The Body’s Support & Control Systems

The Body’s Support & Control Systems

Mr. Ramos

Objectives:◦ Describe the function of the skeletal system and

how to care for it.

◦ Discuss the functions of the muscles and skin and how to protect them.

◦ Explain the function of the nervous system and how to protect it.

Lesson 1

The Skeletal System supports and protect your body.

In adults, it is made up of 206 bones. Bones are mainly composed of calcium.

The Skeletal System

1. Eat healthy foods that contain calcium2. Exercise (walking, dancing, aerobics)3. Practice good posture4. Wear comfortable shoes5. Get regular check ups

How to Protect your Skeletal System

The spine (vertebral column) supports your body and protects the spinal cord.

Parts of the Skeletal System

Joints are places where two bones meet.


Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones at joints.


Cartilage is tough but flexible. There are three types of cartilage:

1. Elastic Cartilage

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Hyaline Cartilage


The integumentary system is made up of the skin, hair, nails…

The skin is the body’s largest organ.

The Integumentary System

My skin is like a raincoat

Functions1. Warm2. Cool

3. Protects

Protect your skin

The skin protects you from germs, UV rays, and chemicals.

Different people have different skin colors. Melanin is a substance that gives skin its color.

Skin – The First Line of Defense

Markings on SkinFreckles are small, flat pigment cells in

the skin. They may be light brown or tan.

Birthmarks are red or bluish-red marks from

blood vessels.

Moles are raised collections of pigment cells.

They are usually brown, black, or

blue.

How can you tell if your mole may be cancerous? 1. Asymmetrical (not the same on each side)2. Border is irregular and not smooth3. Color is uneven4. Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser

ABCD Rule for Melanoma

The muscular system is made up of muscles that control your body’s movements.

Humans have about 640-850 muscles. There are three types of muscles:1. Skeletal Muscles – voluntary 2. Smooth Muscles - involuntary3. Cardiac Muscles – involuntary

The Muscular System

A tendon is a cord of tissue fibers that connect a muscle to a bone.

The Muscular System

1. Exercise & Stretch2. Eat foods that have protein3. Lift heavy objects correctly

Taking Care of the Muscular System

The nervous system processes information and controls all body activities.

The nervous system is made up of the

1. Brain – controls everything

2. Spinal cord – carries messages from the brain to the body

3. nerves – carry messages from the spinal cord to the rest of the body

The Nervous System

Prevent Injuries1. Wear a seat belt in the car2. Wear a helmet when riding bikeAvoid Harmful Substances3. Avoid illegal drugs4. Avoid alcoholBe a Safe Sport5. Wear correct equipment for any sport6. Swim and dive with care

Protecting Your Nervous System

Objectives◦ Describe how your body’s transport systems

function

◦ Explain the way in which your respiratory and circulatory systems work together

◦ Summarize how your digestive and urinary systems function

◦ Explain how your endocrine and immune systems work for your body’s growth and protection

Lesson 2

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.

The cardiovascular system (circulatory system) transports the oxygen and carbon dioxide brought in by the respiratory system.

The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

The urinary system removes liquid waste from the body.

Moving Fuel, Oxygen, & Waste

Your cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

This system transports blood throughout the body.

Cardiovascular System

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Veins carry blood to the heart.

Capillaries connect arteries & veins.

Your respiratory system is made up of the nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.

Its main job is breathing. It bring oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.

Respiratory System

The diaphragm is a muscle below your lungs that helps you breath.

The Respiratory System

Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs that put the oxygen in the blood and take the carbon dioxide out of the blood.

Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Relationship

A Pulse measures how fast your heart is beating.

We measure pulse in beats per minute(BPM).

Your pulse is felt on arteries. You cannot feel a pulse on veins.

Taking Your Pulse: Activity

Tachycardia is more than 100

BPM

Bradycardia is less than 60

BPM

1. Do not smoke2. Exercise regularly3. Avoid polluted air4. Avoid toxic fumes5. Seek medical help if you develop a

respiratory illness6. Avoid fatty foods7. Maintain a healthful weight8. Follow a plan to manage stress

Caring for These Systems

The digestive system is composed of many organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, small & large intestines, pancreas, and anus.

