The ^American Spirit

United States Historyas Seen by Contemporaries

Ninth Edition

Volume I: To 1877

Houghton Mifflin Company

Boston New York

Contents

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Preface xxi

New World Beginnings,33,000 B.C.-A.D.1769 1A. The Native Americans 11. Visualizing the New World (1505, 1509) 12. Juan Gines de Sepulveda Belittles the Indians (1547) 33. Bartoleme de Las Casas Defends the Indians (1552) 4

B. The Spanish in America 61. Hernan Cortes Conquers Mexico (1519-1526) 62. Aztec Chroniclers Describe the Spanish Conquest of Mexico (1519)3- Francisco Coronado Explores the American Southwest (1541) 134. Don Juan de Onate Conquers New Mexico (1599) 14

C. The African Slave Trade 171. Mungo Park Describes Slavers in the African Interior (c. 1790) 172. A Slave Is Taken to Barbados (c. 1750) 19

D. New Worlds for the Taking 231. John Cabot Voyages for England (1497) 232. Richard Hakluyt Calls for an Empire (1582) 243. An English Landlord Describes a Troubled England (1623) 254. Hakluyt Sees England's Salvation in America (1584) 26

The Planting of English America,1500-1733 28A. Precarious Beginnings in Virginia 281. The Starving Time (1609) '"-.282. Governor William Berkeley Reports (1671) 29

B. The Mix of Cultures in English America 311. The Great Indian Uprising (1622) 312. A West Indian Planter Reflects on Slavery in Barbados (1673) 32

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3- A Missionary Denounces the Treatment of the Indians in SouthCarolina (1708) 34

C. Religious Strife in Maryland 351. The Intolerant Act of Toleration (1649) • 352. Persecutions of the Catholics (1656) 36

Settling the Northern Colonies,1619-1700 38A. The Planting of Plymouth 38•1. The Pilgrims Leave Holland (1620) 382. Framing the Mayflower Compact (1620) 403- Abandoning Communism at Plymouth (1632) 41

B. Conformity in the Bay Colony 421. John Cotton Describes New England's "Theocracy" (1636) 422. Anne Hutchinson Is Banished (1637) 453. John Winthrop's Concept of Liberty (1645) 464. Puritan Mistreatment of Quakers (1660) 47 *

C. The Rule of Biblical Law 491. The Blue Laws of Connecticut (1672) 492. A Defense of Buying Indian Land (1722) 50

D. Indian-White Relations in Colonial New England: Three Views of KingPhilip's War 501. Mary Rowlandson Is Captured by Indians (1675) 502. Plymouth Officials Justify the War (1675) 543. A Rhode Island Quaker Sympathizes with the Indians (1675) 56

E. Founding the Middle Colonies 581. The Misrule of "Peter the Headstrong" (1650) 582. Early Settlers in Pennsylvania (1682) 59

American Life in the Seventeenth Century,1607-1692 61A. Indentured Servants in the Chesapeake Region 611. A Londoner Agrees to Provide a Servant (1654) 612. A Servant Describes His Fate (c. 1680) 623. A Servant Girl Pays the Wages of Sin (1656) 684. An Unruly Servant Is Punished (1679) 69

B. Bacon's Rebellion and Its Aftermath 701. The Baconite Grievances (1677) 70

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2. The Governor Upholds the Law (1676) 713. Slavery Is Justified (1757) 72

C. Slavery in the Colonial Era 731. The Conscience of a Slave Trader (1694) „ 732. The Stono River Rebellion in South Carolina (1739) 74

D. Life Among New England's Puritans 761. Cotton Mather on the Education of His Children (1706) 762. A Dutchman Visits Harvard College (1680) 793. The Salem Witch Hysteria (1692) 80

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution,1700-1775 82A. The Colonial Melting Pot 821. Benjamin Franklin Analyzes the Population (1751) 822. Gottlieb Mittelberger Voyages to Pennsylvania (c. 1750) 843. Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur Discovers a New Man (c. 1770) 874. The Growth of the Colonial Population (1740-1780) 88

B. The Great Awakening 891. George Whitefield Fascinates Franklin (1739) 892. Jonathan Edwards Paints the Horrors of Hell (1741) 91

