The Changing Wealth of Nations

8/7/2019 The Changing Wealth of Nations

1/242F A T J ] K A @ F A S N A C C F T F B K Y @ F A S

Sef Henaojao_fnbtekd Antjkas

@fnsurjao XustnjanmbfCfvfbkp`fat ja tef Afw @jbbfaaju`


2/242


3/242

Sef Henaojao_fnbte kd Antjkas


4/242

F A T J ] K A @ F A S

N A C

C F T F B K Y @ F A S

N duacn`fatnb fbf`fat kd sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat js favjrka`fatnb sustnja-

nmjbjty. Efahf, tejs sfrjfs wns hrfntfc ja =99? tk hkvfr hurrfat nac f`frojao jssufs

ja krcfr tk prk`ktf cfmntf nac mrkncfa tef uacfrstnacjao kd favjrka`fatnb

henbbfaofs ns jatfornb tk nhejfvjao fqujtnmbf nac sustnjafc fhkak`jh orkwte. Sef

sfrjfs wjbb crnw ka nanbysjs nac prnhtjhnb fxpfrjfahf drk` nhrkss tef _krbc Mnal

nac drk` hbjfat hkuatrjfs. Sef `naushrjpts heksfa dkr pumbjhntjka wjbb mf hfatrnb

tk tef j`pbf`fatntjka kd tef _krbc Mnals Favjrka`fat Xtrntfoy, nac rfbfvnat

tk tef cfvfbkp`fat hk``uajty, pkbjhy nlfrs, nac nhncf`jn. Skpjhs nccrfssfc

ja tejs sfrjfs wjbb jahbucf favjrka`fatnb efnbte, anturnb rfskurhfs `nanof`fat,

strntfojh favjrka`fatnb nssfss`fat, pkbjhy jastru`fats, nac favjrka`fatnb

jastjtutjkas, n`kao ktefrs.

Sjtbfs ja tejs sfrjfs7

Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkas7 @fnsurjao Xustnjanmbf Cfvfbkp`fat ja tef Afw

@jbbfaaju`

Hkavfajfat Xkbutjkas tk na Jahkavfajfat Srute7 Fhksystf`-Mnsfc Npprknhefs tk

Hbj`ntf Henaof

Favjrka`fatnb Dbkws ja _ntfr ]fskurhfs Ykbjhjfs, Ybnas, nac Yrkgfhts7 Djacjaos

nac ]fhk``facntjkas

Favjrka`fatnb Efnbte nac Hejbc Xurvjvnb7 Fpjcf`jkbkoy, Fhkak`jhs, nac

Fxpfrjfahfs

Jatfrantjkanb Srncf nac Hbj`ntf Henaof7 Fhkak`jh, Bfonb, nac Jastjtutjkanb

Yfrspfhtjvfs

Ykvfrty nac tef Favjrka`fat7 Vacfrstnacjao Bjalnofs nt tef Ekusfekbc Bfvfb

Xtrntfojh Favjrka`fatnb Nssfss`fat dkr Ykbjhjfs7 Na Jastru`fat dkr Okkc Okvfranahf

Xtrntfojh Favjrka`fatnb Nssfss`fat ja Ykbjhy nac Xfhtkr ]fdkr`7 Hkahfptunb @kcfbnac Kpfrntjkanb Oujcnahf


5/242

Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkas

@fnsurjao XustnjanmbfCfvfbkp`fat ja tefAfw @jbbfaaju`


6/242

=9>> Sef Jatfrantjkanb Mnal dkr ]fhkastruhtjka

nac Cfvfbkp`fat / Sef _krbc Mnal

>5>5 E Xtrfft A_

_nsejaotka CH =9388

Sfbfpekaf7 =9=-3?8->999

Jatfraft7 www.wkrbcmnal.kro

Nbb rjoets rfsfrvfc

> = 8 3 >8 >= >> >9

Sejs vkbu`f js n prkcuht kd tef stndd kd tef Jatfrantjkanb Mnal dkr

]fhkastruhtjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat / Sef _krbc Mnal. Sef djacjaos,

jatfrprftntjkas, nac hkahbusjkas fxprfssfc ja tejs vkbu`f ck akt

afhfssnrjby rfdbfht tef vjfws kd tef Fxfhutjvf Cjrfhtkrs kd Sef _krbc

Mnal kr tef okvfra`fats tefy rfprfsfat.

Sef _krbc Mnal ckfs akt ounrnatff tef nhhurnhy kd tef cntn

jahbucfc ja tejs wkrl. Sef mkuacnrjfs, hkbkrs, cfak`jantjkas, nac

ktefr jadkr`ntjka sekwa ka nay `np ja tejs wkrl ck akt j`pby nay

gucof`fat ka tef pnrt kd Sef _krbc Mnal hkahfrajao tef bfonb stntus kd

nay tfrrjtkry kr tef fackrsf`fat kr nhhfptnahf kd suhe mkuacnrjfs.

] J O E S X N A C Y F ] @ J X X J K A X

Sef `ntfrjnb ja tejs pumbjhntjka js hkpyrjoetfc. Hkpyjao nac/kr

trnas`jttjao pkrtjkas kr nbb kd tejs wkrl wjtekut pfr`jssjka `ny mf n

vjkbntjka kd nppbjhnmbf bnw. Sef Jatfrantjkanb Mnal dkr ]fhkastruhtjka nacCfvfbkp`fat / Sef _krbc Mnal fahkurnofs cjssf`jantjka kd jts wkrl nac

wjbb akr`nbby ornat pfr`jssjka tk rfprkcuhf pkrtjkas kd tef wkrl prk`ptby.

Dkr pfr`jssjka tk pektkhkpy kr rfprjat nay pnrt kd tejs wkrl, pbfnsf

sfac n rfqufst wjte hk`pbftf jadkr`ntjka tk tef Hkpyrjoet Hbfnrnahf

Hfatfr Jah., === ]ksfwkkc Crjvf, Cnavfrs, @N 9>:=8, VXN< tfbfpekaf7

:?5-?69-5399< dnx7 :?5-?69-33?9< Jatfraft7 www.hkpyrjoet.hk`.

Nbb ktefr qufrjfs ka rjoets nac bjhfasfs, jahbucjao sumsjcjnry rjoets,

sekubc mf nccrfssfc tk tef Kddjhf kd tef Yumbjsefr, Sef _krbc Mnal,

>5>5 E Xtrfft A_, _nsejaotka, CH =9388, VXN< dnx7 =9=-6==-=3==8-5355-4fJXMA7 :?5-9-5=>8-5663-5

CKJ7 >9.>6:4/:?5-9-5=>8-5355-4

Bjmrnry kd Hkaorfss Hntnbkojao-ja-Yumbjhntjka Cntn

Sef henaojao wfnbte kd antjkas 7 `fnsurjao sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat ja

tef afw `jbbfaaju`.

p. h`. (Favjrka`fat nac cfvfbkp`fat)

Jahbucfs mjmbjkornpejhnb rfdfrfahfs nac jacfx.

JXMA :?5-9-5=>8-5355-4 JXMA :?5-9-5=>8-5663-5 (fbfhtrkajh)

>. Fhkak`jh jacjhntkrs. =. Xustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat.

J. _krbc Mnal.

EH6:.>6.H383 =9>9

885.:=?ch==

=9>9983584

Hkvfr pektks7 Ljrl En`jbtka/_krbc Mnal (kutfr hjrhbf)

> Henaofs ja _fnbte, >::6 tk =996

H E N Y S F ] >

8 Jatrkcuhtjka nac @nja Djacjaos7 Sef Henaojao_fnbte kd Antjkas

6 Ekw Ckfs _fnbte Henaof wjte Cfvfbkp`fat;

: Enrafssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb dkr Cfvfbkp`fat

>> Fxtfacjao nac Cffpfajao _fnbte Nhhkuats

>4 Sef Nofacn dkr Duturf _krl ka Anturnb _fnbte

>? Xu``jao Vp => Naafx7 @jssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb nac Fhksystf` Xfrvjhfs

=3 Aktfs

=6 ]fdfrfahfs

H E N Y S F ] =

=? _fnbte nac Henaofs ja _fnbte, >::6=996 =? Henaojao Obkmnb _fnbte

=: Henaojao Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte

8> Henaojao _fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn

88 _fnbte Hrfntjka ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs 8? Xnvjaos nac Henaofs ja _fnbte

3> Ykpubntjka Orkwte nac tef Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao Onp

3= Hkahbusjkas

33 Naafx =.>7 Hkuatrjfs Fxhbucfc drk` tef Nanbysjs kd Henaofs ja _fnbte

36 Naafx =.=7 Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte, >::6 nac =996, nac Henaofs ja Yfr Hnpjtn_fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, >::6=996, my ]fojka nac Jahk`f Orkup

3: Aktfs

3: ]fdfrfahf


8/242

H E N Y S F ] 8

6> Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb7 Cfhk`pksjao Yrjhfnac ^unatjty Fddfhts

6= Cfhk`pksjtjka7 N Aktf ka tef @ftekckbkoy

68 Hkatrjmutjka kd Bnac nac Xumskjb Nssfts tk Henaofs ja _fnbte

6: Xu``jao Vp7 Bnac Tnbufs nac Xumskjb Nssfts

4> Naafx 8.>7 Cfhk`pksjtjka @ftekckbkoy

48 Naafx 8.=7 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte my Jahk`f Orkupnac ]fojka, >::6=996

4? Naafx 8.87 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte ja XfbfhtfcHkuatrjfs ja tef @jccbf Fnst nac Akrte Ndrjhn nac Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn,>::6=996

?> Aktfs ?> ]fdfrfahf

Y N ] S =

?8 N Cffpfr Bkkl nt _fnbte

H E N Y S F ] 3

?6 _fnbte Nhhkuatjao ja tef Orffaekusf ?4 Hbj`ntf Xhjfahf nac tef Cfvfbkp`fat Hkasfasus

?? Xk`f Fhkak`jhs kd Hbj`ntf Henaof

59 Fstj`ntfc Tnbufs kd Hnrmka Xtkhls nac Dbkws ja =996

53 Cjshussjka7 Jssufs kd Bnw nac Fqujty

56 Xu``jao Vp

5? Naafx7 Xkurhfs nac Sfheajhnb Cftnjbs

5: Aktfs

5: ]fdfrfahfs

H E N Y S F ] 6

:8 Jatnaojmbf Hnpjtnb nac Cfvfbkp`fat

:3 Sefkrftjhnb Hkasjcfrntjkas :4 Fxpbnjajao Jatnaojmbf Hnpjtnb

:: Sef ]kbf kd Jatnaojmbf Hnpjtnb ja Cfvfbkp`fat>9= Xu``jao Vp>98 Aktfs>98 ]fdfrfahfs

H E N Y S F ] 4

>96 Eu`na Hnpjtnb nac Fhkak`jh Orkwte ja Hejan

>9? Xtkhls kd Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan>9: Eu`na Hnpjtnb my ]urnb-Vrmna Bkhntjka nac my Ofacfr>>= Hk`pnrjska wjte _krbc Mnal Fstj`ntfs kd Eu`na Hnpjtnb>>8 Xu``jao Vp>>3 Naafx 4.>7 @ftekckbkoyGkrofaska-Drnu`faj Bjdftj`f Jahk`f

Npprknhe

vj HKASFASX


9/242

>>4 Naafx 4.=7 ]fhnstjao tef Cntn tk mf Hkasjstfat wjte _krbc Mnal@ftekckbkoy

>>? Aktfs

>>? ]fdfrfahfs

H E N Y S F ] ?

