Upload
benedict-powers
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Terminal DesignPassenger Processing
errata
Consider TSA impacts
Passenger Space Guidelines (1/2)
Personal space Transit 18x24 inches Airports 5-10 ft2 (30 inch circle)
Lateral movement 30 inches between “traffic” lanes
Longitudinal movement 8-10 feet per person
Net pedestrian area 20-30 ft2
Passenger Space Guidelines (2/2)
Queuing space 5-10 ft2
Stairs 10-20 ft2 Escalators can be smaller
Pedestrian flow f = s/a Where f pedestrian flow, s speed, a area per
pedestrian (note analog to vehicular traffic flow density relationship: flow = density * velocity)
Passenger System (1/5)
Entryways Passenger and visitors Enplaning and deplaning Auto doors 20-30 pax/min Manual doors 10-15 pax/min
Lobby areas All persons using airport Seating capacity 15-25% of enplaning Space 20 sf/pax
Passenger System (2/5)
Ticket counter Check in and baggage drop Estimate 10% of peak hour originating pax with 5
pax in line max Spacing: 10-12 ft. between counters without bags 12-16 ft. between counters for
regular Queue space 3 ft./pax = 15 ft. Provide 20-35 ft. circulation area behind queues 10 ft. of depth for the counter itself
Passenger System (3/5)
Security Service rate 300-450 pax/hr (lower
than book says) 15-20 ft wide; 30-60 ft long Deplaning exit corridor 15-20 ft wide,
revolving door or guards
20-40’ 10’-20’
15-20’
Passenger System (4/5)
Departure lounge Estimate 80% of pax need seating Space 10-15 ft2/pax Walking corridors should be provided
Boarding corridors 10 ft. wide Service rate 2-4 pax/min
Passenger System (4/5)
Corridors 20 ft wide minimum 40-50 ft desirable for maneuvering
Stairs 30 inches minimum per lane Speed 50-300 ft/min; average 100
ft/min
Baggage claim Special procedures
Queuing Equations (1/4)
Arrivals Poisson rate q
Service Exponential rate Q
Ratio ρ= q/Q < 1.0
More than one server (n) Ratio ρ = q/(Qn)
Queuing Equations (2/4)
M/M/1 Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[Q(Q-
q)] Average time in system: E(t) = 1/(Q-q) Average queue length: E(m) =
q2/[Q(Q-q)] Probability of k “units” in system: P(k)= (q/Q)k
[1-(q/Q)]
Used for flow through processes Entrance gates Security Jetways
Queuing Equations (2/4)
M/D/1 Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[2Q(Q-q)] Average time in system: E(t) =
[2Q-q]/[2Q(Q-q)] Average time in service: E(ts) = 1/Q Average queue length: E(m) = q2/[2Q(Q-
q)]
For multiple servers (n), approximate Q as nQ Be careful – service time is not affected by n Check equations above!
Used for processes with fixed service Ticket services Car rental
Queuing Equations (3/4)
If ρ= q/Q > 1.0 Wait time in queue: E(w’) = E(w)0.9 +E(e)
where E(w)0.9 is the E(w) when ρ =0.9 and E(e)=T(q-nQ)/(2nQ)
where T is the time that demand exceeds service
n=number of servers Average queue length: E(m’) = [E(w’)+1/Q)]q
Baggage claims Average delay E(b) = E(t2) +NT/(N+1) –E(t1) Where
t2 = time when 1st bag shows up t1 = time when passengers arrive N = number of bags per person T = between first and last bags
Queuing Equations (4/4)
Total passenger processing timeE(T) = E(w) + E(s) + E(t)where
E(w) average wait in queue time
E(s) average service timeE(t) average walk time
Passenger Flow - Enplaning
D
A1
A2
E
T
T
X
X
SS
SS
L
L
J
J
Enplaning Flow Example
D
E
T
X
SS
L J500
225
100
300
175 200
Device Service timeDoors 10 sec Express 90 sec Ticket 180 sec Security (X) 30 secSeat Select 25 sec Jetway 20 sec
n Servers
266544
Pax/hr/n360 40 20120144180
500 pax/hr
Pax/hr720 240 120600576720
Enplaning Flow Example
Device q Q Wait (min) Service (sec)Gate 500 720 0.19 10Express 225 240 1.88 90Ticket 100 120 1.25 180Security 500 600 0.50 30Seat Select 300 576 0.06 25Jetway 500 720 0.19 20
Use the average wait in queue time equations to get wait. Remember to use the right queuing
equation for the right device.