C. The Colonial Economy 931. The West Indian Connection (1766) 932. The Pattern of Colonial Commerce (1766) 93

D. The Shoots of Democracy 961. The Epochal Zenger Trial (1735) 962. Crevecoeur Finds a Perfect Society (c. 1770) 98

The Duel for North America,1608-1763 100A. The Development of New France 1001. Father Isaac Jogues Endures Tortures (1642) 1002. A Swede Depicts the Indian Trade (1749) 103

B. The French and Indian War 1051. Benjamin Franklin Characterizes General Edward Braddock (1755) 1052. A Frenchman Reports Braddock's Defeat (1755) 1073. Francis Parkman Analyzes the "Conflict (1884) 108

C. A New Restlessness 2201. Andrew Burnaby Scoffs at Colonial Unity (1760) 1102. A Lawyer Denounces Search Warrants (1761) 212

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The Road to Revolution,1763-1775 114A. The Burden of Mercantilism 2241. Virginia Resents Restrictions (1671) 1242. Adam Smith's Balance Sheet (1776) 115

B. The Tempest over Taxation 1171. Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766) 1172. Philadelphia Threatens Tea Men (1773) 1193. Connecticut Decries the Boston Port Act (1774) 120

C. Britain at the Crossroads 2211. Dean Josiah Tucker Advises a Divorce (1774) 1222. Adam Smith Criticizes Empire (1776) 1233. Samuel Johnson Urges the Iron Fist (1775) 1244. Two Views of the British Empire (1767, 1775) 126

D. Loyalists Versus Patriots 1281. Daniel Leonard Deplores Rebellion (1775) 1282. Patrick Henry Demands Boldness (1775) 1293. New Yorkers Abuse Tories (1775) 130

E. The Clash of Arms 2321. Conflicting Versions of the Outbreak (1775) 1322. Franklin Embittered by Bloodshed (1775) 2323. Why an Old Soldier Fought (1898) 232

America Secedes from the Empire,1775-1783 135A. General Washington in Command 2351. Washington Scorns Independence (1775) 2352. Washington's Deep Discouragements (1775-1776) 1363. The Unreliable Militia (1776) 237

B. The Formal Break with Britain 1381. Thomas Paine Talks Common Sense (1776) 1382. Richard Henry Lee's Resolution of Independence (1776) 2403. Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (1776) 2424. The Abortive Slave Trade Indictment (1776) 244

C. Voices of Dissent 2441. Lord Chatham Assails the War (1777) 2442. Tories Fear French Catholics (1779) 246

D. A Civil War Within a Civil War 1471. Pistols on the Pulpit (1775) 147

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2. Vengeance on the Tories (1779) 2483. The Hanging of a Loyalist (c. 1778) 249

The Confederation and the Constitution,1776-1790 152A. The Shock of Shays's Rebellion 2521. Daniel Gray Explains the Shaysites' Grievances (1786) 2522. George Washington Expresses Alarm (1786) 2533. Thomas Jefferson Favors Rebellion (1787) 254

B. Clashes in the Philadelphia Convention 2551. The Debate on Representation in Congress (1787) 1552. The Argument over Slave Importations (1787) 2563. Singing for the Constitution (1787) 258

C. First Reactions to the Constitution 2601. A Philadelphia Editor Is Expectant (1787) 2602. Alexander Hamilton Scans the Future (1787) 2623. George Mason Is Critical (1787) 2624. Jefferson Is Unenthusiastic (1787) 264

D. The Ratification Debate in Massachusetts 2651. A Delegate Fears for the Little People (1788) 1652. A Storekeeper Blasts Standing Armies (1788) 1653. A Farmer Favors the Constitution (1788) 166

E. The Ratification Debate in New York 1671. An Anti-Federalist Demands Deliberation (1787) 1672. James Madison Defends the New Constitution (1787) 169

Launching the New Ship of State,1789-1800 173A. Conflict in the Infant Republic 1731. The Senate Snubs George Washington (1789) 1732. Alexander Hamilton Versus Thomas Jefferson on Popular Rule

(1780s-1820s) 1743. The Clash over States' Rights (1780s-1820s) 1764. The Spectrum of Disagreement (1780s-1820s) 177

B. State Debts and the National Bank 1791. Jefferson Duped (?) by Hamilton (1790) 1792. Hamilton Defends Assumption (1792) 1813. Jefferson Versus Hamilton on the Bank (1791) 183