>>: Bjaljao Okvfranahf tk Fhkak`jh Hkasfqufahfs ja]fskurhf-]jhe Fhkak`jfs7 FJSJ nac _fnbte Nhhkuatjao

>=> Okvfranahf, Nhhkuatnmjbjty, nac Srnaspnrfahy nbkao tef FxtrnhtjvfsTnbuf Henja

>=8 FJSJ nac Srnaspnrfahy>=8 FJSJ++7 Fxtfacjao Okkc Okvfranahf nbkao tef Tnbuf Henja

>=3 _fnbte Nhhkuats7 Fxtfacjao Srnaspnrfahy tk @nhrkfhkak`jhYfrdkr`nahf>=6 Xu``jao Vp>=? Aktfs>=? ]fdfrfahfs

H E N Y S F ] 5

>=: Hkuatry Fxpfrjfahfs wjte _fnbte Nhhkuatjao>89 Hurrfat Hkuatry Yrnhtjhfs>88 @jafrnb nac Fafroy Nhhkuats

>83 Ktefr Anturnb Hnpjtnb Nhhkuats>84 Mnbnahf Xeffts>84 _fnbte Nhhkuatjao ja ]fhfat Jajtjntjvfs>8? Xu``jao Vp>85 Aktfs>85 ]fdfrfahfs

Nppfacjxfs

>3> Nppfacjx N7 Mujbcjao tef _fnbte Fstj`ntfs7 @ftekckbkoy

>4> Nppfacjx M7 Sktnb _fnbte, Ykpubntjka, nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte ja >::6,=999, nac =996

>?8 Nppfacjx H7 _fnbte Fstj`ntfs ja =996>56 Nppfacjx C7 Hnbhubntjao Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao ns n Yfrhfatnof kd Orkss

Antjkanb Jahk`f, =995>:? Nppfacjx F7 Fddfht kd Ykpubntjka Orkwte ka Xnvjaos nac Henaofs ja

_fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn, =996=98 Nppfacjx D7 Cfhk`pksjtjka Nanbysjs ns n Yfrhfatnof kd Henaof ja

Sktnb _fnbte, my Fhkak`y, >::6=996

=>8 Jacfx

HKASFASX vjj


10/242

Mkxfs >5 >.> @fnsurfs kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf7 _fnbte kr Yrkcuhtjka;

85 =.> Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao nac @jssjao Hnpjtnb

33 =N.> Hkuatrjfs wjte _fnbte Nhhkuats ja =996 mut Akt ja >::6

Djourfs

5 >.> Henaojao Tkbu`f nac Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte jaBkwfr-@jccbf-Jahk`f Hkuatrjfs, >::6=996

>9 >.= Yrkcuhfc Hnpjtnb Yfr Hnpjtn, Nhtunb nac Eypkteftjhnb, ja Djvf]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs, =996

>> >.8 ]fskurhf Nmuacnahf nac Hnpjtnb Nhhu`ubntjka7 _efrf Ens tefEnrtwjhl ]ubf Mffa Nppbjfc;

=: =.> Nccjtjkas tk _fnbte my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6=996

8= =.= Orkwte ja Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte, >::6=996

88 =.8 Henaojao Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte ja Bkwfr-@jccbf-Jahk`fHkuatrjfs, >::6=996

83 =.3 Henaof ja _fnbte nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs,>::6=996

86 =.6 Henaofs ja _fnbte ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs my Sypf kd Nssft,>::6=996

85 =.4 Hnbhubntjao Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao dkr Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn, =995

8: =.? Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao ja ]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs, =995 39 =.5 Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao dkr Cfvfbkpjao-Hkuatry ]fojkas, >:?6=995

3= =.: Ykpubntjka-Ncgustfc NAX nac Ykpubntjka Orkwte ]ntfs jaCfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs, =996

63 8.> Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb my Nssftnac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6=996

63 8.= Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb my Dnhtkr jaCfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs, >::6=996

66 8.8 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Bnac Tnbufs my ]fojka, >::6=996

64 8.3 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Xumskjb Nssft Tnbufs my ]fojka,>::6=996

59 3.> Sef Tnbuf kd n ]fcuhtjka ja tef Xtkhl kd HK=

5> 3.= Xtkhl kd HK=7 Skp >9 F`jttfrs

5> 3.8 Tnbuf kd HK=Xtkhl ns n Yfrhfatnof kd OAJ7 Skp >9 F`jttfrs

:4 6.> Cjstrjmutjka kd J`pbjhjt ]ntfs kd ]ftura kaHk`prfefasjvf _fnbte, =996

>9: 4.> Ykpubntjka kd Hejan, >:5==99?

>>9 4.= Ykpubntjka kd Hejan my Fcuhntjkanb Nttnja`fat, >:5==99?

>== ?.> Sef Fxtrnhtjvf Jacustrjfs Tnbuf Henja

>=6 ?.= ]fhkvfry kd ]fskurhf ]fat drk` @jajao ja Mktswnan, >:59=996

>=4 ?.8 Orkwte kd ]fnb Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte nac OCY ja Mktswnan nacAn`jmjn, >:59=996

vjjj HKASFASX


11/242

HKASFASX jx

Snmbfs

? >.> _fnbte nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my Sypf kd Hnpjtnb nac Jahk`fOrkup, >::6 nac =996

=5 =.> Sktnb _fnbte nac Xenrfs my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, =996

=5 =.= Sktnb _fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, wjte Xenrfs my Jahk`f Orkup,>::6=996

89 =.8 Sktnb _fnbte nac Xenrfs my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6nac =996

8= =.3 Sktnb _fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn, >::6=996

84 =.6 Hk`pksjtjka kd Anturnb Hnpjtnb ja Cfvfbkpjao ]fojkas, =996

34 =N.> Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my ]fojka nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6

3? =N.= Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my ]fojka nac Jahk`f Orkup, =996

35 =N.8 Henaofs ja Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, >::6=996 43 8N.> Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte my Jahk`f Orkup nac

]fojka, >::6=996

45 8N.= Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte ja XfbfhtfcHkuatrjfs ja tef @jccbf Fnst nac Akrte Ndrjhn nac Xum-XnenrnaNdrjhn, >::6=996

?5 3.> Cjstrjmutjka kd Yumbjsefc @nrojanb Xkhjnb Hksts kd HK=F`jssjkas

5= 3.= HK=Xtkhl nac Hurrfat F`jssjkas, =996

58 3.8 Fnstfra Furkpf nac Hfatrnb Nsjn7 HK=Xtkhl nac Hurrfat

F`jssjkas, =996

:3 6.> Antjkanb _fnbte nac Jahk`f ja Hnancn, =99:

:5 6.= Fstj`ntfc Hkastjtufats kd Jatnaojmbf _fnbte

>99 6.8 Eu`na Hnpjtnb nac Hkuatry Djxfc Fddfhts ja Xfbfhtfc Hkuatrjfs,Nvfrnof >::6=996

>9> 6.3 Fbnstjhjtjfs kd Kutput wjte ]fspfht tk Yrkcuhtjka Dnhtkrs

>95 4.> Sktnb Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan, >:56=99?

>>> 4.= Sktnb ]fnb Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan my ]urnb-Vrmna Bkhntjkanac Ofacfr

>>> 4.8 Yfr Hnpjtn ]fnb Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan my ]urnb-Vrmna Bkhntjka

nac Ofacfr>8> 5.> Kvfrvjfw kd Hkuatry Yrnhtjhfs ja _fnbte Nhhkuatjao dkr

Akadjanahjnb Nssfts

>83 5.= Hkuatry Yrnhtjhfs ja @jafrnb nac Fafroy Nssft Nhhkuatjao

>34 N.> @fcjna Bjdftj`f ja =996 dkr Yrkvfa ]fsfrvfs

>6> N.= Hnbhubntjao Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao

>4= M.> _fnbte nac _fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn my Fhkak`y

>?> M.= ]fojkanb nac Jahk`f Orkup Noorfontfs Vsjao n Mnbnahfc Xn`pbfkd >=3 Hkuatrjfs

>?3 H.> _fnbte Fstj`ntfs dkr =996>54 C.> Antjkanb Xnvjao Dbkws dkr =995

>:5 F.> Fddfht kd Ykpubntjka Orkwte ka Xnvjaos nac Henaofs ja _fnbteYfr Hnpjtn, =996

=93 D.> Cfhk`pksjtjka Nanbysjs ns n Yfrhfatnof kd Henaof ja Sktnb_fnbte, >::6=996


12/242


13/242

Dkrfwkrc

_ent js akt `fnsurfc js akt `nanofc js kaf kd tef trujs`s kd `nanof`fat

shjfahf, nac jt pkjats tk n wfnlafss ja tef jacjhntkrs wf usf tk onuof cfvfbkp-

`fat prkorfss. Ns tejs mkkl cf`kastrntfs, anturnb rfskurhfs nhhkuat dkr kvfr =9pfrhfat kd tef wfnbte kd cfvfbkpjao antjkas. Zft jacjhntkrs bjlf tef orkwte rntf

kd orkss ck`fstjh prkcuht (OCY), usfc my `jajstrjfs kd djanahf nac cfvfbkp-

`fat fvfrywefrf, ck akt nhhkuat dkr tef cfpbftjka kd teksf anturnb rfskurhfs.

Akt kaby nrf anturnb rfskurhfs na j`pkrtnat senrf kd antjkanb wfnbte, mut

tef hk`pksjtjka kd anturnb wfnbte vnrjfs wjcfby nhrkss cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs nac

rfojkas. Xk`f hkuatrjfs nrf mbfssfc wjte `jafrnb nac fafroy rfskurhfs wejhe

hna ofafrntf sjoajdjhnat rfvfaufs dkr okvfra`fats mut wejhe `ny nbsk cjstkrt

cfvfbkp`fat my prkvjcjao fnsy `kafy. Xk`f hkuatrjfs nrf rjhe ja hrkp nacpnsturf bnacs, wejhe pbnhfs n prf`ju` ka prktfhtjao skjb dfrtjbjty nac `nanojao

tef wntfr rfskurhfs wejhe uacfrpja prkcuhtjvf usf kd tef bnac. Ktefr hkuatrjfs

envf noajdjhfat dkrfsts, ns wfbb ns wjbc bnacs wjte nmuacnat mjkcjvfrsjty, wejhe

hna crnw fhktkurjsts tk vjsjt drk` nbb kvfr tef wkrbc. _jtekut skuac `nanof-

`fat, tejs anturnb pntrj`kay js nt rjsl.

