The American Journey - williamsushistoryclass.weebly.com · the fastest growing cities. Immigration from Ireland and Germany swelled the populations of almost every city. MAP 12–2

The American JourneyA History of the United States, 7th Edition

By: Goldfield • Abbott • Anderson • Argersinger • Argersinger • Barney • Weir

Chapter

•The Market

Revolution and Social

Reform

•1815-1850

12

The Market Revolution and

Social Reform 1815-1850

Industrial Change and Urbanization

Reform and Moral Order

Institutions and Social Improvement

Abolitionism and Women’s Rights

Conclusion

Learning Objectives

How did industrialization contribute to growing inequality

and the creation of new social classes?

What role did women play in the reform movements that

followed the War of 1812?

How did Enlightenment ideas shape the reform of

institutions for the poor, criminals, and the mentally ill?

Learning Objectives (cont'd)

What was the relationship between abolitionism and the

women’s rights movement?



Between 1820 and 1850, the United States joined England

as a world leader in industrialization, with the nation’s

surge in manufacturing driven by the increased

consumption of the goods it was producing.

Industrial Change and Urbanization (cont'd)

Transportation revolution

Dramatic improvements in transportation that stimulated economic

growth after 1815 by expanding the range of travel and reducing the

time and cost of moving goods and people.

TABLE 12–1 Impact of the Transportation

Revolution on Traveling Time

The Transportation Revolution

Before 1815, the United States did not possess a

transportation system.

Steamboats provided the first transportation breakthrough

and were supplemented by canals such as the Erie Canal

that stimulated a canal boom.

The Transportation Revolution (cont’d)

Railroads were the last and the most important

transportation improvement that spurred economic

development in Jacksonian America.


State and national government played active roles in the

transportation revolution. States provided money and the

national government supplied land and other services.


Gibbons v. Ogden

Supreme Court decision of 1824 involving coastal commerce that

overturned a steamboat monopoly granted by the state of New York

on the grounds that only Congress had the authority to regulate

interstate commerce.


Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Supreme Court decision of 1837 that promoted economic competition by

ruling that the broader rights of the community took precedence over

any presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter.

MAP 12–1 The Transportation Revolution

Cities and Immigrants

In the early 1800s, the largest American cities were Atlantic

ports, such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and

Baltimore. All grew as a result of the transportation

revolution.

Inland port cities such as Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, and

Chicago also emerged as important urban centers.

Cities and Immigrants (cont’d)

The Great Lakes ports and the new industrial towns were

the fastest growing cities.

Immigration from Ireland and Germany swelled the

populations of almost every city.

MAP 12–2 The Growth of Cities, 1820–1860

MAP 12–2 (continued) The Growth of Cities,

1820–1860

FIGURE 12–1 Immigration to the United States,

1820–1860

The Industrial Revolution

The Northeast led American’s industrial revolution and the

first large-scale factories, textile mills, were built in new

England in the 1820s.

Industrialization diminished the importance of the artisan

and household systems of manufacturing.

The Industrial Revolution (cont’d)

Factories drew on families for their work force and also

hired single adolescent women but later depended on

immigrants.

After 1815, the United States began closing the

technological gap with Britain. The cotton gin, the

American system of manufacturing, and stream power

fueled industrialization.


Putting-out system

System of manufacturing in which merchants furnished households with

raw materials for processing by family members.

Rhode Island system

During the industrialization of the early nineteenth century, the

recruitment of entire families for employment in a factory.


Waltham system

During the industrialization of the early nineteenth century, the

recruitment of unmarried young women for employment in factories.

American system of manufacturing

A technique of production pioneered in the United States in the first half

of the nineteenth century that relied on precision manufacturing with

the use of interchangeable parts.

Growing Inequality and New Classes

In the early years of industrialization, the gap between rich

and poor widened and a new middle class emerged.

The new middle class arose in northern cities. The

separation between work and home was the first defining

quality of the new middle class as was support of

evangelical religion. The cult of domesticity governed

women’s worlds.