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C. Overawing the Whiskey Boys 1841. Hamilton Upholds Law Enforcement (1794) 1842. Jefferson Deplores Undue Force (1794) 285

D. The Birth of a Neutrality Policy 2861. The French Revolution: Conflicting Views (1790s) 2862. A Jeffersonian Condemns Neutrality (1793) 188

E. The Controversial Jay Treaty 1891. Virginians Oppose John Jay's Appointment (1794) 1892. Hamilton Attacks Jay's Attackers (1795) 190

F. The Retirement of Washington 1911. A President Bids Farewell (1796) 1922. Editor Benjamin Franklin Bache Berates Washington (1797) 2933. Editor William Cobbett Blasts Bache (1797) 294

G. The Alien and Sedition Hysteria 2951. Timothy Pickering Upholds the Repressive Laws (1798) 1952. The Virginia Legislature Protests (1798) 2963. Rhode Island Rebuffs Virginia's Plea (1799) 297

The Triumphs and Travails of JeffersonianDemocracy, 1800-1809 200A. John Marshall and the Supreme Court 2001. Marshall Sanctions the Bank (1819) 2002. A Maryland Editor Dissents (1819) 2023. Marshall Asserts the Supremacy of the Constitution (1803) 203

B. The Louisiana Purchase 2051. Thomas Jefferson Alerts Robert Livingston (1802) 2052. Jefferson Stretches the Constitution to Buy Louisiana (1803) 2063. Representative Roger Griswold Is Unhappy (1803) 2074. Senator John Breckinridge Supports the Purchase (1803) 2085. Lewis and Clark Meet a Grizzly (1805) 209

C. The Issue of Sailors'Rights 2221. A Briton (James Stephen) Recommends Firmness (1805) 2212. A Briton (Basil Hall) Urges Discretion (1804) 212

D. The Resort to Economic Coercion 2141. A Federalist (Philip Barton Key) Attacks the Embargo (1808) 2142. A Jeffersonian (W. B. Giles) Upholds the Embargo (1808) 216

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Contents '.• XI

The Second War of Independence and theUpsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824 219A. The Cauldron of War 2191. Tecumseh Challenges William Henry Harrison (1810) 2192. Representative Felix Grundy Demands War (1811) 2203. Causes of the War (1812, 1813) 2224. President James Madison's Fateful War Message (1812) 2245. Federalist Congressmen Protest (1812) 2266. The London Times Cries Vengeance (1814) 2277. The London Times Bemoans Peace (1814) 228

B. Disloyalty in New England 2291. A Boston Paper Obstructs the War (1813) 2292. The Hartford Convention Fulminates (1814) 2303. John Quincy Adams Reproaches the Hartfordites (1815) 231

C. The Missouri Statehood Controversy 2321. Representative John Taylor Reviles Slavery (1819) 2322. Representative Charles Pinckney Upholds Slavery (1820) 2343. A Connecticut Antislavery Outcry (1820) 236

D. Launching the Monroe Doctrine 2361. Thomas Jefferson Turns Pro-British (1823) 2362. John Quincy Adams Rejects a Joint Declaration (1823) 2383. James Monroe Warns the European Powers (1823) 2394. A Baltimore Editor Exults (1824) 2405. Prince Metternich Is Miffed (1824) 241

The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy,1824-1830 243A. Background of the New Democracy 2431. A Disgusting Spirit of Equality (1807) 2432. A Plea for Nonproperty Suffrage (1841) 2443. Davy Crockett Advises Politicians (1836) 245

B. John Quincy Adams and the "Corrupt Bargain" 2471. Adams Confers with Henry Clay (1824-1825) 2472. Clay Protests His Innocence (1825) 249

C. The Renewal of the Tariff Controversy 2501. Representative James StrongxPleads for Wool (1828) 2502. A Carolinian Condemns the Tariff (1828) 251

D. The New Spirit of Enterprise in Jacksonian America 2531. Justice Joseph Story Defends the Rights of Contract (1837) 2532. Chief Jusltice Roger B. Taney Supports "Creative Destruction" (1837) 254

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E. The Debate on Internal Improvements 2551. Jackson Vetoes the Maysville Road Bill (1830) 2552. Clay Protests (1830) 258