Sejs mkkl js nmkut cfvfbkp`fat nac `fnsurjao cfvfbkp`fat prkorfss. _ejbf

prfhjsf cfdjajtjkas `ny vnry, cfvfbkp`fat js, nt efnrt, n prkhfss kd mujbcjao

wfnbtetef prkcuhfc, anturnb, eu`na, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnb wejhe js tef

skurhf kd jahk`f nac wfbbmfjao. N lfy djacjao js tent jt js jatnaojmbf wfnbte

eu`na nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnbwejhe ck`jantfs tef wfnbte kd nbb hkuatrjfs,

rjsjao ns n senrf kd tef tktnb ns hkuatrjfs hbj`m tef cfvfbkp`fat bnccfr. Sef

nhhkuatjao kd wfnbte ja kvfr >99 hkuatrjfs kvfr tef cfhncf drk` >::6 tk =996

pkjats tk tef j`pkrtnat prkorfss tent ens mffa `ncf ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs.

xj


14/242

xjj DK]F_K]C

Sef djrst henptfr kd tef mkkl facs my suoofstjao tent ekw wf `fnsurf cfvfbkp-

`fat wjbb crjvf ekw wf ck cfvfbkp`fat. _f javjtf tef rfncfr tk gkja us ja na

fxhjtjao facfnvkrtnljao n truby hk`prfefasjvf npprknhe tk cfvfbkp`fat mymujbcjao tef wfnbte kd antjkas.

JAOF] NACF]XFA

Tjhf Yrfsjcfat nac Efnc kd Aftwkrl

Xustnjanmbf Cfvfbkp`fat Aftwkrl

Sef _krbc Mnal

KSNTJNAK HNAVSK

Tjhf Yrfsjcfat nac Efnc kd AftwkrlYkvfrty ]fcuhtjka nac Fhkak`jh @nanof`fat Aftwkrl

Sef _krbc Mnal


15/242

Nhlakwbfco`fats

Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkasens mffa wrjttfa my n tfn` jahbucjao Obfaa-

@nrjf Bnaof, Ljrl En`jbtka, Ojkvnaaj ]utn, Bkpn Henlrnmkrtj, Cfvnb Cfsnj,

Mrn` Fcfas, Xusnan Dfrrfjrn, Mnrmnrn Drnu`faj, @jhenfb Gnrvjs, _jbbjn`Ljaos`jbb, nac Enjzefao Bj. ]fsfnrhe nssjstnahf wns prkvjcfc my Gustja ]n`.

Sef hkatrjmutjkas kd Ujnkbja ]fa nac Gnan Xtkfvfr tk tef cfvfbkp`fat kd tef

cntnmnsf nrf orntfdubby nhlakwbfcofc.

Sef rfpkrt rfhfjvfc jasjoetdub hk``fats drk` tef pffr rfvjfwfrs, Ojbfs

Ntljaska, Gna Mgk, ]jhenrc Cn`najn, nac @nrjna Cfbks Naofbfs.

_f nrf orntfdub tk hkbbfnoufs jasjcf nac kutsjcf tef _krbc Mnal wek prkvjcfc

usfdub dffcmnhl. Kur tenals ok tk @jbna Mrne`mentt, Gubjn Muhlanbb, Lfvja

Hnrfy, Henrbfs cj Bfvn, @nrjnaaf Dny, @jhenfb Bfvjtsly, Fcunrck Bfy, Jna Akmbf,Yfr ]ycfa, Npurvn Xnaoej, Xusnaaf Xhefjfrbjao, Gka Xtrnac, @jlf Sk`na,

Ck`jajquf vna cfr @faasmruooef, nac Gfdd Tjahfat.

Djanbby, wf nrf jacfmtfc tk tef bntf Yrkdfsskr Cnvjc Yfnrhf, tef dntefr kd uhe

kd tef fhkak`jhs kd sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat, Gkea KHkaakr, wek bfc tef djrst

wkrl ka wfnbte nhhkuatjao nt tef _krbc Mnal, nac terff jacjvjcunbsGkea

Cjxka, Ynrten Cnsouptn, nac Lnrb-Okrna @bfrwek envf hkatrjmutfc akt kaby

tk tefkry nac prnhtjhf, mut envf nbsk tjrfbfssby hen`pjkafc tef hnusf kd nppbyjao

favjrka`fatnb fhkak`jhs tk cfvfbkp`fat prkmbf`s terkuoe tefjr wrjtjao nac

tfnhejao nhrkss tef cfvfbkpjao wkrbc.

Sef djanahjnb suppkrt kd tef Okvfra`fat kd Xwfcfa js nhlakwbfcofc wjte

orntjtucf.

xjjj


16/242


17/242

xv

Nmmrfvjntjkas

$/tHK= ckbbnrs pfr tka kd hnrmka cjkxjcf

$=996 hkastnat =996 V.X. ckbbnrs

NAX ncgustfc aft snvjao

HNJS Hbj`ntf Nanbysjs Jacjhntkrs Skkb

HCJNH Hnrmka Cjkxjcf Jadkr`ntjka Nanbysjs Hfatfr

HFN Hkuatry Favjrka`fatnb NanbysjsHF@ Hkuatry Fhkak`jh @f`krnacu`

HK= hnrmka cjkxjcf

HK=C HK

=cn`nofs

H_ hrkp wfnbte

Cfpr cfprfhjntjka

FC fafroy cfpbftjka

FF fcuhntjka fxpfacjturf

FJSJ Fxtrnhtjvf Jacustrjfs Srnaspnrfahy Jajtjntjvf

FV Furkpfna Vajka

DNK Dkkc nac Norjhubturf Kronajzntjka

DNKXSNS Dkkc nac Norjhubturf Kronajzntjka cntnmnsf

OCY orkss ck`fstjh prkcuht

OEO orffaekusf ons

Obkmnb D]N Obkmnb Dkrfst ]fskurhfs Nssfss`fat(kd tef DNK)

OAJ orkss antjkanb jahk`f

OAX orkss antjkanb snvjaos

OSNY Obkmnb Srncf Nanbysjs Yrkgfht

JFN Jatfrantjkanb Fafroy Nofahy

J@D Jatfrantjkanb @kaftnry Duac

JYHH Jatfrokvfra`fatnb Ynafb ka Hbj`ntf Henaof

G-D Gkrofaska-Drnu`faj

B@CJ bkonrjte`jh `fna Cjvjsjn jacfx

@C `jafrnb cfpbftjka

ADC aft dkrfst cfpbftjka

AOK akaokvfra`fatnb kronajzntjkaAAJ aft antjkanb jahk`f

AAX aft antjkanb snvjaos

AYT aft prfsfat vnbuf


18/242

KFHC Kronajsntjka dkr Fhkak`jh Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat

YJ@ Yfrpftunb Javfatkry @ftekc

Y@pnrtjhubntf `nttfrY@C pnrtjhubntf `nttfr cn`nofs

pp`v pnrts pfr `jbbjka my vkbu`f

YT prfsfat vnbuf

XHH skhjnb hkst kd hnrmka

XFFN Xystf` kd Jatforntfc Favjrka`fatnb nac Fhkak`jh

Nhhkuatjao

XAN Xystf` kd Antjkanb Nhhkuats

VA Vajtfc Antjkas

VAHSNC Vajtfc Antjkas Hkadfrfahf ka Srncf nac Cfvfbkp`fat

VAFHF Vajtfc Antjkas Fhkak`jh Hk``jssjka dkr Furkpf

VAFXHK Vajtfc Antjkas Fcuhntjkanb, Xhjfatjdjh, nac Hubturnb

Kronajzntjka

VAXC Vajtfc Antjkas Xtntjstjhs Cjvjsjka

VXOX V.X. Ofkbkojhnb Xurvfy

_CJ _krbc Cfvfbkp`fat Jacjhntkrs

_C] _krbc Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt

_SY wjbbjaoafss tk pny

Aktf7 Ckbbnr n`kuats nrf V.X. ckbbnrs uabfss ktefrwjsf jacjhntfc.

xvj NMM]FTJNSJKAX


19/242

Y N ] S >

Henaofs ja _fnbte,

>::6 tk =996

H E N Y S F ] >

Jatrkcuhtjka nac @nja Djacjaos7Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkas

H E N Y S F ] =

_fnbte nac Henaofs ja _fnbte, >::6=996

H E N Y S F ] 8

Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb7Cfhk`pksjao Yrjhf nac ^unatjty Fddfhts


20/242


21/242

8

Jatrkcuhtjka nac @nja

Djacjaos7 Sef Henaojao_fnbte kd Antjkas

H E N Y S F ] >

YF]ENYX SEF FN]BJFXS NXXFXX@FAS KD SEF _FNBSE KD

antjkas wns tef Ck`fscny Mkkl,prfpnrfc nt tef hk``nac kd _jbbjn` tef

Hkaqufrkr ja >95654. Nhhkrcjao tk tef Naobk-Xnxka Herkajhbf, tef mkkl nj`fc

tk rfhkrc went, kr ekw ùhe, fnhe `na enc, wek wns na khhupjfr kd bnac ja

Faobnac, fjtefr ja bnac kr ja stkhl, nac ekw ùhe `kafy jt wfrf wkrte.

_jbbjn`s oknb ja `fnsurjao tef wfnbte kd Faobnac wns djshnb. Ef affcfc tk

lakw tef vnbuf kd hrkwa bnacs ja tef hkaqufrfc tfrrjtkry, ns wfbb ns tef vnbuf

kd jacjvjcunb bnacekbcjaos tent hkubc mf sumgfht tk tnxntjka. Kur oknbs ja tejs

mkkl nrf mkte `krf `kcfst nac `krf n`mjtjkus tena teksf kd _jbbjn` tef

Hkaqufrkr7 `krf `kcfst mfhnusf wf wjbb akt prfsfat nhhkuats nt tef bfvfb kd

jacjvjcunb prkpfrty ekbcjaos, nac `krf n`mjtjkus mfhnusf wf sft dkrte mrknc

wfnbte nhhkuats dkr kvfr >=9 hkuatrjfs dkr tef yfnrs >::6, =999, nac =996.

_efa wf pksf tef qufstjka kd ekw ùhe `kafy jt wfrf wkrte dkr nssfts

suhe ns bnac, wf nrf jafvjtnmby nsljao n qufstjka nmkut tef duturf7 went js tef

dbkw kd rfats (kr fhkak`jh prkdjts) tent tejs nssft hna sustnja ja tef duturf; Sejs

hkahfra wjte duturjty js, wf nrouf, tef prjahjpnb rfnska tk mujbc wfnbte nhhkuats.Jd wf fxtfac tejs hkahfpt tk hk`prfefasjvf wfnbteprkcuhfc hnpjtnb< anturnb

hnpjtnb< nac eu`na, skhjnb, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnbtefa fnsurjao henaofs ja

wfnbte pfr`jts us tk fnsurf tef sustnjanmjbjtykd cfvfbkp`fat. Sejs js na urofat

hkahfra tkcny ja tef pkkrfst cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, ns wf wjbb sekw.


22/242

3 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX

@krf ofafrnbby, `fnsurjao henaofs ja rfnb, hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte prkvjcfs

na jacjhntjka tk okvfra`fats kd weftefr pkbjhy, mrkncby hkahfjvfc, js prkcuhjao

jahrfnsfs ja mkte hurrfat nac duturf wfbb-mfjaowent fhkak`jsts wkubc tfr`skhjnb wfbdnrf.>Jt hfrtnjaby hkubc mf nroufc tent tef duacn`fatnb cuty kd

okvfra`fat js tk fasurf tent jts pkbjhjfs bfnc tk jahrfnsfs ja skhjnb wfbdnrf.