The digestive system breaks down food to obtain energy.

The Digestive System

The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethtra.

This system removes liquid waste, called urine, from the body.

The kidneys filter the liquid and the bladder stores it.

Urinary System

1. Take small bites and chew your food thoroughly.

2. Include fiber in your diet ◦ Wheat bread, bran, brown rice, oats, and fresh

fruits and vegetables.

3. Exercise regularly

4. Take in plenty of water each day

Keep your Digestive & Urinary Systems Healthy

The endocrine system is made up of several glands that produce hormones.

Endocrine glands release hormones into the blood.

The Endocrine System

The immune system is made up of an army of white blood cells, lymph, and lymphoid organs.

These cells help fight invaders. Pathogens are disease causing invaders,

such as viruses & bacteria.

Immune System

Pathogens

Immune System cells are formed in the bone marrow. (e.g. B-cells, T-cells, Macrophages)

T-cells mature in the thymus gland. The spleen is the immune system’s filter.

Immune System Cells

Objectives:◦ Summarize how the body changes during puberty.

◦ Discuss how the male reproductive system works.

◦ Discuss how the female reproductive system works.

◦ Identify ways in which individuals differ in their growth and development.

◦ Describe ways in which individuals become responsible adults.

Lesson 3:What to Know About Puberty

How does a child become an adult?

Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood, during which many physical, mental, and emotional changes occur.

The beginning of adolescence is usually associated with puberty.

Puberty is a period of growth during which males and females become physically able to reproduce.

Your Changing Body

Puberty typically begins at about age 12 for males and age 11 for females.

Secondary sex characteristics are characteristics of adult men and women that develop during puberty.

Secondary sex characteristics in males include deepening of the voice, growth of hair, increased bone and muscle mass, enlarged penis, and more.

Secondary sex characteristics in females include, enlarged breasts, widening of hips, menstruation, growth of hair, and more.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Puberty occurs because of sex hormones.

Estrogen is a hormone that affects female sexual development and the menstrual cycle.

Testosterone is a hormone that affects

male sexual development.

Sex Hormones

The reproductive system is the group of organs and other structures that enables humans to produce offspring.

The male reproductive system produces sperm cells. This production occurs in the testes.

The male reproductive system produces a milky fluid known as seminal fluid. When sperm enters the fluid, it is called semen, or male ejaculate.

The Male Reproductive System

Sperm cells are made in the testes and mature in the epididymis.

Sperm travels from the epididymis through a tube called the vas deferens.

The sperm travels through the vas deferens where it is them bathed in seminal fluid.

The vas deferens becomes the urethra and semen is ejaculated from the penis after a series of muscular contractions.

The Male Reproductive System: The Journey of Sperm

The Male Reproductive System

Bathe or shower daily to keep the reproductive system clean. Dead skin and secretions can collect under the foreskin of uncircumcised males.

Wear protective gear, such as a protective cup, while playing sports.

Perform regular testicular self-examination. Ask your doctor to show you how to perform this test.

Reproductive Health for Males

Have regular medical checkups and ask your doctor any questions that you have about the reproductive system.

Seeks medical attention for any problems. Males should consult a physician if they notice any sharp pain, lumps, or sores, rashes, or a discharge from the penis.

Reproductive Health for Males

Testicular Examination

The female reproductive system produces egg cells or ova.

Ovulation is the release of a mature ovum, or egg, from an ovary.

One egg is usually released each month from an ovary.

Fertilization of an egg cell and a sperm cell occurs in the fallopian tube.

The Female Reproductive System


Eggs that are not fertilized leave the body during menstruation (aka. Period).

Menstruation is a monthly process during which the built-up lining of a woman’s uterus sheds itself and leaves the body.

The average menstruation cycle is 28 days with 5 days of menstrual flow.