F. The Webster-Hayne Debate 2601. Senator Robert Hayne Advocates Nullification (1830) 2602. Daniel Webster Pleads for the Union (1830) 261

Jacksonian Democracy at Flood Tide,1830-1840 264A. The Nullification Crisis 2641. South Carolina Threatens Secession (1832) 2642. Andrew Jackson Denounces Nullification (1832) 2663. Jackson Fumes in Private (1832) 267

B. The War on the Bank 2681. Jackson Vetoes the Bank Recharter (1832) 2682. A Boston Journal Attacks Jackson (1832) 2703. Cartooning the Banking Crisis (1833,1837) 270

C. Transplanting the Tribes 2721. Jackson Endorses the Indian Removal (1829) 2722. Theodore Frelinghuysen Champions Justice (1830) 273

D. The Van Buren Era . 2751. Davy Crockett Caricatures Martin Van Buren (1835) 2752. Philip Hone Welcomes a Change (1837) 2763- Van Buren Opposes Handouts (1837) 2764. Charles Dickens Dislikes Yankee "Smartness" (1842) 278

E. The Emergence of Mass Political Parties 2791. James Fenimore Cooper Castigates Parties (1838) 2792. Alexis de TocqueviUe Defends Parties (1830s) 280

Forging the National Economy,1790-1860 284A. The Spread of the Factory 2841. Wage Slavery in New England (1832) 2842. The Abuse of Female Workers (1836) 2863. The "Utopian" Lowell Looms (1844) 2884. "Slavers" for New England Girls (1846) 2895. Disaster in a Massachusetts Mill (I860) 290

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B. The Flocking of the Immigrants 2911. An English Radical Praises America (1818) 2922. The Coming of the Irish (1836) 2923. The Burning of a Convent School (1834) 2934. A Southerner Defends the Catholics (1854) ' 294

C. Mounting Labor Unrest 2961. One-Sided Labor Contract (c. 1832) 2962. Agitation for the Ten-Hour Day (1835) 2973. The Tailors Strike in New York (1836) 2984. Chattel Slavery Versus Wage Slavery (1840) 2995. Regulations at the Lowell Mills (1830s) 300

D. Steamboats and Canals 3021. The First "Fire Canoe" in the West (1811) , 3022. The Impact of the Erie Canal (1853) 3033. Steamboats Lose to the Railroads (c. 1857) 304

E. The Coming of the Iron Horse 3051. A Canal Stockholder's Outburst (1830) 3052. Railroads Link East and West (1849) 306

The Ferment of Reform and Culture,1790-1860 309A. Religious Ferment 3091, A Catholic Views Camp Meetings (c. 1801) 3092. Joseph Smith Has a Vision (1820) 311

B. Social and Humanitarian Reformers 3141. William Ellery Channing Preaches Reformism (c. 1831) 3142. Dorothea Dix Succors the Insane (1843) 3163. T. S. Arthur's Ten Nights in a Barroom (1854) 3174. Dr. William Morton Administers Ether (1846) 319

C. The Changing Role of Women 3201. The Seneca Falls Manifesto (1848) 3202. New Yorkers Ridicule Feminists (1856) 3243. Lucy Stone Protests Traditional Marriage (1855) 3244. Orestes Brownson Explores the Woman Question (1869) 3265. The Beecher Sisters Defend the Home (1869) 327

D. Transcendentalism and Earthly Utopias 3291. Ralph Waldo Emerson Chides the Reformers (1844) 3292. The "Paradise" at Brook Farm (c. 1846) 3313. Henry David Thoreau Praises Spiritual Wealth (1854) 3325. Emersonisms and Thoreauisms 334

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E. Three Views of the Indians 3351. Alexis de Tocqueville Predicts the Indians' Future (1835) 3352. George Catlin Dreams of a National Park to Preserve the Indian Way of Life(1832) 3393. John James Audubon Is Pessimistic About the Indians' Fate (1843) 341

The South and the Slavery Controversy,1793-1860 347A. The Face of Slavery 3471. A Slave Boy Learns a Lesson (c. 1827) 3472. A Former Slave Exposes Slavery (1850) 3483. Human Cattle for Sale (c. 1850) 3504. Cohabitation in the Cabins (c. 1834) 3515. From Slavery to Freedom (1835) 3526. A Slave Woman's Tale (1930s) 3547. The Sundering of Families (1874) 357