Skcny, wfnbte nhhkuats nrf na jatfornb pnrt kd tef Xystf` kd Antjkanb Nhhkuats

(XAN), wejhe prkvjcfs tef mnsjs dkr tef `fnsurf`fat kd fhkak`jh prkorfss

usfc my `jajstrjfs kd djanahf nrkuac tef wkrbc (Furkpfna Hk``jssjka ft nb.

=99:).=Ekwfvfr, wfnbte nhhkuats nrf akt afnrby ns wjcfby j`pbf`fatfc ns nrf

tef `fnsurfs kd prkcuhtjka nac jahk`f. Sef trncjtjkanb jacjhntkr kd fhkak`jh

prkorfss js orkwte ja orkss ck`fstjh prkcuht (OCY), n mrknc `fnsurf kd tef

vnbuf kd prkcuhtjka khhurrjao wjteja n antjkas mkrcfrs. Sef prkmbf` wjte OCY

orkwte ns na jacjhntkr, ekwfvfr, js tent jt trfnts mkte tef prkcuhtjka kd okkcs

nac sfrvjhfs nac tef vnbuf kd nssft bjqujcntjka ns pnrt kd tef prkcuht kd tef antjka.

Seus, n hkuatry hkubc orkw jts OCY my cfpbftjao stkhls kd dkrfsts nac `jafrnbs,

dkr fxn`pbf, mut tejs orkwte wkubc akt mf sustnjanmbf.

Sejs mkkl fxtfacs nac mujbcs upka _efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas; @fnsurjao

Hnpjtnb dkr tef =>st Hfatury(_krbc Mnal =994), wejhe rfpkrtfc hk`prfefasjvf

wfnbte nhhkuats dkr `krf tena >=9 hkuatrjfs. Ns ja tent mkkl, wf hkahfjvf kd

cfvfbkp`fat ns n prkhfss kd mujbcjao nac `nanojao n pkrtdkbjk kd nssfts. Sefhenbbfaof kd cfvfbkp`fat js tk `nanof akt gust tef tktnb vkbu`f kd nssftsekw

ùhe tk snvf vfrsus ekw ùhe tk hkasu`fmut nbsk tef hk`pksjtjka kd tef

nssft pkrtdkbjk, tent js, ekw uhe tk javfst ja cjddfrfat typfs kd hnpjtnb, jahbucjao

tef jastjtutjkas nac okvfranahf tent hkastjtutf skhjnb hnpjtnb.

Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkasnccs sfvfrnb afw hk`pkafats tk tef prfvjkus

wkrl. @kst j`pkrtnat, mfhnusf wfnbte nhhkuats nrf akw nvnjbnmbf kvfr n >9-yfnr

pfrjkc, >::6 tk =996, jt js pkssjmbf tk ok mfykac n sanpsekt kd wfnbte nt n pkjat

ja tj`f nac prkvjcf tef djrst jatfrtf`pkrnb nssfss`fat kd obkmnb, rfojkanb, nachkuatry pfrdkr`nahf ja mujbcjao wfnbte nac nhejfvjao sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat.8

Ja tejs mkkl wf tnlf n hk`prfefasjvf npprknhe tk `fnsurjao wfnbte,

prfsfatjao nhhkuats dkr tef dkbbkwjao hntfokrjfs kd nssfts7 Sktnb wfnbte7Sef `fnsurf kd tktnb (kr hk`prfefasjvf) wfnbte js mujbt upka

tef jatujtjvf aktjka tent hurrfat wfnbte ùst hkastrnja duturf hkasu`ptjka.

Henptfr 6 prfsfats tef tefkry uacfrpjaajao tejs nssu`ptjka nac tef `ftekcs

usfc tk fstj`ntf tktnb wfnbte. Yrkcuhfc hnpjtnb7Sejs hk`prjsfs `nhejafry, struhturfs, nac fqujp`fat.3

Anturnb hnpjtnb7Sejs hk`prjsfs norjhubturnb bnac, prktfhtfc nrfns, dkrfsts,

`jafrnbs, nac fafroy. Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb7Sejs nssft js `fnsurfc ns n rfsjcunb, tef cjddfrfahf mftwffa

tktnb wfnbte nac prkcuhfc nac anturnb hnpjtnb. Jt j`pbjhjtby jahbucfs fnsurfs

kd eu`na, skhjnb, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnb, wejhe jahbucfs dnhtkrs suhe ns


23/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX 6

tef rubf kd bnw nac okvfranahf tent hkatrjmutf tk na fddjhjfat fhkak`y. Aft

dkrfjoa djanahjnb nssfts, tef mnbnahf kd n hkuatrys tktnb djanahjnb nssfts nac

djanahjnb bjnmjbjtjfs, nrf ofafrnbby jahbucfc ns pnrt kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ja tejsmkkl (wjte tef fxhfptjka kd henptfr 6, ja wejhe tefkrftjhnb hkahfras nrf tjoetby

bjalfc tk f`pjrjhnb fstj`ntjka `ftekcs).

Sef mkkl js cjvjcfc jatk twk pnrts. Sef djrst pnrt prkvjcfs tef mjo pjhturf

kd henaofs ja wfnbte my jahk`f orkup nac ofkornpejh rfojka, wjte n dkhus ka

anturnb hnpjtnb mfhnusf jt js fspfhjnbby j`pkrtnat dkr bkw-jahk`f cfvfbkpjao

hkuatrjfs. Sef sfhkac pnrt prfsfats hnsf stucjfs tent jbbustrntf pnrtjhubnr nspfhts

kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao, jahbucjao nhhkuatjao dkr hbj`ntf henaof, tef rkbf kd jatna-

ojmbf hnpjtnb ja orkwte nac cfvfbkp`fat, `fnsurjao eu`na hnpjtnb, nac tef usf

kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao tk j`prkvf trnaspnrfahy nac okvfranahf ja rfskurhf-rjhe

fhkak`jfs. Sef djanb henptfr rfpkrts ka tef j`pbf`fatntjka kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao

my hkuatrjfs. Sef nppfacjxfs prkvjcf tef dubb wfnbte nhhkuats dkr jacjvjcunb

hkuatrjfs nac dkr noorfontjkas my jahk`f orkup nac ofkornpejh rfojka.

Ekw Ckfs _fnbte Henaof wjte Cfvfbkp`fat;

_efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas;fstnmbjsefc tef bjals mftwffa cfvfbkp`fat

kuthk`fs nac tef bfvfb nac hk`pksjtjka kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte. Xk`f kdtef j`pkrtnat jasjoets drk` tent vkbu`f, mnsfc ka wfnbte nhhkuats dkr =999,

hkatjauf tk nppby ja =996 nac, jacffc, nhrkss tef cfhncf drk` >::6 tk =996. Ja

henptfr = kd tejs vkbu`f, wf mfoja my nanbyzjao pnttfras kd wfnbte nac henaofs ja

pfr hnpjtn wfnbte dkr hkuatrjfs orkupfc my jahk`f hntfokry. Orkupjao hkuatrjfs

my jahk`f js usfdub mfhnusf jt rfvfnbs tef cjrfht bjals mftwffa wfnbte, jahk`f,

nac cfvfbkp`fat. N`kao jahk`f orkups, trfacs dkr bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs nrf kd

pnrtjhubnr jatfrfst mfhnusf kd tef hkahfatrntjka kd tef wkrbcs pkkr ja tefsf

hkuatrjfs. Cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs ùst `nlf cfhjsjkas nmkut (n) ekw ùhe tkjavfst vfrsus ekw ùhe tk hkasu`f nac (m) went `jx kd nssfts tk javfst ja. Sef

`jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs nrf j`pkrtnat mfhnusf tefy sefc bjoet ka tejs prkhfss

kd wfnbte hrfntjka curjao tef trnasjtjka drk` bkw tk ejoe jahk`f. Ejoe-jahk`f

hkuatrjfs prkvjcf jasjoet jatk tef vkbu`f nac hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte ja teksf

hkuatrjfs tent envf nhejfvfc ejoe `ntfrjnb stnacnrcs kd bjvjao. _f tefa bkkl

`krf hbksfby nt cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, orkupjao tef` my ofkornpejh rfojka

mfhnusf kd tef j`pkrtnahf kd senrfc ofkornpejh nac ejstkrjhnb dfnturfs.

Mftwffa >::6 nac =996, obkmnb wfnbte jahrfnsfc ja pfr hnpjtn tfr`s my

>? pfrhfat ja hkastnat =996 V.X. ckbbnrs.6_fnbte orfw dnstfst ja tef bkwfr-

`jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, wejhe nrf ck`jantfc my tef fhkak`y kd Hejan9 pfrhfat kd tef obkmnb pkpubntjka, ekbc bfss tena >

pfrhfat kd obkmnb wfnbte (tnmbf >.>).Jatnaojmbf wfnbte js tef bnrofst sjaobf hk`pkafat kd wfnbte ja nbb jahk`f

orkups,

nac tef dnstfst orkwjao kaf ns wfbb. _eftefr kaf hk`pnrfs wfnbte nhrkss

cjddfrfat jahk`f orkups dkr n sjaobf yfnr kr bkkls nt n sjaobf jahk`f orkup kvfr

tj`f, tef hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuats tfbb n hbfnr stkry nmkut tef rfbntjkasejp

mftwffa cfvfbkp`fat nac wfnbte7 cfvfbkp`fat fatnjbs mujbcjao tktnb wfnbte, mut

nbsk henaojao tef hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte. @kst hkuatrjfs stnrt kut wjte rfbntjvfby

ejoe cfpfacfahf ka anturnb hnpjtnbnorjhubturnb bnac, sumskjb nssfts, nac/kr

dkrfsts. Sefy usf tefsf nssfts tk mujbc `krf wfnbte, fspfhjnbby prkcuhfc hnpjtnb

nac jatnaojmbf (eu`na nac jastjtutjkanb) hnpjtnb.

Sejs rfbntjkasejp mftwffa cfvfbkp`fat nac hnpjtnb js hbfnrby sffa ja tef

bkwfr-`jccbf-jahk`fhkuatrjfs, wefrf tef fhkak`y kd Hejan ck`jantfs. Ns

djourf >.> sekws, pfr hnpjtn wfnbte ens jahrfnsfc crn`ntjhnbby, nac gust ns j`pkr-

tnat, tef hk`pksjtjka ens henaofc nrlfcby. Sef senrf kd anturnb hnpjtnb dfbb drk`

83 pfrhfat ja >::6 tk =6 pfrhfat ja =996 (nbtekuoe, ns henptfr = sekws, tef bfvfb

kd anturnb hnpjtnb pfr pfrska nhtunbby jahrfnsfc my afnrby $>,>99), wejbf tef senrfs

kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb jahrfnsfc strkaoby.