Enplaning Flow Example
ATO
Con
cessio
n S
tan
ds
60
40
50
30 60 30 3075 100
40 60
60
Enplaning Flow Example
ATO
Con
cessio
n S
tan
ds
60
40
50
30 60 30 3075 100
40 60
60
395
305
185
300235
295
Walk dist (ft)
Enplaning Flow Example
380
629 150
60
X
120
760
Enplaning Flow Example
Wait timeE(w)=1(0.19)+0.45(1.88)+0.20(1.25)+1(0.50)+0.60(0.06)+1(0.19) = 2.01 min
Service timeE(s)=1(10)+0.45(90)+0.20(180)+1(30)+0.60(25)+1(10)= 151.2 s. = 2.52 min
Walk timeE(t)= [0.45[(235+295)/2]+0.20[(395+305)/2]+ 0.35[0.75(185)+0.25(300)]+1(760)]/2.5 = 408 s. = 6.8 min
Total timeE(T)= 2.01 + 2.52 + 6.83 = 11.36 min
Passenger Flow Deplaning
D
B
E
CR
J S
Deplaning Flow Example (1/8)
D
B
E
CR
J S
500 pax/hr1.5 bags/pax1 visit/pax
Device Service timeDoors 10 secEscalator 5 secSecurity exit 3 secCar rental 240 secJetway 10 sec
35 60
25 75
100
Deplaning Flow Example (2/8)
Device Service timeDoors 10 sec Escalator 5 secSecurity exit 3 sec Car rental 240 secJetway 10 sec
Servers411142
Pax/hr360720120015360
D
B
E
CR
J S
175 105
125 94
500200 31
70
Bags: 1.5 bags/pax = 309 bags, 2 servers
Deplaning Flow Example (3/8)
Device q Q Wait (min) Service (min)Doors 1000 1440 0.05 10Escalator 500 720 0.19 5Security exit 500 1200 0.04 3Car rental 195 210 1.86 240Jetway 500 720 0.19 10
Enplaning Flow Example (4/8)C
ar
Ren
tals
75
10
04
0
30 50 5040 35
40Incoming Bags
4080
70
Deplaning Flow Example (5/8)
315
405
295
345415
650
Car
Ren
tals
75
10
04
0
30 50 5050 35
40Incoming Bags
5075
70220
210
Deplaning Flow Example (6/8)
380
629 150
60
X
120
900
Deplaning Flow Example (7/8)
For bagsE(w)= 0.19+0.19+ 0.04+0.06(1.86) = 0.53 minE(s)= 10+5+3+0.06(240)=0.54 minE(t)= [900+0.35(415)+0.06(405)]/2.5=7.13 minAvg arrival time=0.53+0.54+7.13 =8.20
Bags/device 309/2 = 155 bagsLoad time 155/10 = 15.5 minE(b) = E(t2)+nT/(n+1)–E(t1)=10+[1.5(15.5)/2.5]-8.20= 11.10 min
Deplaning Flow Example (8/8)
Wait timeE(w)=1(0.19+0.19+0.04)+0.41(11.1)+0.39(1.86)+0.05 = 5.74 min
Service timeE(s)=1(10+5+3)+0.39(240)+1(10)= 2.03 min
Walk timeE(t)= [1(900)+0.40[(295+345)/2]+0.21(415+210)+ 0.14(415+650)+0.19(315)+0.06(405+210)]/2.5 = 9.41 minTotal timeE(T)= 5.74 + 2.03 + 9.41= 17.18 min
Terminal Footprint
Airport Roadway Circulation
Deplaning Enplaning
Terminal Frontage Road
Term
inal A
ccess R
oad
Term
inal Exit
Road
Short Term Parking
Long Term Parking
Gate Configuration
Large airlines have their own Smaller typically combine/share May need to have “airline”
terminals Wide bodies occupy outside
gates