B. The White Southern View of Slavery 3581. William Harper's Apology (1837) 3582. The "Blessings" of the Slave (1849) 3603. Slaves Don't Strike (1846) 3624. Comparing Slave Labor and Wage Labor (1850) 362

C. The Abolitionist Crusade 3641. William Lloyd Garrison Launches The Liberator (1831) 3642. Manifesto of the Anti-Slavery Society (1833) 3653. Theodore Dwight Weld Pillories Slavery (1839) 3664. Slavery and the Family (1840) 368

D. Judgements on the Abolitionists 3691. Daniel Webster Is Critical (1850) 3692. Abraham Lincoln Appraises Abolitionism (1854) 3703. The Abolitionists Provoke War (1882) 371

E. The Rising White Southern Temper 3721. Hinton Helper's Banned Book (1857) 3722. The South Condemns Helperites (1859) 3733. James Hammond Proclaims Cotton King (1858) 374

Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy,1841-1848 376A. The Debate over Oregon 3761. Senator George McDuffie Belittles Oregon (1843) 3762. Senator Edward Hannegan Demands 54° 40' (1846) 378

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3. Two Pioneers Describe Oregon (1847) 3794. A British View of the Oregon Controversy (1846) 381

B. Provoking War with Mexico 3821. Charles Sumner Assails the Texas Grab (1847) 3822. President James Polk Justifies the Texas Coup (1845) 3833. The Cabinet Debates War (1846) 3854. The President Blames Mexico (1846) 3875. A British View of the Mexican War (1847) 388

C. Opposition to the War 3881. Massachusetts Voices Condemnation (1847) 3882. Abolitionists Libel General Zachary Taylor (1848) 390

D. Peace with Mexico 3911. Polk Submits the Trist Treaty (1848) 3912. A Whig Journal Accepts the Pact (1848) 3923- Democrats Hail a Glorious Achievement (1848) 3934. Mexico Remembers the Despoilers (1935) 394

Renewing the Sectional Struggle,1848-1854 396A. The Wilmot Proviso Issue 3961. David Wilmot Appeals for Free Soil (1847) 3962. Southerners Threaten Secession (1849) 398

B. The Compromise Debates of 1850 3991. John Calhoun Demands Southern Rights (1850) 3992. Daniel Webster Urges Concessions (1850) 4013- Free-Soilers Denounce Webster (1850) 402

C. Reactions to the Fugitive Slave Law 4031. Joshua Giddings Rejects Slave Catching (1850) 4032. Robert Rhett Resents a Hoax (1851) 4053. The South Threatens Retaliation (1855) 406

D. The Debate over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill 4071. Stephen Douglas's Popular-Sovereignty Plea (1854) 4072. Salmon Chase Upholds Free Soil (1854) 4083. Northwestern Support for Douglas (1854) 4094. The South Is Lukewarm (1854) 410

Drifting Toward Disunion,1854-1861 413A. The Impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin 4131. Tom Defies Simon Legree (1852) 413

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2. The South Scorns Mrs. Stowe (1852) 4153. Mrs. Stowe Inflames the Southern Imagination (1853) 4164. The London Times Demurs (1852) 417

B. Bleeding Kansas and "Bully" Brooks 4181. Charles Sumner Assails the Slavocracy (1856) 4182. The South Justifies Yankee-Beaters (1856) 4203. The Delicate Balance (1856) 421

C. The Dred Scott Decision 4211. The Pro-Southern Court Speaks (1857) 4212. A Virginia Newspaper Gloats (1857) 4223. The North Breathes Defiance (1857) 423

D. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 4241. Stephen Douglas Opposes Black Citizenship (1858) 4242. Abraham Lincoln Denies Black Equality (1858) 425

E. John Brown at Harpers Ferry 4261. The Richmond Enquirer Is Outraged (1859) 4262. Governor J. A. Wise Refuses Clemency (1859) 4273. Horace Greeley Hails a Martyr (1859) 4284. Lincoln Disowns Brown (I860) 429

F. The Presidential Campaign of I860 4301. Fire-Eaters Urge Secession (I860) 4302. The North Resents Threats (I860) 431

Girding for War: The North and the South,1861-1865 433A. Lincoln and the Secession Crisis 4331. A Marylander Rejects Disunion (1861) 4332. Fort Sumter Inflames the North (1861) 4343. Fort Sumter Inspirits the South (1861) 435