Sef rnpjc orkwte kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb js cuf pnrtby tk jahrfnsfc fcuhn-tjkanb nttnja`fat ja `kst hkuatrjfs, mut n sjoajdjhnat pnrt kd tef jahrfnsf ja

jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb rfsubts drk` j`prkvf`fats ja jastjtutjkas, okvfranahf, nac

ktefr dnhtkrs tent hkatrjmutf tk mfttfr, `krf fddjhjfat usf kd nbb kd n hkuatrys

hnpjtnbprkcuhfc, anturnb, nac eu`na. Sef stucy kd Hejan ja henptfr 4 sekws

tent rnpjc fhkak`jh henaof nac tef trnasjtjka tk n `nrlft-krjfatfc fhkak`y

kddfrfc pfkpbf kppkrtuajtjfs tk rfnbjzf ùhe ejoefr rfturas dkr n ojvfa bfvfb kd

fcuhntjkanb nttnja`fat.

Nbtekuoe wfnbte js ck`jantfc my jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb, ja bkw-jahk`f hkua-trjfs anturnb hnpjtnb hkastjtutfs n bnrof senrf kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte, bnrofr

tena prkcuhfc hnpjtnb. Ja uppfr-`jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, anturnb hnpjtnb js

kaby sbjoetby bfss tena prkcuhfc hnpjtnb, >6 pfrhfat nac >4 pfrhfat, rfspfh-

tjvfby. Sef ejoe cfpfacfahf kd bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs ka anturnb hnpjtnb nac

tef j`pkrtnat rkbf kd anturnb hnpjtnb ja mujbcjao wfnbte suoofst tent jt sekubc

rfhfjvf hbksf nttfatjka.

Dkr hkuatrjfs cfpfacfat ka akarfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb, trnasdkr`jao

anturnb hnpjtnb jatk ktefr dkr`s kd wfnbte js tef pnte tk sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp fat.

_efrf anturnb hnpjtnb js pktfatjnbby rfafwnmbf, suhe ns dkrfst bnac, npprkprjntf

prkpfrty rjoets nac `nanof`fat rfoj`fs nrf fssfatjnb jd tef hkuatry js tk cfvfbkp

sustnjanmby rntefr tena cfpbftf jts anturnb hnpjtnb, facjao up pkkrfr tena mfdkrf.

Durtefr`krf, anturnb hnpjtnb wnrrnats spfhjnb dkhus ja tef wfnbte `nanof-

`fat kd nbb hkuatrjfs, fvfa teksf wefrf jts senrf ja wfnbte js s`nbb, mfhnusf kd


25/242

?

SNMBF >.>

_fnbte nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my Sypf kd Hnpjtnb nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6 nac =996

>::6

Jahk`f Orkup

Sktnb _fnbte

(VX$

mjbbjkas)

Yfr Hnpjtn

_fnbte

(VX$)

Jatnaojmbf

Hnpjtnb

(%)

Yrkcuhfc

Hnpjtnb

(%)

Anturnb

Hnpjtnb

(%)

Sktnb _fnbte

(VX$

mjbbjkas)

Yfr Hnp

_fnbte

(VX$)

Bkw jahk`f =,33? 6,=:9 35 >= 3> 8,6:? 4,>8

Bkwfr jccbf jahk`f 88,:69 >>,889 36 => 83 65,9=8 >4,:9

Vppfr jccbf jahk`f 84,?:3 ?8,639 45 >? >6 3?,>58 5>,86

Ejoe jahk`f KFHC 3=>,43> 3?5,336 59 >5 = 66>,:43 655,8>

_krbc 693,635 >98,8>> ?4 >5 4 4?8,6:8 >=9,3?

Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.Aktf7 Djourfs nrf mnsfc ka tef sft kd hkuatrjfs dkr wejhe wfnbte nhhkuats nrf nvnjbnmbf drk` >::6 tk =996. Cntn ja tejs tn


26/242

5 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX

sfvfrnb henrnhtfrjstjhs tent sft jt npnrt drk` `kst prkcuhfc nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb.

Anturnb hnpjtnb js tef skurhf kd `nay fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, prkvjcfc ns fxtfranbjtjfs

wjtekut `nrlft prjhfs< efahf, tefsf sfrvjhfs nrf kdtfa uacfrvnbufc nac vubafr-nmbf tk terfnts. @nay dkr`s kd anturnb hnpjtnb nrf akarfafwnmbf, kr rfafwnmbf

kaby uacfr rfstrjhtfc `nanof`fat rfoj`fs. Bkssfs nac cforncntjka kd anturnb

hnpjtnb `ny bfnc tk jrrfvfrsjmbf henaofs ja tef prkvjsjka kd fhksystf` sfrvjhfs

nac mjkcjvfrsjty, nac tef pktfatjnb dkr sumstjtutjka js bj`jtfc (dkr fxn`pbf, ja

tef hnsf kd tef kzkaf bnyfr). Xk`f anturnb mncs (nt`kspefrjh hnrmka cjkxjcf

\HK=P dkr fxn`pbf) nrf obkmnb ja shkpf nac prkvfanahf nac nrf mkte akarjvnb

nac akafxhbucnmbf< kaby hkkpfrntjvf skbutjkas hna cfnb wjte tef prkmbf`.

Ns henptfr = sekws, n`kao tef cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, nbb ofkornpejh

rfojkas envf jahrfnsfc tefjr pfr hnpjtn wfnbte, mut tef onjas nppfnr s`nbbfst ja

>5,999

>4,999

>3,999

>=,999

>9,999

5,999

4,999

3,999

=,999

9

VX$pfrhnpjtn

>::6 =999 =996

anturnbhnpjtnb prkcuhfchnpjtnb jatnaojmbfhnpjtnb

DJOV]F >.>

Henaojao Tkbu`f nac Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte ja Bkwfr-@jccbf-Jahk`fHkuatrjfs, >::6=996

Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.


27/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX :

Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn7 kaby 3 pfrhfat mftwffa >::6 nac =996. Jd wf bkkl `krf

hbksfby nt tejs rfojka, ekwfvfr, wf djac twk senrpby cjstjaht stkrjfs. Kaf stkry js

nmkut n enacdub kd hkuatrjfs, bfc my rfskurhf-rjhe Ajofrjn, tent fxpfrjfahfc stffpcfhbjafs ja pfr hnpjtn wfnbte nac crnoofc ckwa pfrdkr`nahf dkr tef fatjrf rfojka

rfbntjvf tk tef rfst kd tef wkrbc. Sef ktefr stkry, ekwfvfr, js nmkut tef suhhfss ja

jahrfnsjao pfr hnpjtn wfnbte nhejfvfc my afnrby twk-tejrcs kd Ndrjhna hkuatrjfs

kvfr tef cfhncf. Sejs sfhkac orkup wns bfc my tef bnrofst Ndrjhna fhkak`y, Xkute

Ndrjhn, mut nbsk jahbucfs ktefrs suhe ns Mktswnan, Murljan Dnsk, Ftejkpjn, Oenan,

@kzn`mjquf, nac Vonacn. Dkr tef rfojka ns n wekbf, tef suhhfssdub hkuatrjfs

wfrf nmbf tk kddsft tef cfhbjaf ja pfr hnpjtn wfnbte ja tef uacfrpfrdkr`frs.

@kst kd tef jahrfnsf ja pfr hnpjtn wfnbte ja nbb rfojkas rfsubtfc drk` tef

orkwte kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnbj`prkvf`fats ja eu`na hnpjtnb, jastjtutjkas,

nac tfheakbkoy tent suppkrt `krf fddjhjfat usf kd prkcuhfc nac anturnb hnpjtnb.

Mut anturnb hnpjtnb rf`njas na j`pkrtnat nssft. Norjhubturnb bnac ck`jantfs tef

anturnb hnpjtnb kd Nsjn, Bntja N`frjhn, nac Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn, wejbf sumskjb

nssfts nhhkuat dkr `krf tena 49 pfrhfat kd tef anturnb hnpjtnb kd Furkpf nac

Hfatrnb Nsjn nac tef @jccbf Fnst nac Akrte Ndrjhn. Dkrfst bnac js pnrtjhu-

bnrby j`pkrtnat ja Bntja N`frjhn. Mkte Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn nac Xkute Nsjn

fxpfrjfahfc n cfhbjaf ja anturnb hnpjtnb drk` >::6 tk =996, wejhe js wkrryjao

ojvfa tef hkatjaufc cfpfacfahf kd sk `nay pfkpbf ka norjhubturf.

Enrafssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb dkr Cfvfbkp`fat

Sef Enrtwjhl rubf (Enrtwjhl >:??< Xkbkw >:54) prkvjcfs n sj`pbf rubf kd teu`m

dkr sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat ja hkuatrjfs tent cfpfac ka akarfafwnmbf anturnb

rfskurhfs. Sef Enrtwjhl rubf ekbcs tent hkasu`ptjka hna mf `njatnjafctef

cfdjajtjka kd sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fatjd tef rfats drk` akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs

nrf hkatjaukusby javfstfc rntefr tena usfc dkr hkasu`ptjka. Mut, ja dnht, `nay

rfskurhf-rjhe cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs ck akt rfjavfst tef rfats. Xk efrf wf pksf n

hkuatfrdnhtunb qufstjka7 _ent wkubc tktnb hnpjtnb mf jd, fnhe yfnr sjahf >:59,

hkuatrjfs enc javfstfc nbb tef rfskurhf rfat ja prkcuhfc hnpjtnb;4Sef eypkteft-

jhnb hnpjtnb stkhl js tefa hk`pnrfc tk nhtunb prkcuhfc hnpjtnb tk sff (n) weftefr

hkuatrjfs dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf, nac (m) jd tefy cjc akt, ekw `uhe rjhefr

tefy hkubc envf mffa jd tefy enc dkbbkwfc tef rubf.

Sef hkasfqufahfs kd akt javfstjao rfskurhf rfats ja prkcuhtjvf nssfts wfrf

ejoebjoetfc ja_efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas;terkuoe tef nanbysjs kd tef

Enrtwjhl rubf hkuatfrdnhtunb. _f upcntf tefsf djourfs tk =996 tk sekw went

js dkrfokaf wefa rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs ck akt rfjavfst rfskurhf rfats drk`

akarfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb.

Djourf >.= sekws tef rfsubts kd tef Enrtwjhl rubf hkuatfrdnhtunb dkr djvf

rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs. Ja =996, Srjajcnc nac Skmnok enc nhhu`ubntfc $=9,9=>


28/242

>9 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX

pfr hnpjtn ja `naudnhturfc hnpjtnb. Jd jt enc dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf nac

rfjavfstfc nbb tef rfskurhf rfats drk` kjb nac ons, jt wkubc envf nhhuùbntfc

`krf tena terff tj`fs ns ùhe `naudnhturfc hnpjtnb7 $44,86: pfr hnpjtn. Sef

sjtuntjka js sj`jbnr ja tef ktefr dkur rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs sekwa ja tef djourf7

jd rfats enc mffa rfjavfstfc, tefsf hkuatrjfs wkubc envf nhhuùbntfc dnr orfntfr

n`kuats kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb pfr pfrska, sumstnatjnbby nccjao tk tef prkcuhtjvf

mnsf kd tefjr fhkak`jfs.

