide range of facilities (the

"Politehnica" University Library, Teleuniversity TV, Politehnica Publishing House,

Politehnica Hotel, Hostels, Canteen, sport bases). Each faculty has its own Students'

Union that provides support, activities and entertainment, which hosts the annual

JobShop job fair.

Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Insti tute of Technology (T.E.I.),

Land scape Arc hi tecture, Drama (Greece)


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The curriculum of the Department of Landscape Architecture covers the application of

the technical, biological, physical and economic sciences in sustainable and

multifunctional management, improvement and protection of urban and suburban

landscape and the natural ecosystems, and maintenance and enhancement of the

natural and landscaped environment.

Vi lniaus k olegi ja (VIKO), Land scape Arc hi tecture, Vilnius (Li thuania)

Vilniaus kolegija/University of Applied Sciences (VIKO) is the largest accredited higher

professional education institution in Lithuania. VIKO provides higher professional

education in the sectors of Tourism, Business, Information Technologies, Electronics,

Pedagogical Education, Economy, Health Care, Agriculture and Arts.


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2 Theory

2.1 Digital Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is an estimative scientific method that aims at recovering the exact

positions and motion pathways of designated reference points located on any moving

object, on its components and in the immediately adjacent environment.

Photogrammetry employs high-speed imaging and the accurate methods of remote

sensing in order to detect, measure and record complex 2-D and 3-D motion fields (see

also SONAR, RADAR, LiDAR etc.). Photogrammetry feeds the measurements from

remote sensing and the results of imagery analysis into computational models in an

attempt to successively estimate, with increasing accuracy, the actual, 3-D relative

motions within the researched field.

Its applications include satellite tracking of the relative positioning alterations in all Earth

environments (e.g. tectonic motions etc.), the research on the swimming of fish, of bird

or insect flight, other relative motion processes (International Society for

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing). The quantitative results of photogrammetry are

then used to guide and match the results of computational models of the natural

systems, thus helping to invalidate or confirm new theories, to design novel vehicles or

new methods for predicting or/and controlling the consequences of earthquakes,

tsunamis, any other weather types, or used to understand the flow of fluids next to solid

structures and many other processes.

Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography, can be dated to the mid-nineteenth

century, and its detection component has been emerging from radiolocation,

multilateration and radiometry while its 3-D positioning estimative component (based on

modeling) employs methods related to triangulation, trilateration and multidimensional

scaling.

In the simplest example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to

the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their distance on the


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image, if the scale (s) of the image is known. This is done by multiplying the measured

distance by 1/s.

Algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of the squares of

errors over the coordinates and relative displacements of the reference points. This

minimization is known as bundle adjustment and is often performed using the

LevenbergMarquardt algorithm.

2.2 Topography Science

Topography from Gree topos, "place", and graph, "write") is a field of

planetary science comprising the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and

other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids. It is also

the description of such surface shapes and features (especially their depiction in maps).

The topography of an area could also mean the surface shape and features

themselves.

In general, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief

but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture. This meaning

is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have

made "topography" synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study

of place still has currency in Europe.

Topography specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional

quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms. This is also known as

geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in

electronic form. It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the

landform on a map by a variety of techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints,

and relief shading.


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3 Material and methods

3.1 Hardware

3.1.1 Notebook

We used a laptop DELL model Inspiron 3521, operation system Windows7 (64bit) with

4GB RAM and 1.9 GHz Processor.

Hard Facts:

Intel Core i3-3227U Dual Core Mobile Processor

4GB PC3-12800 DDR3 Memory

500GB 5400rpm SATA Hard Drive

Dual Layer DVD+/-RW Burner

15.6" WXGA (1366x768) Display With 1.0 Megapixel Webcam

Intel HD Graphics 4000 Integrated Graphics

Gigabit Ethernet, 802.11b/g/n Wireless, Bluetooth

Two USB 3.0, Two USB 2.0, HDMI, 6-in-1 Card Reader

14.8" x 10.2" x 1.0" @ 5 lbs.

Windows 8


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3.1.2 Camera

We used a NIKON COOLPIX S220 with 10 MP.

Hard Facts:

Effective Pixels: 10.0 million

Sensor Size: 1/2.33 in.

Monitor Size: 2.5 in. diagonal

Monitor Type: TFT-LCD

Storage Media:

SD memory card

SDHC memory card

Not compatible with Multi Media Cards (MMC).

