Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable Viticulture Anıl GÜCÜYEN Department of Agricultural Machinery

Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization

in Sustainable Viticulture

Anıl GÜCÜYEN

Department of Agricultural Machinery Ege University Faculty of Agriculture İzmir-TURKEY

Contents

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

•Comperative Values

•Climate of Turkey

•The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization

•General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs

•Cultural OperationsSoil TillagePruningRemoving Pruning Waste FertilizationPlant ProtectionIrrigationHarvesting

•Conculusion


Where is TURKEY?

Grape output in 2005 shown as a

percenteage of the top producer

(Italy 8 553 580 tonnes)



Some General Indicators

•Agricultural area

•Use of agricultural area

•Agricultural regions

•Farm size

•Employment

•Trade of agricultural goods

•Viticulture and Viniculture regions of Turkey

•Most important wine varieties in Turkey


Vineyard Areas of Some Countries 7400

3690

1200842

755550 483

320 315 223 219 178 82 113 107

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Wo

rld

EU

27

+

Sp

ain

Fra

nce

Italy

Tu

rke

y

Ch

ina

US

A

Ira

n

Po

rtu

ga

l

Arg

en

tina

Ch

ile

Gre

ece

S. A

fric

a

Bu

lga

ria

(1000 ha)

Fresh Grape Production of Some Countries


68953

26936

83266693 6402 6375 6094

4000 29642881 2250 1550 973 897 2660

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1000 ton

Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey

Climate of Turkey


Long Term Mean Temperature of Turkey

Climate of Turkey


Climate of Turkey

Precipitation Temperature


Monthly variation of the temperature and the precipitation


Avaliable Field-Working-Days in March and April

Avaliable Field-Working-Days in May and June


Avaliable Field-Working-Days in September, October, November




•In technical perspective, realization of necessary processes in best manner and most appropriate frame,

•In an economic perspective, minimization of costs without quality losses and overcoming operational bottlenecks related to planning,

•In an ecological perspective, solutions to problems like soil compaction, water management, environmental and residue in spraying.

Mechanization as an Instrument for Sustainable Viticulture


•Reduction of energy consumption•Reduction of fuel consumption•Reduction of time requirement•Reduction of work hours•Reduction of field traffic•Optimum Fertilizing•Optimum Spraying•Optimum Irrigation•Use of spatial data for precise farming•Increasing the farm scale•Increasing the efficiency in machine use

The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization


OPERATION OPERATION TIME and (REPETATION)

UNIT COST(Euro/ha)

TOTAL COST

(Euro/ha)

SHARE(%)

CULTURAL OPERATION

( 1€ = 2TL )

Soil Tillage December-July (6) 21,5 TL/da107,5 €/ha

1290 TL/ha645 €/ha

36,3

Pruning December- February (1) 25 TL/da125 €/ha

250 TL/ha125 €/ha

7,0

Transport of Pruning Waste

December- February (1) 7 TL/da35 €/ha

70 TL/ha35 €/ha

1,9

Branch Binding

December- February (1) 9 TL/da45 €/ha

90 TL/ha45 €/ha

2,5

Green Pruning May-June (1) 13 TL/da65 €/ha

130 TL/ha65 €/ha

3,7

Fertilizing November-March (2) 11,5 TL/da57,5 €/ha

230 TL/ha115 €/ha

6,5

Spraying February-July (6) 10,4 TL/da52 €/ha

624 TL/ha312 €/ha

17,6

Irrigation May-July (3) 9 TL/da45 €/ha

270 TL/ha135 €/ha

7,6

Harvesting August-September 38 TL/da190 €/ha

380 TL/ha190 €/ha

10,7

Miscellaneous 22 TL/da110 €/ha

220 TL/ha110 €/ha

6,2

TOTAL 3554 TL/ha 1777 €/ha

100

General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs


Cultural Operations Cost Share (%)Soil Tillage

Pruning+ Green PruningTransport of Pruning Waste Branch BindingFertilizingSprayingIrrigationHarvestingMiscellaneous

36,310,71,92,56,517,67,610,76,2


Soil Tillage

The in-row and inter-row soil tillage is the main operation during the winter, repeated up to 8 times a year for rain water storage, weed control and airation. Conventional ploughs, discharrows, rotary tillers and tineharrows, subsoilers are the most used equipments for soil cultivation. Soil tillage is the most costly operation because of improper machinery and multiple passes.