Djourf >.8 sekws tef sn`f jadkr`ntjka dkr n bnrof au`mfr kd hkuatrjfs jawejhe rfats ka akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs hkastjtutf nt bfnst > pfrhfat kd orkss

antjkanb jahk`f. Sef ekrjzkatnb nxjs sekws tef senrf kd rfskurhf rfats ja OCY,

wejbf tef vfrtjhnb nxjs sekws ekw ùhe `krf prkcuhfc hnpjtnb n hkuatry wkubc

envf jd jt enc rfjavfstfc nbb jts rfskurhf rfats. Hkuatrjfs dnbbjao nt kr mfbkw tef

zfrk bjaf envf prkcuhfc hnpjtnb tent `ffts kr fxhffcs tef Enrtwjhl rubf. Seksf

nmkvf tef zfrk bjaf envf akt rfjavfstfc rfats< jd tefy enc, tefy wkubc envf orfntfr

wfnbte ja =996.

N`kao tef hkuatrjfs ja djourf >.8 nrf n sumsft kd rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs,

cfdjafc ns teksf ja wejhe rfskurhf rfats nhhkuat dkr nt bfnst 6 pfrhfat kd OCY.

N dfw kd tefsf hkuatrjfs envf dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf. Hkuatrjfs bjlf @fxjhk

(@FU) kr Yfru (YF]) envf bnrofby hk`pfasntfc dkr cfpbftjka kd `jafrnbs my

javfstjao ja prkcuhfc hnpjtnb, sk tefjr eypkteftjhnb hnpjtnb js akt ùhe cjddfrfat

drk` tefjr nhtunb hnpjtnb nhhuùbntjka. Hkuatrjfs bjlf @nbnysjn (@ZX) nac

>9,999

9

=9,999

89,999

39,999

69,999

49,999

?9,999

59,999

=996VX$pfrhnptjn

Srjajcncnac

Skmnok

Tfafzufbn,]M

Onmka Ajofrjn Hkaok,]fp.

=9,9=>

>=,?:8

>5,556

>,84:

6,83:8,?3>

>4,955

4?,::3

36,=34

44,86:

nhtunbprkcuhfchnpjtnb eypkteftjhnbprkcuhfchnpjtnb(Enrtwjhlrubf)

DJOV]F >.=

Yrkcuhfc Hnpjtnb Yfr Hnpjtn, Nhtunb nac Eypkteftjhnb, ja Djvf]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs, =996

Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.Aktf7Nhtunb hnpjtnb js tef n`kuat tef hkuatry nhhuùbntfc ja =996. Eypkteftjhnb prkcuhfchnpjtnb js tef n`kuat tef hkuatry hkubc envf nhhuùbntfc jd jt enc dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf nacrfjavfstfc nbb rfskurhf rfats sjahf >:59.


29/242


30/242

>= SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX

Cfhk`pksjao Henaofs ja Anturnb _fnbte drk` >::6 tk =996

Envjao cfshrjmfc tef henaojao hk`pksjtjka kd hnpjtnb, wf wkubc nbsk bjlf tk

uacfrstnac tef crjvjao dkrhfs mfejac tejs henaof. _f dkhus ka anturnb hnpjtnbmkte mfhnusf kd tef j`pkrtnahf kd anturnb hnpjtnb tk cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs nac

mfhnusf wf envf hkahrftf, jacfpfacfat `fnsurfs dkr cftnjbfc hk`pkafats kd

tejs typf kd wfnbte tk suppkrt tejs nanbysjs.

Henaofs ja tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb hna rfsubt drk` `nay dnhtkrs, sk`f

rfbntfc tk tef prjhf kr rfturas tk na nssft nac sk`f rfbntfc tk tef peysjhnb quna-

tjty kd na nssft. Dkr fxn`pbf, tef vnbuf kd tktnb norjhubturnb bnac ja n hkuatry

`ny jahrfnsf wefa `krf bnac js mrkuoet uacfr hubtjvntjka (n qunatjty fddfht)

kr wefa tef aft prjhf kd hrkps prkcuhfc ka n ojvfa n`kuat kd bnac jahrfnsfs

(prjhf fddfht). Xj`jbnrby, tef vnbuf kd sumskjb nssfts ny jahrfnsf wjte rjsjao wkrbc

`nrlft prjhfs (prjhf fddfht) kr na jahrfnsf ja prkvfa rfsfrvfs (qunatjty fddfht).

Kmvjkusby, nay kd tefsf dnhtkrs henaof sj`ubtnafkusby nac jt js akt fnsy tk skrt

kut tef rfbntjvf j`pkrtnahf kd fnhe kaf.

N tfheajquf hnbbfc cfhk`pksjtjka nanbysjs, nppbjfc ja henptfr 8, js usfc tk

cftfr`jaf tef rfbntjvf j`pkrtnahf kd cjddfrfat dnhtkrs tent henaof tef vnbuf kd

anturnb hnpjtnb kvfr tj`f. _f dkuac tent prjhf henaofs pbnyfc n sjoajdjhnat rkbf

ja `nay rfojkas. Cfhbjajao norjhubturnb bnac vnbuf ja Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn nac

Xkute Nsjn ens mffa crjvfa `njaby my cfhbjajao prjhfs dkr hrkp nac bjvfstkhlprkcuhts.?Sef cfhbjaf wns pnrtby kddsft my jahrfnsfs ja prkcuhtjka nac yjfbcs,

mut tef prjhf fddfht ens ck`jantfc ja tefsf rfojkas. My hkatrnst, ja Fnst Nsjn nac

tef Ynhjdjh ns wfbb ns Bntja N`frjhn nac tef Hnrjmmfna, tefrf wns n aft jahrfnsf

ja norjhubturnb bnac vnbufs mfhnusf tef cfhbjaf ja prjhfs wns `krf tena kddsft my

jahrfnsfs ja hrkp prkcuhtjka nrfn, hrkp yjfbcs, nac bjvfstkhl prkcuhtjka. Dkrfst

bnac ens mffa pnrtjhubnrby j`pkrtnat tk wfnbte hrfntjka ja Bntja N`frjhn nac

tef Hnrjmmfna, `njaby mfhnusf kd tef jahrfnsf ja tj`mfr prjhfs. Sef fddfht js

pnrtjhubnrby j`pkrtnat ja Mrnzjb.Ja ktefr rfojkas, tef rjsjao vnbuf kd sumskjb nssfts pbnyfc n `ngkr rkbf ja

henaojao tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb. _ejbf tef fxpnacjao vkbu`f kd rfsfrvfs

hkatrjmutfc, tef `kst j`pkrtnat dnhtkr wns tef senrp jahrfnsf ja uajt rfats dkr

sumskjb nssfts. _krbcwjcf, ?> pfrhfat kd tef orkwte ja sumskjb nssft vnbufs hna mf

fxpbnjafc my jahrfnsfs ja uajt rfats. Ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, uajt rfat jahrfnsfs

hkatrjmutfc 46 pfrhfat kd tef jahrfnsf ja sumskjb nssft vnbufs.

Orffaekusf Ons F`jssjkas nac tef _fnbte kd Antjkas

Cn`nofs drk` orffaekusf ons f`jssjkas wjbb envf na j`pnht ka duturf wfbb-mfjao

nac ka tef sustnjanmjbjty kd jacjvjcunb hkuatrjfs nac tef wkrbc. Sef ejoe bfvfb kd

obkmnb hkahfra wjte hbj`ntf henaof cf`nacs tent wf stnrt tk bkkl nt orffaekusf

ons f`jssjkas drk` n wfnbtenhhkuatjao pfrspfhtjvf.5Naaunb hkuatry f`jssjkas

kd orffaekusf onsfs nrf hbksfby `kajtkrfc, nac fstj`ntfs kd tef senrfs kd tef


31/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >8

stkhl kd nt`kspefrjh HK=my hkuatry, mnsfc ka f`jssjkas drk` >569 tk =994,

nrf akw nvnjbnmbf drk` tef Hbj`ntf Nanbysjs Jacjhntkrs Skkb (HNJS) cntnmnsf.

Ja henptfr 3, wf hnbhubntf tef fhkak`jh vnbuf kd tef stkhl kd HK=nttrjmutnmbftk hkuatrjfs my nppbyjao na fstj`ntf kd tef skhjnb hkst kd hnrmka tk hu`ubn-

tjvf HK=f`jssjkas my hkuatry, ncgustfc dkr tef (sbkw) cfhny kd HK

=ja tef

nt`kspefrf kvfr tj`f. Ja pfr hnpjtn tfr`s, tejs vnbuf js pnrtjhubnrby bnrof ja

ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, wejbf jt js bnrof ns n senrf kd tktnb wfnbte ja `nay cfvfb-

kpjao hkuatrjfs, pnrtjhubnrby ja tef trnasjtjka fhkak`jfs kd Fnstfra Furkpf nac

Hfatrnb Nsjn.

Sk mrjao tefsf HK=vnbufs dkr`nbby jatk tef antjkanb nhhkuatjao nac wfnbte

drn`fwkrl, tefrf wkubc envf tk mf norff`fat nmkut prkpfrty rjoets, tef prja-

hjpbfs kd jatfrantjkanb bnw tk nppby, nac tef ftejhs kd j`pksjao fjtefr hbj`ntf

cn`nofs kr tef hksts kd hbj`ntf jtjontjka ka cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs. Sefsf stkhls

kd hnrmka cfprfhjntf nhhkrcjao tk peysjhnb bnws, uabjlf djanahjnb kmbjontjkas

tent hna mf cjshenrofc my jahrfnsfc snvjaos. Nhhkrcjaoby, ns nroufc ja _krbc

Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt =9>9, tef cfvfbkp`fat prkhfss jtsfbd `ust mf trnasdkr`fc,

mfhnusf ejoe-hnrmka orkwte js ak bkaofr sustnjanmbf (_krbc Mnal =9>9m).

Nhejfvjao tejs trnasdkr`ntjka ust nbsk nhhkrc wjte tef hk``ka mut cjddfrfatj-

ntfc rfspkasjmjbjtjfs kd nbb hkuatrjfs f`mkcjfc ja tef Vajtfc Antjkas Drn`fwkrl

Hkavfatjka ka Hbj`ntf Henaof.

Vacfrstnacjao tef Jatnaojmbf7 Sef J`pkrtnahf kd Eu`na nac

Xkhjnb Hnpjtnb

Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb fahk`pnssfs eu`na, skhjnb, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnb, nac ktefr

uanhhkuatfc-dkr dnhtkrs tent hkatrjmutf tk eu`na wfbb-mfjao. Jt `nlfs up n bnrof

senrf kd tktnb wfnbte, na fstj`ntfc 4959 pfrhfat, ja `kst hkuatrjfs. Ekwfvfr,

uabfss wf uacfrstnac krf nmkut tef hk`pksjtjka kd jatnaojmbf wfnbte, okvfra-

`fats `ny mf tf`ptfc tk hkahbucf tent n wjcf rnaof kd pumbjh fxpfacjturfs nrfsk`fekw yjfbcjao jatnaojmbf mfafdjts. _efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas;sekwfc

tent fcuhntjka nac tef rubf kd bnw nhhkuatfc dkr `kst kd tef jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb

(_krbc Mnal =994). Vsjao tef `krf fxtfasjvf cntnmnsf nddkrcfc my hkuatry

wfnbte nhhkuats dkr terff tj`f pfrjkcs nac afw cntn ka aft dkrfjoa djanahjnb

nssfts, tejs mkkl js nmbf tk hbnrjdy tef hk`pksjtjka nac hkatrjmutjka kd jatnaojmbf

hnpjtnb tk cfvfbkp`fat.