Growing Inequality and New Classes(cont'd)

The economic changes that produced the new middle class

also produced a new working class of predominately

immigrant origins. Job skills, gender, race, and ethnicity

divided the working class.

Early unions were formed to defend artisanal rights and

often led to the founding of nativist organizations.

Growing Inequality and New Classes(cont'd)

Temperance

Reform movement originating in the 1820s that sought to eliminate the

consumption of alcohol.

Cult of domesticity

The belief that women, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the

moral guardians of family life.

Nativist/Nativism

Favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those

of immigrants.

FIGURE 12–2 Growth in Wealth Inequality,

1774–1860



Alarmed by a perceived breakdown in moral authority,

religious leaders and wealthy businessmen sought to

revive and impose moral discipline in America.Benevolent empire

Network of reform associations affiliated with Protestant churches in the early

nineteenth century dedicated to the restoration of moral order.

The Benevolent Empire

Reform societies were founded to restore moral order in

response to the increasing number of urban poor.

The reform societies were constructed on the Second Great

Awakening’s organizational and communications

techniques.

Sabbatarianism was the boldest expression of the

movement to enhance Protestant Christian power.

The Benevolent Empire (cont'd)

Sabbatarian movement

Reform organization founded in 1828 by Congregationalist and

Presbyterian ministers that lobbied for an end to the delivery of mail on

Sundays and other Sabbath violations.

The Temperance Movement

Temperance had the greatest impact of any reform

movement.

The goal of the American Temperance Society was to

radically change American attitudes toward alcohol and its

role in social life.

The Temperance Movement (cont'd)

The first wave of temperance converts came from the upper

and middle classes and was connected to self-discipline

in the pursuit of business success.

American Temperance Society

National organization established in 1826 by evangelical Protestants that

campaigned for total abstinence from alcohol and was successful in

sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol.

Women’s Role in Reform

The domestic ideal of the Cult of Domesticity stimulated the

first phase of reform activities by women and focused on

relief for widows and orphans.

The second phase emerged in the 1830s and stressed

moral reform attacking prostitution.

Women’s Role in Reform (cont’d)

American Female Moral Reform Society

Organization founded in 1839 by female reformers that established

homes of refuge for prostitutes and petitioned for state laws that would

criminalize adultery and the seduction of women.

Backlash against Benevolence

The benevolent empire was harshly criticized by the

populist revivals of the early 1800s who distrusted the

emerging market society and were members of grass

roots sects that often followed itinerant preachers.

Backlash against Benevolence (cont’d)

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, or

Mormons, represented the most enduring backlash

against the middle-class evangelicals.

Backlash against Benevolence (cont’d)

Mormon Church (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day

Saints)

Church founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith and based on the revelations

in a sacred book he called the Book of Mormon.

Institutions and Social Improvement

School Reform

Before the 1820s, schooling in America was informal and

haphazard.

The Workingman’s movement in northern cities in the 1820s

issued the first call for tax-supported schools.

School Reform (cont'd)

Horace Mann emerged as tireless champion for educational

reform in Massachusetts and other northern states. He

stressed the need for state government to impose

centralized control over schools and that all schools

should have the similar standards.

School Reform (cont'd)

Just over half of the white children between 5 and 19 years

of age were enrolled in school in 1850.

Workingmen’s movement

Associations of urban workers who began campaigning in the 1820s for

free public education and a ten-hour workday.

Prisons, Workhouses, and Asylums

Reformers focused attention on developing a host of new

institutions to deal with social problems: penitentiaries,

workhouses, mental hospitals, orphanages, and

reformatories.

Prisons, Workhouses, and Asylums (cont’d)

Reformers believed environment helped shape a person’s

character and saw prisons providing an environment that

would promote discipline and moral character.

Workhouses and mental hospitals were seen as serving the

same purpose for the poor and insane.

Utopian Alternatives

Some reformers sought utopian solutions often involving the

formation of new communities based on utopian

principles.

