THE ALGAE

Typical sheltered coast plants of Hormosira banksii.

Free-living Hormosira banksii plants in a mangrove swamp.

(Photos, P. L. Bergquist)

THE ALGAE

BY

v. J. CHAPMAN, M.A., PH.D. (Camb.) Professor of Botany in the University of Auckland,

New Zealand

Palgrave Macmillan 1962

ISBN 978-1-349-81800-6 ISBN 978-1-349-81798-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-81798-6

Copyright © V. J. Chapman. I962

Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1962 978-0-333-00548-4

MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED

London Bombay Calcutta Madras M elbourne

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED

Toronto

ST MARTIN'S PRESS INC

New York

PREFACE

THIS book has been prepared in response to many requests that I have received from colleagues. Although the present volume fol-lows the general lay-out of my first book An Introduction to the Study of Algae, there has been so much rearrangement, the com-plete rewriting of many chapters and the addition of new ones, that it cannot be considered a second edition of the first book. I am particularly grateful to the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press for releasing the original copyright so that it has been possible to use some portions of the first book. In recent years considerable advances have been made in the study of the algae and this has affected, not only our knowledge of their life histories, but also our views on phylogeny. These new results have necessitated much rearrangement of material. There has also been extensive new work on the ecology of the algae, so that the chapters on marine algal ecology and ecological factors are more or less completely new. The same is true also of algal physiology. In order that the survey should be more complete there is a chapter briefly describ-ing the historical aspect of the subject, and also a chapter on the economic uses of algae.

The purpose of the book remains the same as my first volume, namely to provide a general survey of all aspects of the algae such as may be required by a University undergraduate, with selected portions (marked by an asterisk) that can be used by first year students or which are suitable for use in schools at the sixth form level. The type method of instruction has again been employed because continued experience has not changed my belief in it. I still feel, however, that no study of the algae is complete without reference to the other aspects which have been included. I am aware that not everyone will agree with what has been included and material that has been excluded, nor with all the views expressed, but where there are divergencies of opinion, I have tried to see that the other view is also presented or made known. This is perhaps particularly true in the chapter on Evolution.

There are a number of excellent works available to advanced students and research workers, and the present volume is not intended to compete with them in any way. Apart from those

v

VI PREFACE

works to which I expressed my indebtedness in the preface to An Introduction to the Study of Algae, there are some new books that have appeared since, and which have provided valuable reference material. I include here the second volume of Fritsch's Structure and Reproduction of the Algae, the Manual of Phycology, edited by the late Gilbert Smith, and the recent extensive work on the Rhodophyceae by the late Prof. Kylin. The sources of the new illustrations are acknowledged in the legends.

At the end of each chapter certain references are provided which can be consulted for further specific information. No attempt has been made to provide anything approaching a complete reference list and the choice of the various references is entirely my own. I am aware that this choice will not necessarily please everyone, but I hope it will prove useful.

I am grateful to my colleagues, Dr. J. A. Rattenbury for critical reading of the manuscript and to Dr. J. M. A. Brown for his reading and criticism of the two chapters on ecological factors and algal physiology. Dr. A. B. Cribb of the University of Brisbane has also read the proofs and made valuable suggestions for which I am most appreciative. My thanks go to Mrs. J. Rutherford for assistance in proof-reading.

v. J. CHAPMAN London 1960

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1. CLASSIFICATION

2. HISTORY

3. EUPHYCOPHYTA

Chlorophyceae: General Volvoca1es Chlorococcales Ulotrichales

4. EUPHYCOPHYTA

Chlorophyceae: Oedogoniales Chaetophorales Siphonoc1adales Dasyc1adales

5. EUPHYCOPHYTA

Chlorophyceae: Siphonales Conjugales Charophyceae

6. EUPHYCOPHYTA

Phaeophyceae: General Ectocarpales Sphacelariales T ilopteridales Cutleriales Dictyotales Chordariales Sporochnales

7. EUPHYCOPHYTA

Phaeophyceae: Dictyosiphonales Desmarestiales

vii

PAGE

1

II

16 20

39 49

65 71

81

91

96 105 115

122

128

135 140

142 144 149 160

162 168

viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

Laminariales 170

Fucales 191

8. EUPHYCOPHYTA

Rhodophyceae: General Protofiorideae (Bangiales) Eufiorideae:

Nemalionales Gelidiales Cryptonemiales Gigartinales Rhodymeniales Ceramiales

9. CHRYSOPHYCOPHYTA

Xanthophyceae Bacillariophyceae Chrysophyceae

PYRRoPHYCOPHYTA Cryptophyceae Dinophyceae

10. ~yxoPHYCOPHYTA

II. REPRODUCTION; EVOLUTION

12. ECOLOGY OF ROCKY COASTS

13. ECOLOGY OF SALT MARSHES

14. FRESH WATER ECOLOGY; SOIL ALGAE

15. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

16. PHYSIOLOGY; SYMBIOSIS

17. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; LIFE FORM

18. ALGAL UTILIZATION

INDEX

216

223

227

234

235

242 246 248

259

269 273

275

275

278

294

327

346 358

383 412

429 444 455