Henptfr 6 prfsfats twk lfy djacjaos ja tejs rfonrc7 Eu`na hnpjtnb js tef `kst j`pkrtnat hk`pkafat kd jatnaojmbf wfnbte dkr nbb

hkuatrjfs nac fspfhjnbby dkr ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs. Ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs,

eu`na hnpjtnb ck`jantfs jatnaojmbf wfnbte, mut tef qunbjty kd jastjtutjkas nac

tef bfonhy kd ofkornpey nac ejstkry nrf nbsk strkao dnhtkrs. Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb js tef kabystntjstjhnbby sjoajdjhnat dnhtkr kd prkcuhtjka ja

ejoe-jahk`f KFHC hkuatrjfs. Sejs suoofsts tent ja tefsf fhkak`jfs nbb kd


32/242


tef pktfatjnb hkastjtufats kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnbtef qunatjty nac qunbjty kd

eu`na hnpjtnb, tef hkastjtufats kd tktnb dnhtkr prkcuhtjvjty (hbksfby bjalfc tk

tfheakbkojhnb henaof), nac jastjtutjkanb qunbjty mrkncby hkahfjvfc`ny mftef lfy crjvfrs kd prkcuhtjka nac orkwte.

Sejs nanbysjs ekbcs hbfnr pkbjhy j`pbjhntjkas dkr cfvfbkpjao-hkuatry okvfra-

`fats. Jt js ak surprjsf tent javfst`fats ja eu`na hnpjtnb nrf na j`pkrtnat pnrt

kd tef cfvfbkp`fat prkhfss. Mut strfaotefajao jastjtutjkas nac cfvfbkpjao tef

hnpnhjty tk ofafrntf nac usf lakwbfcoftef prfhurskrs tk tktnb dnhtkr prkcuh-

tjvjty orkwtewjbb nbsk mf strkaoby wfnbte-faenahjao. Djanbby, kur orkwte

nhhkuatjao nanbysjs sekws tent okvfra`fats nbsk affc tk fasurf tent hk`pbf-

`fatnry javfst`fats ja jadrnstruhturf nac anturnb rfskurhf `nanof`fat wjbb

suppkrt tefsf javfst`fats ja jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb, nac vjhf vfrsn.

Eu`na Hnpjtnb Nhhkuatjao ja Hejan

Cfbvjao krf cffpby jatk eu`na hnpjtnb nhhkuatjao, henptfr 4 rfpkrts n hnsf stucy

dkr Hejan, mnsfc ka hkuatry-spfhjdjh cntn (Bj ft nb. =99:), tk fxpbkrf tef rfbntjka

mftwffa fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat nac eu`na hnpjtnb. Sef Hejafsf hnsf prkvjcfs

na j`pkrtnat hkatrjmutjka tk kur uacfrstnacjao kd tef obkmnb j`pkrtnahf kd

eu`na hnpjtnb. Djrst, Hejan js tef `kst pkpubkus hkuatry ja tef wkrbc. Xfhkac, jt

ens uacfrokaf vfry rnpjc fhkak`jh nac cf`kornpejh henaofs (cuf, dkr fxn`pbf,tk tef kaf-hejbc pkbjhy, jorntjka, nac urmnajzntjka), nhhk`pnajfc my tef rnpjc

fxpnasjka kd fcuhntjka curjao tef hkursf kd fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat. Eu`na

hnpjtnb nhhkuats suppkrt mfttfr nssfss`fat kd tef hkatrjmutjka kd eu`na hnpjtnb

tk orkwte nac cfvfbkp`fat.

Obkmnb fvjcfahf jacjhntfs tent tef senrf kd eu`na hnpjtnb ja tktnb wfnbte

jahrfnsfs ns antjkanb jahk`f jahrfnsfs, nac tent js hfrtnjaby tef hnsf dkr Hejan.

Mftwffa >:56 nac =99? mkte tktnb nac pfr hnpjtn eu`na hnpjtnb orfw rnpjcby ja

Hejan, fspfhjnbby ndtfr >::6, wefa naaunb orkwte nvfrnofc :.4 pfrhfat. Orkwtekd eu`na hnpjtnb ens mffa crjvfa `njaby my jahrfnsfs ja fcuhntjkanb nttnja`fat

nac tef ejoefr rfturas tk fcuhntjka kddfrfc my n nrlft-crjvfa fhkak`y, rntefr

tena my pkpubntjka orkwte, ns fvjcfahfc my tef rnpjcby jahrfnsjao vnbuf kd pfr

hnpjtn eu`na hnpjtnb. N ofacfr onp fxjsts dkr tktnb eu`na hnpjtnb, nac ka n

pfr hnpjtn mnsjs tef onp mftwffa `nbf nac df`nbf eu`na hnpjtnb ens jahrfnsfc

sk`fwent sjahf >:56.

Ja >:56 tef rurnb pkpubntjka efbc 49 pfrhfat kd Hejans tktnb eu`na hnpjtnb,

mut my =99? tef sjtuntjka wns rfvfrsfc nac n bnrof urmna-rurnb onp ens cfvfbkpfc

sjahf tefa. Sejs js ja pnrt tef rfsubt kd urmnajzntjka nac bnrof-shnbf rurnb-urmna

`jorntjka, ns wfbb ns ejoefr fcuhntjkanb nttnja`fat kd tef urmna pkpubntjka

nac tef ejoefr rfturas tk fcuhntjka ja urmna nrfns wefrf tef `kcfra fhkak`y

js hkahfatrntfc. Ka n pfr hnpjtn mnsjs, tefrf js nbsk n sjoajdjhnat onp7 my =99?

pfr hnpjtn eu`na hnpjtnb ja urmna nrfns wns twjhf tent kd tef rurnb pkpubntjka.


33/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >6

Sef Henbbfaof Dnhjao ]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs7 Srnasdkr`jao Anturnb

_fnbte jatk tef Hnpjtnb Affcfc dkr Orkwte nac Cfvfbkp`fat

Anturnb hnpjtnb hkastjtutfs n `ngkr hk`pkafat kd wfnbte nac js n prjahjpnb skurhfkd jahk`f dkr `nay cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs. Akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs, tef sumskjb

nssfts, prfsfat n pnrtjhubnr henbbfaof7 tef rfvfauf strfn` rfprfsfats n kaf-tj`f

kppkrtuajty tk djanahf rnpjc cfvfbkp`fat nac pkvfrty rfcuhtjka. Fvjcfahf ens

sekwa tent tef fhkak`jh pfrdkr`nahf kd bfss-cfvfbkpfc hkuatrjfs ens kdtfa

mffa javfrsfby rfbntfc tk tefjr anturnb rfskurhf wfnbte, n pefak`faka lakwa

ns tef rfskurhf hursf.:Ekwfvfr, tejs rfbntjkasejp js akt cftfr`jajstjh< sk`f

hkuatrjfs suhe ns Hejbf nac Mktswnan envf ckaf wfbb wjte tefjr anturnb hnpjtnb.

Ns cfshrjmfc ja henptfr ?, envjao tef rjoet pkbjhy `nttfrs.

Sef cfvfbkp`fat henbbfaof dkr rfskurhf-rjhe fhkak`jfs js tk trnasdkr`

akarfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb jatk ktefr dkr`s kd prkcuhtjvf wfnbte sk tent kahf

tef fxtrnhtjvf rfskurhfs (kjb, ons, nac `jafrnbs) nrf fxenustfc, tefrf nrf ktefr

jahk`f-ofafrntjao nssfts tk tnlf tefjr pbnhf. @jajao js akt sustnjanmbf, mut tef

rfvfauf drk` tef fxtrnhtjvf sfhtkr hna mf javfstfc ja ktefr dkr`s kd wfnbte

jadrnstruhturf, eu`na hnpjtnb, rfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb, nac strfaotefajao

jastjtutjkas (skhjnb hnpjtnb)tk mujbc fhkak`jfs tent nrf sustnjanmbf. Sk nhejfvf

tejs trnasdkr`ntjka rfqujrfs ofttjao pkbjhy rjoet ja terff nrfns7

Yrk`ktjao fddjhjfat rfskurhf fxtrnhtjka ja krcfr tk `nxj`jzf rfskurhf rfatofafrntfc

N systf` kd tnxfs nac rkynbtjfs tent fanmbfs okvfra`fat tk rfhkvfr rfat N hbfnr pkbjhy dkr javfst`fat kd rfskurhf rfat ja prkcuhtjvf nssfts

Sef bnst pkjat js fspfhjnbby j`pkrtnat7 dkr sustnjanmbf fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat,

jahk`f drk` akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs `ust mf rfjavfstfc, akt usfc tk duac

hkasu`ptjka. Hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuats hna strfaotefa nac uacfrpja

facfnvkrs bjlf tef Fxtrnhtjvf Jacustrjfs Srnaspnrfahy Jajtjntjvf (FJSJ) tk prk`ktf

orfntfr nhhkuatnmjbjty ja rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs terkuoe trnaspnrfahy nmkut tefdubb fhkak`jh hkasfqufahfs kd rfvfauf (`js)`nanof`fat.

@njastrfn`jao _fnbte Nhhkuatjao ja Hkuatry Xtntjstjhnb Xystf`s

Ja nccjtjka tk tef wkrl my tef _krbc Mnal rfpkrtfc ja tejs vkbu`f, n hkasjcfr-

nmbf n`kuat kd wkrl ka wfnbte nhhkuatjao ens mffa ckaf my ktefr jastjtutjkas

nac jacjvjcunb shekbnrs kvfr tef bnst twk cfhncfs. Hkasjcfrjao kaby wkrl hnrrjfc

kut my kddjhjnb stntjstjhnb kddjhfs, wfnbte nhhkuatjao ens mffa jastjtutjkanbjzfc ja

`krf tena 89 hkuatrjfs, >4 kd wejhe hk`pjbf nt bfnst kaf typf kd nssft nhhkuat

ka n rfoubnr mnsjs. Sef `ngkrjty kd hkuatrjfs dkhus ka `jafrnb nac fafroy nssfts,

mut sk`f hkuatrjfs, aktnmby Nustrnbjn nac Akrwny, hkastruht hk`prfefasjvf

nhhkuats dkr anturnb hnpjtnb. Henptfr 5 prkvjcfs n cftnjbfc cfshrjptjka kd tejs wkrl.

