The Basics of NutritionThe Basics of Nutrition

Chapter 1

Quiz Yourself Quiz Yourself True or FalseTrue or False1.1. There are four classes of nutrients: proteins, There are four classes of nutrients: proteins,

lipids, sugars, and vitamins. T F lipids, sugars, and vitamins. T F 2.2. Proteins are the most essential class of Proteins are the most essential class of

nutrients. T F nutrients. T F 3.3. All nutrients must be supplied by the diet, All nutrients must be supplied by the diet,

because they cannot be made by the body. because they cannot be made by the body. T F T F

4.4. Vitamins are a source of energy. T F Vitamins are a source of energy. T F 5.5. Milk, carrots, and bananas are examples of Milk, carrots, and bananas are examples of

“perfect foods” that contain all nutrients. T F“perfect foods” that contain all nutrients. T F

How Did You Do?How Did You Do?1.1. FalseFalse There are There are sixsix classes of nutrients: classes of nutrients:

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. minerals, and water.

2.2. FalseFalse Proteins are Proteins are notnot the most essential the most essential class of nutrients. class of nutrients.

3.3. FalseFalse All nutrients do not need to be All nutrients do not need to be supplied by the diet, because supplied by the diet, because somesome cancan be be made by the body. made by the body.

4.4. FalseFalse Vitamins are Vitamins are not not a source of energy.a source of energy.5.5. FalseFalse Milk, carrots, and bananas are Milk, carrots, and bananas are notnot

“perfect foods.” “perfect foods.” No naturally-occurring food No naturally-occurring food supplies supplies allall nutrients.nutrients.

What What Influences Influences

Your Your Eating Eating

Habits?Habits?

Why Should You Care Why Should You Care About Your DietAbout Your Diet??

Poor diet is associated with 4 of 10 Poor diet is associated with 4 of 10 leading causes of death including:leading causes of death including:

--Heart diseaseHeart disease

-Some types of cancer-Some types of cancer

-Stroke-Stroke

-Type 2 diabetes-Type 2 diabetes Adequate diet plus regular exercise may Adequate diet plus regular exercise may

reduce your chances of developing these reduce your chances of developing these serious chronic diseases. serious chronic diseases.

Nutrition: The BasicsNutrition: The Basics Key TermsKey Terms

Diet Diet

UsualUsual pattern of food choices pattern of food choices

NutrientsNutrientsLife-sustaining substances in foodLife-sustaining substances in food

NutritionNutritionScientific study of nutrients and how the Scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses thembody uses them

Nutrition: The BasicsNutrition: The Basics Key Terms (cont.)Key Terms (cont.)

ChemistryChemistry

Study of the composition and Study of the composition and characteristics of matter and the changes characteristics of matter and the changes that can occur to itthat can occur to it

CellCell

Smallest functioning unit in a living Smallest functioning unit in a living organismorganism

Nutrition: The BasicsNutrition: The Basics Key Terms (cont.)Key Terms (cont.)

MetabolismMetabolismChemical processes that take place in Chemical processes that take place in living cellsliving cells

Essential nutrientEssential nutrientNutrient that must be supplied by foodNutrient that must be supplied by food

Deficiency diseaseDeficiency diseaseState of health that occurs when a nutrient State of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the dietis missing from the diet

Six Classes of NutrientsSix Classes of Nutrients

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Lipids (includes fat)Lipids (includes fat)

ProteinsProteins

VitaminsVitamins

MineralsMinerals

WaterWater

Note approximate Note approximate percentages of percentages of

nutrients in young nutrients in young male and female male and female

bodies.bodies.

VitaminsVitamins are not are not included, because included, because

they are in very they are in very small amounts.small amounts.

Major Functions of NutrientsMajor Functions of Nutrients in the Body in the Body

What Is an Essential Nutrient?What Is an Essential Nutrient?

An essential nutrient:An essential nutrient:

• must be supplied by food must be supplied by food

• is not synthesized by the body is not synthesized by the body or made in amounts that meet or made in amounts that meet the body’s needs the body’s needs

Three Key Features of Three Key Features of Essential NutrientsEssential Nutrients

1.1. If missing from diet, a If missing from diet, a deficiency deficiency diseasedisease results. results.

2.2. Adding missing nutrient back to diet Adding missing nutrient back to diet corrects signs and symptoms of the corrects signs and symptoms of the deficiency.deficiency.