Movie:

Movie with sound

Small size (320x240)

TV movie (640x480)

ISO Sensitivity:

ISO 80-2000

Auto (auto gain ISO 80-800)

High ISO Sensitivity auto (ISO 80-1600)

Top Continuous Shooting Speed at full resolution

Up to 6 shots at approx. 1.2 frames per second

Battery / Batteries:

Rechargeable Li-ion Battery EN-EL10

Approx. Dimensions (Width x Height x Depth):

3.5 in. (89.5 mm) x 2.2 in. (55.5 mm) x 0.7 in. (18.0 mm)

Excluding projections.

Approx. Weight

3.5 oz. (100.0 g)


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3.1.3 Total Station

We used South NTS-350R Total Station.

The South Total Station are versatile with complete on-board applications. The internal memory isavailable up to 17,000 points, and with the newly-designed numeric & alphabetic keypad, such TotalStations would definitely offer you total relaxation during operation. The South Total Station NTS-350/350R comes with two 8 hour NiMH battery packs. An optical plummet site for quick easy set-up. A 4line adjustable LCD display for easy data manipulation. Four yellow function buttons to guide you through


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the angle, distance and coordinate operations. The on-board applications will save you time and money inthe field. Perform remote elevations, resections, missing lines and stakeout quickly and accurately.

Salient Features

South NTS-350/350R Total Station Applications: Electric Wire Measurement

Construction Measurement

Tunnel Measurement

Dam Measurement

House Measurement

Cadastration Measurement

Standard Configuration: Mainframe, Rechargeable Battery, Battery Charger, CommunicationCable, Tools Kit, Belt for Case, Dryer, Plummet, Carrying Case, Operation manual, Software CD,TS QC Pass, Warranty Card, Rain Cover.

Specifications for NTS-352L/352R & NTS-355L/355R

Distance Measurement (fine weather condition)

Max. Range for Reflectorless:For NTS-352R is 200m & For NTS-355R is 200m

1 Prism:For NTS-352L is 2km, For NTS-352R is 3.0 Km, For NTS-355L is 1.8Km & For NTS-355R is

3.0Km

3 Prism:For NTS-352L is 2.5km, For NTS-352R is 4.0Km, For NTS-355L is 2.3Km & For NTS-355R is

4.0Km

Mini Prism:For NTS-352L is 800m, For NTS-352R is 800m, For NTS-355L is 800m & For NTS-355R is

800m

Accuracy:Reflectorless 5mm+3ppm Relector 2mm+2ppm

Reading:Max. 99999999.999m; Min. 0.1mm

Measuring Time:Fine Mode:1s; Tracking Mode:


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3.2 Software

3.2.1 Direct (Digital RECTifier)

Direct is a program which rectifies images. Rectifying is a transformation process usedto project two-or-more images onto a common image plane. It corrects image distortion

by transforming the image into a standard coordinate system.

3.2.2 Photo-Modeler Scanner

PhotoModeler Scanner provides the tools for you to create accurate, high quality 3D

models and measurements from photographs. The process is called photo-based 3dscanning.

PhotoModeler Scanner is a 3D scanner that provides results similar to a 3D laser

scanner. This 3D scanning process produces a dense point cloud (Dense Surface

Modeling, DSM) from photographs of textured surfaces of virtually any size.

The PhotoModeler Scanner software has all the capabilities of the base PhotoModeler

product plus the capability to do Dense Surface Modeling (DSM), 3D scanning and

SmartMatch.

PhotoModeler Scanner is a sophisticated tool to build accurate Dense Surface Models

and get measurements from your photos. Use PhotoModeler Scanner to build:

Dense Surface Models where a large number of 3D points are needed.

Models that traditionally would require a 3D laser scanner

Scale-independent object modeling - model small objects or big scenes


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3.2.3 Agisoft PhotoScan Pro

Agisoft PhotoScan Pro allows generating high resolution georeferenced orthophotos

(up to 5 cm accuracy with GCP) and exceptionally detailed DEMs / textured polygonal

models. The fully automated workflow enables a non-specialist to process thousands ofaerial images on a desktop computer to produce professional class photogrammetric

data.


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4 Projects

The Egyptian Building faade was made with Digital RECTifier. Photo-Modeler Scanner

program was used in order to calibrate the camera and to create the 3D model of the

War Memorial Monument and the Pillar. The creation of the 3D model of the Lion

statue, the Sarcophagus and the Sphinx sculpture was made with Agisoft Photo-Scan

Professional.

4.1 Using Digital RECTifier

4.1.1 Mosaic of the Egyptian Building Faade

The Building Facade is located near the Port in the centre of Limenas City.

The task was to take pictures from the whole faade and put it together to one mosaic,

which has the characteristics of an orthophoto. As a result, measurements can be

taken.

