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The Cardiovascular system 1.2.2
Right ventricle
Left ventricle Septum
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Right atrium
Semilunar valves
Vena cavae
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Cardiac muscle
To the lungs To the body
From the lungs
The left side
pumps oxygenated
blood to the rest of
the body for use.
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
From the body
The Circulatory system
• Blood flows around the body in a ‘figure of eight’ circuit, passing through the heart twice on each circuit. Hence the name the Double Pump System.
There are 2 separate ‘loops’ to the circuit:
• The top loop – carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back.• The bottom loop – carries blood from the heart to all over the body and back.(A)(A)
(V)(V)
Heart
Body
Lungs
The Circulatory system 1.2.2Heart rate is:
“The number of times the heart beats each minute”• During exercise your HR will increase• With continued training your resting HR will be lower as your
heart is stronger and more efficient • Stroke volume is:
“the volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction”
• At rest stroke volume may be 85ml, but when exercising it will increase up to 130ml
The Circulatory system
• Cardiac output is:“the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute”
• Cardiac output is governed by the HR and stroke volume• Cardiac output = stroke volume x HR• When you train your cardiac output will increase because
your heart is be bigger, stronger and more efficient
The Circulatory system
• There are three main types of blood vessels • Arteries • Veins• Capillaries
The Respiratory System 1.2.3
• Alveoli• Are tiny structures were
diffusion of o2 and co2 takes place
• Surrounded by capillaries• Capillaries have thin walls as
well to allow exchange of o2 and co2
• The more training you do the more alveoli become available for gaseous exchange
Thin wall
Capillaries Red blood cells
The Respiratory System
• Tidal volume“The volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest or during exercise ”
• Tidal volume increases during exercise• Vital capacity
“the maximum amount of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration”
The Respiratory System
• Oxygen debt“the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest”
Muscles and muscle action 1.2.4
Muscle Position in the body Main Action
In the middle of the body at the back, forming the bottom
Pull the legs back at the hips.
At the top of each leg at the back.
Bend the legs at the knees
At the bottom of each leg at the back. Also known as the calf muscles.
Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes.
Hamstring
Gluteals
Gastrocnemius
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle Position in the Body
Main Action
Pull your arms down at the shoulders and back behind your back.
Straighten the arms at the elbow.
Hold and rotate the shoulders and also move the head back and sideways.
At the back of the body, either side of the chest.
At the top of each arm at the back.
In the centre of the chest at the back of the body, spreading up.
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Triceps
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle Position in the Body
Main Action
Deltoids
Biceps
Quadriceps
In the upper part of the body, covering the shoulders.
At the top of each arm at the front.
At the top of each leg at the front.
Raise the arms in all directions at the shoulders.
Bend the arms at the elbows.
Straighten the legs at the knees.
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle Position in the body
Main Action
Pectorals In the upper part of the chest at the front.
At the front of the body in the middle, just below the chest.
Raise the arms up, sideways and across the chest at the shoulders.
Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine so you can bend forward.
Abdominals
Muscles and muscle action
• Antagonistic muscles
· Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.
· They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.
Muscles and muscle action
• Flexion (bending) of the arm
· The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover.· The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place
is called the antagonist.
Agonist or Prime Mover(Biceps contract)
Antagonist(Triceps relax)
Muscle vocab
• hypertrophy and atrophy• Anabolic steroids• Lactic Acid .... Poison• Isotonic – muscle contraction resulting in limb
movement• Isometric – muscle contraction resulting in
increased tension• Strain muscles .... Sprained joints• RICE
Bones 1.2.5
• Functions of skeleton• Support – Allows us to hold positions, standing up.• Movement – Allows activity.• Protection – Protects the vital organs, eg, brain, hearts, lung
etc..
Bones
• Bone forms part of our lean body mass, which relate to weight and can affect performance (Diet and Nutrition Year 10).
• Bone determines size of body and length of limb, rugby players, gymnasts, high jumpers.
• Bones influences Body Composition and can therefore influence participation and performance in Sport.
• A joint – a place where 2 or more bones meet.
Joints, tendons and ligaments
• A joint is:“a place were two bones meet”
• Joints allow use to move freely during everyday life and in sporting activities
• Without them our movement would be restricted
• E.g. joints in our fingers allow us to grip (a racket, ball etc)
Joints, tendons and ligaments
• You need to now the different types of joint• Ball and socket (shoulder)• Synovial hinge joint (knee)