Some women experience longer or shorter menstrual cycles with heavy orlight blood flow.


Females should keep track of their menstrual cycle. This may help physicians understand any problems that may occur in a woman’s body.

During menstruation, use pads or tampons to absorb the menstrual flow.

Pads are made of cotton and absorb blood.

Tampons are inserted in the vagina and collect blood before it leaves the body.

Reproductive Health For Females

Take a warm bath or exercise moderately to help reduce menstrual cramps.

Females should limit their intake of caffeine and salt. Females should also ask a parent/guardian or physician about pain medication.

Make breast self-examination a monthly habit.

Females should check their breasts for lumps, skin changes, or unusual tenderness right after their menstrual cycle.

Always seek medical attention for any irregularities or problems.

Reproductive Health For Females

A developmental task is a task that must be mastered as a person matures. ◦ Develop friendships with members of both sexes.◦ Show that you respect your body.◦ Work on skills you will need to have if you decide to marry &

become a parent.◦ Develop skills that will help you prepare for college or find a job. ◦ Know your values & make choices that are consistent with

them.◦ Cooperate with others.

Changing at Your Own Rate

Objectives◦ Explain what happens during pregnancy and

childbirth.

◦ Describe how people’s behaviors affect the future health of the mother and the fetus during pregnancy.

◦ Discuss the responsibilities of parenthood.

◦ Explain the risks of teen pregnancy and parenthood.

Lesson 4:Pregnancy and Childbirth

Fertilization, also known as conception, is when a sperm cell and egg cell unite.

Sperm cell + egg cell zygote

Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the period of time beginning with conception and ending when the female gives birth.

Pregnancy lasts 9 months. Those 9 months are divided into 3 trimesters.

1 trimester is 3 months

Pregnancy

The term embryo refers to a developing baby during the first 8 weeks after conception.

Fetus is the term for a developing baby from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth.

Pregnancy

The fertilized egg (zygote) moves from the fallopian tube into the uterus.

The placenta is the organ that attaches the embryo to the inner wall of the uterus.

The umbilical cord connects the developing baby to the placenta during pregnancy.

Oxygen, nutrients, and waste are carried from mother to baby and baby to mother through the placenta and umbilical cord.

Pregnancy: Development in the Uterus

The developing baby continues to grow within an amniotic sac.

The amniotic sac is a pouch filled with fluid that surrounds and protects the developing fetus.

The final stage of pregnancy is labor.

Labor is a series of stages that results in the birth of the baby.

Pregnancy: Labor and Birth

The baby passes into the vagina after the cervix widens.

Once outside the body, the baby begins to breathe on his or her own.

The physician cuts the umbilical cord and the mother delivers the placenta.

Pregnancy: Labor and Birth

Follow a balanced diet:◦ Consult your physician to determine nutritional

needs◦ Many physicians advice adding 250 calories per

day◦ Mothers can avoid constipation by increasing fiber

and drinking plenty of water.

Healthful Behaviors for Future Parents

Avoid smoking, which increases the health risks to an embryo or fetus◦ Women who smoke during pregnancy are at an

increased risk for having a miscarriage.◦ A miscarriage is the accidental ending of a

pregnancy before the developing baby is ready to be born.

◦ Smoking mothers put babies at increased risk for SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome).


Do not use alcohol◦ When a pregnant mother drinks alcohol, there is

an increased risk that the fetus develops fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

◦ FAS includes problems, such as mental retardation, heart disease, and defects in joints, arms, and legs.

◦ Alcohol can also affect the father by impairing his judgment.


Stay away from illegal drugs◦ Babies can be born addicted to drugs taken by

their mothers.◦ Babies can develop brain damage and other

defects when the mother uses drugs.◦ Drugs may affect the quality of a man’s sperm.◦ Drugs increase the chance of miscarriage.


Fathers:◦ Bonding between a father and a baby strengthen

the entire family.◦ Fathers who are closely involved with child care

from the beginning are more likely to stay involved with their children as they grow.