The most successful utopian communities were religious

sects that reordered gender and economic relations.

The Shakers espoused communism and celibacy.

Utopian Alternatives (cont'd)

Other utopian communities included the Oneida Community

in upstate New York; New Harmony, Indiana; and Brook

Farm in Massachusetts.

Transcendentalism that sought a truer reality beyond what

the sense grasped became an aspect of the renaissance

of American writing in the mid-1800s.


Shakers

The followers of Mother Ann Lee, who preached a religion of strict

celibacy and communal living.

Communism

A social structure based on the common ownership of property.

Oneida Community

Utopian community established in upstate New York in 1848 by John

Humphrey Noyes and his followers.


New Harmony

Short-lived utopian community established in Indiana in 1825, based on

the socialist ideas of Robert Owen, a wealthy Scottish manufacturer.

Socialism

A social order based on government ownership of industry and worker

control over corporations as a way to prevent worker exploitation.


Fourierist communities

Short-lived utopian communities in the 1840s based on the ideas of

economic cooperation and self-sufficiency popularized by the

Frenchman Charles Fourier.

Brook Farm

A utopian community and experimental farm established in 1841 near

Boston.


Transcendentalism

A philosophical and literary movement centered on an idealistic belief in

the divinity of individuals and nature.

Abolitionism and Women’s Rights

Rejecting Colonization

The initial thrust of antislavery reformers was colonization in

Africa. The American Colonization Society helped found

the nation of Liberia, but experienced little success.

Free African Americans considered the United States their

country and rejected colonization.

Rejecting Colonization (cont'd)

American Colonization Society:

Organization, founded in 1817 by antislavery reformers, that called for

gradual emancipation and the removal of freed blacks to Africa.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Pamphlet published in 1829 by David, a Boston free black, calling for

slaves to rise up in rebellion.

Types of Antislavery

Reform

Abolitionism

William Lloyd Garrison was the leading figure in early

abolitionism, founding his newspaper, The Liberator, in

1833.

The American Anti-Slavery Society was also founded in

1833. It used revivalist exhortations, rallies, paid lecturers,

children’s games, and print to spread the antislavery

message.

Abolitionism (cont'd)

Abolitionists considered themselves social agitators and

had enlisted almost 200,000 Northerners to the cause by

1840.

Antiabolitionist mobs violently opposed the abolitionists.

American Anti-Slavery Society

The first national organization of abolitionists, founded in 1833.

Political Antislavery

Many abolitionists believed emancipation could be achieved

by moving abolitionism into the American political

mainstream.

Massachusetts congressional representative and former

president John Quincy Adams championed the right to

petition Congress.

Political Antislavery (cont'd)

In 1840, the Liberty Party was formed to oppose the

expansion of slavery in the territories, condemning racial

discrimination and slavery.

Some abolitionists began promoting the idea of the Slave

Power bringing white liberties into the slavery debate.

Political Antislavery (cont'd)

Liberty Party

The first antislavery political party, formed in 1840.

The Women’s Rights Movement

The women’s rights movement grew out of abolitionism as

women compared their plight and status to slaves.

Lucretia Mott and Eliabeth Cady Stanton called the first

national convention on women’s rights at Seneca Falls in

upstate New York in 1848.

The Women’s Rights Movement (cont’d)

The Declaration of the Rights of Women called for full

female equality including the right to vote.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first convention for women’s equality in legal rights, held in upstate

New York in 1848.

Declaration of Sentiments

The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls. Convention in 1848 calling

for full female equality, including the right to vote.

Conclusion

Conclusion

After 1815, transportation improvements, technological

innovations, and expanding markets propelled the

economy toward industrialization.

The reform impulse emerged to address the changing

conditions in society and was strongly influenced by the

new evangelical Protestantism.

Conclusion (cont'd)

Reform movements focused on numerous aspects of

society.

Documents

The American Journey - williamsushistoryclass.weebly.com · the fastest growing cities. Immigration from Ireland and Germany swelled the populations of almost every city. MAP 12–2