First of all 27 points were determined on the faade. The distances and angles were

measured with the South NTS-350R total station. During the measurements, the places

of the points were noted in a sketch, which was manually made by a group member, so

the points could be spotted in the Digital RECTifier Program. Then several pictures

were made with a Nikon Coolpix S220 camera and three of them were used to create

the mosaic. It was necessary that these three pictures displayed the whole building

faade and had enough area of overlap (at least 20 %). Using Microsoft Excel and

Notepad the coordinates of the measured points were put in the Digital RECTifier

Program. In order to get 2D-coordinates out of 3D-coordinates the control points are

rotated to be parallel to the Y axis and keep the new X coordinates as the new

DEST.X and the Z coordinates as the new DEST.Y. This rotation grid is saved and

used for every picture. Then every picture is loaded in the program and rectified by

spotting the control points and using the rotation grid. If the errors of the control points


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are within the accepted tolerance the pictures can be provided for creating the mosaic.

As a consequence, you have three rectified images, which can be unified to one mosaic

by using the function Mosaic in Digital RECTifier.

Sketch of the left part of the building faade

Sketch of the right part of the building faade


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Determining the points on the picture.

After getting one image that contains the whole faade of the building the picture can be

loaded in AutoCAD to go over the picture with manually drawn lines. In the end you can

take measurements of the lines that are drawn in AutoCAD.

Final version of the mosaic


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Going over the picture with AutoCAD.

Drawings in AutoCAD

4.2 Using PhotoModeler Scanner

4.2.1 Camera Calibration

4.2.2 War Memorial Monument

The monument is located in the middle of the square of Limenas in Thassos. It is

dedicated to the services of unknown soldiers in any war. So it is known as a Tomb of

the Unknown Soldier.

We had to create a 3D-model of the monument by using PhotoModeler Scanner

Program. We took pictures with a Nikon Coolpix S220 camera all around the


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monument. From all taken photos we chose six to use for the project. After inserting the

pictures in the program, the images needed to be orientated. To do this, we spotted and

referenced always at least six common and significant points at two pictures until all of

the six pictures were orientated and the significant points were referenced with each

other. Orientation could be achieved by pressing the Process icon. After that the

common points were connected with lines, so the shape of the 3D-model became

visible. Then it was possible to create surfaces on the 3D-View by using the Path

Mode command. As a result of pressing Options and applying Quality textures, the

surfaces can be shaped with the photos we had taken. Finally, because of the

horizontal and the vertical measurements that were taken in the field, the 3D-model can

now be scaled.

Sketch of the War Monument


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Spotting and referencing significant and common points

Orientating of the pictures after pressing Process


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Creating surfaces in the 3D-model

The finished 3D-model of the War Monument


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4.2.3 The Pillar

The Pillar is located next to the Memorial Monument for Fallen Soldiers in the middle of

the square of Limenas in Thassos.

Similar to the Memorial Monument for Fallen Soldiers we also had to create a 3D-model

of the pillar by using PhotoModeler Scanner Program. We also used a Nikon Coolpix

S220 camera and took pictures all around the pillar. In the end, eleven photos were

used for the process. The steps remain the same as for the Monument, such as spotting

points and referencing them always on two pictures, getting surfaces and shaping

them The pillar represented a challenge because of the special form, which is similar

to a cylinder. By using the icon Mar Cylinders Mode we were able to wor with this

special form and shape of the pillar.

Sketch of the pillar containing measurements


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Orientating the pictures after pressing Process

Orientating the pictures after pressing Process


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The finished pillar with Quality textures on the surfaces

4.3 Using Agisoft PhotoScan

We used Agisoft PhotoScan for three objects:

Sarcophagus

Lion Statue

Spinx Sculpture

For every object the steps remain the same. First of all you add all taken photos to the

program. For the Sarcophagus we used 19 photos, for the Lion Statue 15 photos and

for the Sculpture 23 photos. After that you continue by pressing the icon Worflow and

following these steps.

1. Select Align Photos

2. Select Build Dense Cloud

3. Select Build Mesh


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4. Select Build Texture

As a result, the program generates an enormous point cloud that depicts the wanted

object. Because of the horizontal and vertical measurements the object can now be

scaled. Finally, some parts at the boundaries can be deleted to get a nice form and

shape.

4.3.1 Sarcophagus

Sketch of the Sarcophagus Sketch containing measurements


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Finished 3D-model of Sarcophagus

4.3.2 Lion Statue

Sketch of the Lion Statue

Adding photos to the program


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Finished 3D-model of the Lion Statue

4.3.3 Sphinx Sculpture

Sketch of the Sphinx Sculpture


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Finished 3D-model of the Sphinx Sculpture


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5 Conclusion

6 Bibliography

Documents

Technical Report2