3.3. Scientists can explain why lack of the Scientists can explain why lack of the nutrient caused abnormalities. nutrient caused abnormalities.

What Are Phytochemicals?What Are Phytochemicals?

Substances found in plant foods that are Substances found in plant foods that are not classified as “nutrients” but are not classified as “nutrients” but are beneficial to health.beneficial to health.

Plants make hundreds of phytochemicals.Plants make hundreds of phytochemicals.

Phytochemicals of Scientific InterestPhytochemicals of Scientific Interest

What Lifestyle?What Lifestyle?

Lifestyle is a person’s way of living such as dietary practices, physical activity habits, and use of drugs.

Lifestyle choices may increase or reduce chances of developing a disease or delay its occurrence for years.

Lifestyle ChoicesHigh fat diet + inactivity

Risk FactorObesity (excess body fat)

Possible DiseasesHeart disease, certain cancers,

type 2 diabetes, and hypertension

Early Death

Changes in Beverage Changes in Beverage ConsumptionConsumption

Metrics for NutritionMetrics for Nutrition

Units of scientific measurement often Units of scientific measurement often used in nutritionused in nutrition

Length measured in Length measured in metersmeters

Weight measured in Weight measured in gramsgrams

Volume measured in Volume measured in litersliters

Common Metric Prefixes in Nutrition

Metric BasicsMetric Basics

Conversions

1 inch = 2.5 cm1 inch = 2.5 cm

1 ounce = 28 g1 ounce = 28 g

1 pound = 454 g1 pound = 454 g

2.2 pounds = 1 kg2.2 pounds = 1 kg

Do the Math

If you are 5’5” (65”) (65 x 2.5 = 162.5 cm)

If you weigh 130 lbs (130 ÷ ÷ 2.2 = approx.

59 kg)

What’s a Calorie?What’s a Calorie?

Kilocalorie or CalorieKilocalorie or Calorie — measure of food — measure of food energyenergy

A A kilocaloriekilocalorie is the heat energy needed to raise is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1the temperature of 1000 g of water 1oo Celsius.Celsius.

1 kilocalorie = 1 1 kilocalorie = 1 CCalorie = 1000 calories alorie = 1000 calories

(Kilocalorie is abbreviated as “kcal”)(Kilocalorie is abbreviated as “kcal”)

Primary Energy Sources for the Body

Macronutrients and MicronutrientsMacronutrients and Micronutrients

MacronutrientsMacronutrients-Needed in relatively -Needed in relatively

large amountslarge amounts

-Provide energy -Provide energy

Carbohydrates, proteins, Carbohydrates, proteins, and fatsand fats

Micronutrients-Needed in very small

amounts

-Do not provide energy

Vitamins and mineralsVitamins and minerals

Water: Required in large amounts but not a “macronutrient,” because it does not provide energy (calories)

Concept 1:Concept 1: Most Naturally Occurring Most Naturally Occurring Foods are Mixtures of Nutrients.Foods are Mixtures of Nutrients.

A 6-oz potato containsA 6-oz potato contains: 4 g protein, 36 g carbohydrate

<1 g fat, plus water, vitamins, and minerals

8 fluid oz fat-free milk contains8 fluid oz fat-free milk contains: 8 g protein, 12 g carbohydrate, 1 g fat, plus water, vitamins,

and minerals

Factors that Contribute to UndernutritionFactors that Contribute to Undernutrition

Undernutrition During Life Undernutrition During Life Cycle StagesCycle Stages

- Pregnancy- Pregnancy

- Infancy- Infancy

- Preschool years- Preschool years

Undernutrition in the Undernutrition in the United StatesUnited States

Contributing factors:Contributing factors:- Anorexia nervosa- Anorexia nervosa- Alcoholism- Alcoholism- Low income- Low income

Food insecurity:Food insecurity:- Defined as a concern about - Defined as a concern about running out of food or not having running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food.enough money to buy more food.- Reported in 11% of U.S. - Reported in 11% of U.S. households in 2007households in 2007

Major Federally Subsidized Food Programs Major Federally Subsidized Food Programs in the U.S.in the U.S.

World Food Crisis:World Food Crisis:Finding SolutionsFinding Solutions

The Promise ofThe Promise ofBiotechnologyBiotechnology

Modifying living things Modifying living things (especially plants and (especially plants and animals) to make animals) to make improved productsimproved products

Genetic ModificationGenetic ModificationTechniques that alter Techniques that alter an organism’s DNAan organism’s DNA