Soil Tillage


Pruning There are some differences between the pruning methods in according to production targets and the quality of grapes depend on also pruning efficiency besides other influential factors. Generally hand devices such as knives, scissors and saws are used. This method is simple but is not economic and ergonomic.

In last years there is a tendence for electrical-pneumatic-automatic devices for this purpose. They increase the work capacity app. 40 %.


Self propelled machines and high-tech pruning methods are only suitable for new wine grape plantations and there are few examples in Turkey. First calculations on pruning expences per area show a decrease about 30-50%, although the purchase price of such system-tractors are rather high.

Pruning


The pruning waste is not prefered to be mixed with soil because of bacterial disease danger. Generally this waste is removed with special rakes and trailers.

Removing Pruning Waste


Fertilization

Only in one year fertilizer prices are doubled or even trippled in Turkey. For that reason, distribution of plant nutrients are much more important than ever before.

Fertilizer Prices (€/kg) August’07 August’08 % Increase

Amonyum Sülfat (%21N) 0,38 0,76 100

Amonyum Nitrat (%26N) 0,34 0,65 91,1

Amonyum Nitrat (%33N) 0,42 0,90 114,2

Üre (%46 N) 0,63 1,32 109,5

DAP (%18 N, %46 P2O5) 0,75 2,10 180,0

Kompoze 20-20-0 0,53 1,38 160,3


As the performance of surface spreaders are not sufficient and not ideal for homogeneus distribution, undersoil fertilization must be prefered. This machine is much more efficient and saves about 30% fertilizer, although the time requirement is little higher.

Fertilization


Generally in small vineyards, hand and snapneck pulverizators are used, wheras mainly tractor mounted or trailed machines prefered in larger areas.

Plant Protection

Herbicide application

Pesticide application


Plant Protection

Under the unsuitable conditions, sprayed chemicals do not reach the target surface but pollute air and soil along with economic and ecologic problems.

Spraying costs can be reduced up to 60 % with assistance of appropriate design, construction, nozzle type, air velocity and operation pressure.


Special purpose side spraying, or system-tractors and their spraying attachments are not in use, except a few new established vineyards for wine production.

Plant Protection


Irrigation

The efficiency of irrigation and total costs depend on;•Water source•Irrigation method•Irrigation area


Border irrigation needs much more water, manpower, time and as a result higher cost.

Although higher capital demand at the beginning, the water and energy costs of drip irrigation are approximately 20-40% lower.

Moreover this system can be used for fertilization.

Irrigation


Inventive Solutions !!!!


HarvestingAll vineyards in the region are harvested manually.

Such rear boxes reduce in-farm transport costs up to 40%, compared to hand-baskets.

The vineyards are mostly optimal preperad for harvest operations, but sometimes such unusual bed examples can be seen.


Harvesting

For raisin production, the next steps are dipping and drying in open air before industrial manipulations. Also these steps are done manually.


Harvesting

The high-tech in harvesting with various methods have just been introduced to Turkey. Althougt the existed vineyards are not suitable for such solutions, new wine grape farms are interested with these, while the real “Kilogram” or “Hectare” costs are calculated 20-40% lower and can be harvested just in time.


CONCULUSION Estimated costs and investment analysis related to the production of grapes highly depend on different single cases. The main bottle-necks in Turkey for higher productivity and lower unit costs are;

•Farm sizes are too small,

•Farm areas have fragmented structure,

•Vine shapes are varying and they have different systems,

•In-row and inter-row spaces are variying too much,

•Financal instruments for the small-scale farms are limited,

which make mechanization really difficult if not impossible. But it must be seen all these discussions are not only for todays questions, but especially for new vineyards of tomorrow, so that we will not have the same problems in the future.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Documents

Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable Viticulture Anıl GÜCÜYEN Department of Agricultural Machinery