◦ Gentle strokes, soft words, and physical closeness can help both parents bond with their child.

Parenthood: A Serious Responsibility

Mothers:◦ The six-to-eight week period after birth is called

the postpartum period. ◦ Some mothers may experience sadness or

depression during this period. This is known as postpartum depression.

◦ Physicians, nurses, or social workers can give new mothers advice on how to care for the baby and how to cope with depression.


Infants:◦ Infants require nearly constant attention.◦ They cannot feed or take care of themselves.◦ Feelings of frustration or anxiety are common for

the new parent.◦ A person should never yell at or shake a

baby. ◦ Electrical sockets, household products, and sharp

objects are just a few of the common objects that must be covered, removed, or kept out of reach.


Teen pregnancies increase the risk that parents will drop out of school and live in poverty.

Teens often have to give up some of their education and career goals.

The Risks of Teen Parenthood

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), teen mothers are less likely to receive financial support from the baby’s father than adult mothers are.

NIH reports that babies born to teen parents are more likely to be born prematurely or have low birth weight.

According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), children born to teens are at increased risk for abuse or neglect.

The Risks of Teen Parenthood

Objectives◦ Identify the stages of the life cycle.

◦ Identify habits that can help a person stay physically and mentally healthy into late adulthood.

◦ List ways to care for older family members.

Lesson 5

Persons pass through a series of stages between birth and death known as the life cycle.

The Life Cycle

Infancy (birth to 1 year)◦ This stage involves the most rapid period of

growth. Infants rely on adults for food, shelter, and clothing. The challenge of infancy is to learn to trust other people.

Early Childhood (1 to 3 years)◦ During this stage, children learn from adults. They

learn to stay safe and become toilet trained. Their challenge is to learn self-control.

The Life Cycle

Middle Childhood (3 to 6 years)◦ This is a phase of originality, learning, and skill

development. Adults teach children how to make responsible choices. The challenge of middle childhood is to develop a conscience.

Late Childhood (6 to 12 years)◦ During this stage, children explore their physical

surroundings and develop new skills, such as math and reading. The challenge of late childhood is to feel capable.

The Life Cycle

Adolescence (12 to 18 years)◦ Adolescence prepares children to become

responsible adults. The challenge of adolescence is to develop a sense of identity.

Transition to Adulthood (18 to 30 years)◦ This is the period in which adults establish their

lives away from their family. The challenge is to leave home, support oneself, and perhaps to marry and start a family.

The Life Cycle

First Adulthood (30 to 45 years)◦ During this stage, adults raise children and/or work

on goals. The challenge of first adulthood is to balance the demands of relationships and family life with work.

Second Adulthood (45 to 70 years)◦ Adults in this stage evaluate and revise their goals. The

challenge for those with children is to focus energy in another direction. The challenge for those without children is to show a renewed interest in relationship to the self, others, and the community.

The Life Cycle

Late Adulthood (70+ years)◦ Adults in this category must cope with the loss of

friends and loved ones. Their challenge is to feel satisfied with the way they have lived and to focus on activities that will help them stay healthy as they age.

The Life Cycle

The number of years you live is your chronological age.

How well your body parts function is your biological age.

Time Clock

I’m 27 years old

I’m 80 years

old

No one can prevent aging, but you can age healthfuly.

◦ Choose Healthful foods

◦ Make physical activity a part of your daily life

◦ Protect yourself from the sun

◦ Do not smoke

◦ Get regular medical checkups

◦ Stay informed

◦ Talk in-depth

◦ Stretch your word power

◦ Expand your abilities

Staying Healthy as You Age

Stay Connected◦ Your visits, phone calls, letters, and e-mails

provide companionship. They help an older relative feel less isolated and alone.

Provide assistance◦ Notice when a simple chore or errand seems to

become difficult. Offer to do the laundry or rake the yard if your relative has a hard time bending. Offer to go shopping once a week.

Caring for Older Members

A caregiver is a person who provides care for someone who needs assistance.

Caring for Older Members

Documents

The Body’s Support & Control Systems