B. Framing a New Government 4371. Alexander Hamilton Stephen's Cornerstone Speech (1861) 4372. The New York Times Dissents (1861) 437

C. British Involvement 4381. The London Times Breathes Easier (1862) 4382. Britons Hail Democracy's Collapse (1862) 4393. Southern Resentment Against England (1862) 4404. A Northerner Lambastes Britain (1863) 441

D. Graft and Shortages North and South 4421. Shoddy Wool in Yankeeland (1861-1865) 442

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2. Chiselers in the South (1862-1863) 4433. The Pinch of the Blockade (1861-1865) 444

E. Civil Liberties North and South 4451. Clement Vallandigham Flays Despotism (1863) 4452. William Brownlow Scolds the Secessionists (1861) 4473. A North Carolinian Is Defiant (1863) 448

F. Abraham Lincoln Defines the Purposes of the War 4491. The War to Preserve the Union (1863) 4492. The War to End Slavery (1865) 449

The Furnace of Civil War,1861-1865 452A. Northern War Aims 4521. Congress Voices Its Views (1861) 4522. Abolitionists View the War (1863) 4533. Abraham Lincoln Answers Horace Greeley's Prayer (1862) 457

B. Lincoln and His Generals 4581. George McClellan Snubs the President (1861) 4582. McClellan Upbraids His Superior (1862) 4593. Lincoln Warns General Joseph Hooker (1863) 460

C. The Proclaiming of Emancipation 4611. Lincoln Expresses Misgivings (1862) 4612. Jefferson Davis Deplores Emancipation (1863) 4633. Border States Are Alarmed (1862) 4644. Racist Anxieties (1864) • 4655. Lincoln's Home Town Applauds (1862) 466

D. The Emancipation Proclamation in England 4671. Blackwood's Blasts Servile War (1862) 4672. English Working Classes Cheer (1863) 468

E. The Uncivil War 4691. A Report from Antietam (1862) 4692. The Hell of Andersonville Prison (1864) 4703. General William Sherman Dooms Atlanta (1864) 4734. Georgia Damns the Yankees (1864) 4755. General Ulysses S. Grant Displys Generosity (1865) 4766. An Abolitionist Officer Commands Black Troops (1869) 477

F. Lincoln's Reelection and Assassination 4811. The South Bemoans Lincoln's Election (1864) 4812. Davis Deplores Lincoln's Murder (1881) 4823. The British Press Recants (1865) 4834. A Kentucky Editor Laments (1865) 483

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23 The Ordeal of Reconstruction,1865-1877 485A. The Status of the South 4851. Carl Schurz Reports Southern Defiance (1865) 4852. General Ulysses S. Grant Is Optimistic (1865) 4873. The Former Slaves Confront Freedom (1901) 4884. Emancipation Violence in Texas (c. 1865) 491

B. The Debate on Reconstruction Policy 4911. Southern Blacks Ask for Help (1865) 4912. The White South Asks for Uncohditional Reintegration into the Union(1866) 4923- The Radical Republicans Take a Hard Line (1866) 4944. President Andrew Johnson Tries to Restrain Congress (1867) 4955. The Controversy over the Fifteenth Amendment (1866,1870) 498

C. Impeaching the President 4991. Johnson's Cleveland Speech (1866) 4992. Senator Lyman Trumbull Defends Johnson (1868) 501

D. "Black Reconstruction" 5021. Thaddeus Stevens Demands Black Suffrage (1867) 5022. Black and White Legislatures (c. 1876) 5033. w: E. B. Du Bois Justifies Black Legislators (1910) 5054. Benjamin Tillman's Antiblack Tirade (1907) 506

E. The Ku Klux Klan's Reign of Terror 5081. Alfred Richardson Testifies about Reconstruction-Era Georgia (1871) 5082. Maria Carter Describes an Encounter with the Klan (1871) 5113. Henry'Lowther Falls Victim to the Klan (1871) 514

F. The Legacy of Reconstruction 5161. Editor E. L. Godkin Grieves (1871) '5162. Frederick Douglass Complains (1882) 5173. Booker T. Washington Reflects (1901) 519

Constitution of the United States Al

Index A21