Nbkao wjte tef stucy my En`jbtka nac Hbf`fas (>:::) nt tef _krbc Mnal,

sumstnatjnb tefkrftjhnb ncvnahfs ja hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuatjao dkr


34/242


sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat envf mffa nhejfvfc my Lfaafte Nrrkw, Ynrten Cnsouptn,

nac Lnrb-Orna @bfr (f.o., Nrrkw, Cnsouptn, nac @bfr =998< Cnsouptn nac

@bfr =999, =993). Antjkanb stntjstjhnb kddjhfs, tef nhncf`jh hk``uajty, nacakaokvfra`fatnb kronajzntjkas (AOKs) envf prkcuhfc n bnrof mkcy kd f`pjrjhnb

wkrl ka anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuatjao nt tef antjkanb, rfojkanb, nac bkhnb bfvfbs.

Snlfa tkoftefr, tefsf stucjfs envf cffpfafc kur lakwbfcof kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao

nac hbnrjdjfc jssufs rfbntfc tk jt.

Nt tef sn`f tj`f tefrf ens mffa hkasjcfrnmbf fddkrt kvfr tef pnst =9 yfnrs

tk cfvfbkp stntjstjhnb `ftekckbkoy dkr favjrka`fatnb nhhkuatjao (n mrknc

drn`fwkrl tent jahbucfs anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuatjao) uacfr tef nfojs kd tef

Vajtfc Antjkas (VA) Xtntjstjhnb Hk``jssjka. Sef Hk``jssjka fstnmbjsefc tef

Bkacka Orkup ka Favjrka`fatnb Nhhkuatjao nac bntfr n ejoe-bfvfb mkcy, tef

VA Hk``jttff kd Fxpfrts ka Favjrka`fatnb Nhhkuatjao, tk cfvfbkp `fte-

kckbkojhnb oujcfbjafs. Ja =998 tef Enacmkkl kd Antjkanb Nhhkuatjao7Jatforntfc

Favjrka`fatnb nac Fhkak`jh Nhhkuatjao, hk``kaby rfdfrrfc tk ns tef XFFN,

wns prkcuhfc (Vajtfc Antjkas ft nb. =998). Sejs `naunb js hurrfatby uacfr rfvj-

sjka nac wjbb mfhk`f pnrt kd tef stntjstjhnb stnacnrc, bjlf tef Xystf` kd Antjkanb

Nhhkuats tent fstnmbjsefs `ftekckbkoy dkr antjkanb nhhkuats.

Durtefr suppkrt dkr tef hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte npprknhe tk sustnjanmbf cfvfb-

kp`fat js prkvjcfc ja tef rfhfat rfpkrt my Xtjobjtz, Xfa, nac Djtkussj (=99:).Sef rfpkrt prkpksfs wnys tk `kcjdy nac fxtfac hkavfatjkanb antjkanb nhhkuats

ja krcfr tk prkvjcf n `krf nhhurntf nac usfdub oujcf dkr pkbjhy. Na j`pkrtnat

hk`pkafat kd tef prkpksfc henaofs, tk mfttfr rfdbfht sustnjanmjbjty kd fhkak-

`jfs, js hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte. Sef Xtjobjtz-Xfa-Djtkussj rfpkrt rfhk``facs tef

hk`pjbntjka kd nhhkuats dkr fnhe hntfokry kd nssft rfpkrtfc ja tejs mkkl, nac

henaofs ja tef nssfts, wejhe hkrrfspkac tk tef hk`pkafats kd ncgustfc aft snvjao.

Sef Nofacn dkr Duturf _krl ka Anturnb _fnbte

Hkastruhtjao cftnjbfc wfnbte nhhkuats dkr >6= hkuatrjfs ka n rfoubnr mnsjs tent

nrf hk`pnrnmbf mkte nhrkss hkuatrjfs nac kvfr tj`f js n cnuatjao tnsl. _f crfw

ka n bnrof au`mfr kd cntnmnsfs hk`pjbfc my antjkanb nac jatfrantjkanb nofa-

hjfs.>9Xpfhjdjh anturnb rfskurhfs nrf jahbucfc ja tef nhhkuats wefa tefy `fft twk

hrjtfrjn7 (n) rfbjnmbf cntn ka prjhf nac vkbu`f nrf nvnjbnmbf ka n rfoubnr mnsjs, akt

drk` khhnsjkanb kr kaf-kdd stucjfs, nac (m) cntn nrf nvnjbnmbf dkr n bnrof au`mfr

kd hkuatrjfs, jd akt dkr nbb. Sefrf nrf sk`f anturnb rfskurhfs wefrf tef nvnjbnmbf

cntn ck akt `fft tefsf hrjtfrjn, aktnmby djsefrjfs, hfrtnja `jafrnbs, nac hfrtnjawntfr sfrvjhfs suhe ns eycrkpkwfr. Ns n rfsubt, tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb js

uacfrfstj`ntfc, nac dkr spfhjdjh hkuatrjfs tejs k`jssjka hna mf sjoajdjhnat.

Ja nccjtjka, sk`f hk`pkafats kd anturnb hnpjtnb, tef rfoubntjao fhksystf`

sfrvjhfs nac favjrka`fatnb cn`nofs, ck akt nppfnr fxpbjhjtby ja tef wfnbte


35/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >?

nhhkuats. @nay kd tefsf sfrvjhfs nrf nbrfncy jahbucfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb

bnac, mut mfhnusf tefy nrf kaby j`pbjhjt, suppkrtjao went wf vnbuf jacjrfhtby, tefjr

vnbufs nrf ejccfa. Dkr fxn`pbf, tef vnbuf kd anturnb pkbbjantkrs kr orkuacwntfrjs jahkrpkrntfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac. Dubby nhhkuatjao dkr tef vnbuf kd

tefsf fhksystf` sfrvjhfs wkubc akt ncc tk tef wfnbte kd antjkas mut wkubc henaof

tef hk`pksjtjka, dkr fxn`pbf my sejdtjao pnrt kd tef nssft vnbuf drk` norjhubturnb

bnac tk orkuacwntfr kr dkrfsts. Sejs jadkr`ntjka js usfdub dkr `nanof`fat kd

anturnb rfskurhfs, mfhnusf jd pkbjhy `nlfrs nrf uanwnrf tent sfrvjhfs hrjtjhnb tk

norjhubturf nrf prkvjcfc my dkrfsts kr wftbnacs, tefy `ny `nlf cfhjsjkas nmkut

dkrfsts tent jancvfrtfatby rfcuhf tef prkcuhtjvjty nac vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac.

Mut tef bnac nhhkuatsdkhusjao ka norjhubturnb bnac, wejhe js kst j`pkrtnat

dkr cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs nac hna mf `kst rfncjby `fnsurfcnrf akt hk`pbftf.

_f nrf `jssjao fhksystf` sfrvjhfs nsskhjntfc wjte ktefr typfs kd bnac, aktnmby

rfsjcfatjnb nac hk``frhjnb bnac, mut nbsk ktefr pumbjh bnac tent js akt uacfr

prktfhtfc stntus.>>Dkr tefsf prkpfrtjfs, tef nfsteftjh n`fajty sfrvjhfs prkvjcfc

my anturnb bnacshnpfs hna mf vfry j`pkrtnat, fspfhjnbby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs

wefrf pfkpbf nrf wjbbjao tk pny ejoe prjhfs dkr bnlfsjcf kr mfnhedrkat ek`fs, dkr

fxn`pbf. Jd tef vnbuf kd tefsf fhksystf` sfrvjhfs wfrf jahbucfc ja tef anturnb

hnpjtnb nhhkuats, jt wkubc bjlfby jahrfnsf tef senrf kd anturnb hnpjtnb ja tktnb

wfnbte, fspfhjnbby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs.Sef `jssjao anturnb hnpjtnb, trfnt`fat kd fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, sumstjtutnmjbjty

n`kao cjddfrfat typfs kd hnpjtnb, nac j`pbjhntjkas dkr tef wfnbte nhhkuats nrf

cjshussfc ja `krf cftnjb ja tef henptfr naafx. Djbbjao tef onps ja hkahfpts,

`ftekcs, nac cntn, pnrtjhubnrby dkr anturnb hnpjtnb, hkastjtutfs na j`pkrtnat

nofacn dkr j`prkvjao tef hkvfrnof nac usfdubafss kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao.

Xu``jao Vp

Sef wkrl rfpkrtfc ja tejs mkkl kddfrs bfsskas nmkut ekw hkuatrjfs hna cfvfbkpsustnjanmby. Sef nanbysjs kd wfnbte nhhkuats kvfr tef cfhncf drk` >::6 tk =996

sekws cfvfbkp`fat tk mf n prkhfss kd mujbcjao wfnbte. Durtefr`krf, ja tejs

prkhfss, tef hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte sejdts nwny drk` anturnb hnpjtnb nac tkwnrc

prkcuhfc hnpjtnb nac, jahrfnsjaoby, jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb. Sef j`pkrtnat rkbf kd tef

henaojao hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte ja tef cfvfbkp`fat prkhfss pkjats tk tef affc

dkr hk`prfefasjvfwfnbte nhhkuatjao.

Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ck`jantfs tef wfnbte nhhkuats kd nbb hkuatrjfs. Javfstjao ja

eu`na hnpjtnb js j`pkrtnat ja tejs prkhfss, mut mujbcjao okkc jastjtutjkas nacokvfranahf js fqunbby j`pkrtnat mfhnusf tejs prkvjcfs tef mnsjs dkr `krf fddjhjfat

usf kd, nac ejoefr fhkak`jh rfturas tk, nbb dkr`s kd hnpjtnb.

Dkr cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, wefrf anturnb hnpjtnb js n bnrof senrf kd hk`prf-

efasjvf wfnbte, skuac `nanof`fat kd anturnb hnpjtnb tk mujbc wfnbte js hrjtjhnb.


36/242


Ekwfvfr, fvfa wefa n hkuatrys senrf kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte js s`nbb, jt js

fssfatjnb tk dkhus ka nanof`fat kd anturnb hnpjtnb mfhnusf jt cjddfrs ja lfy wnys

drk` prkcuhfc nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb. Anturnb hnpjtnb hna prkvjcf n wjcf rnaofkd bkhnb nac obkmnb pumbjh okkcs. @nay dkr`s kd anturnb hnpjtnb nrf akarfafw-

nmbf, kr rfafwnmbf kaby uacfr hfrtnja `nanof`fat rfoj`fs. Bkssfs kd anturnb

hnpjtnb `ny bfnc tk jrrfvfrsjmbf henaofs, nac tef pktfatjnb dkr sumstjtutjka js

kdtfa bj`jtfc. _ejbf prkcuhfc nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb senrf tefsf henrnhtfrjstjhs

tk sk`f cforffdkr fxn`pbf, prkvjsjka kd pumbjh okkcs, nac bj`jtfc sumstjtut-

nmjbjtytef cnaofr kd jrrfvfrsjmbf henaof js dnr bfss tena dkr anturnb hnpjtnb. Jd

prkcuhfc hnpjtnb js cn`nofc kr cfstrkyfc, jt hna usunbby mf rfpbnhfc.

Mkx >.> bkkls ja `krf cftnjb nt tef jssuf rnjsfc nt tef mfojaajao kd tejs henptfr7

jd kur hkahfra js wjte jahrfnsjao skhjnb wfbdnrftef su` kd prfsfat nac duturf

wfbb-mfjaotefa wf affc tk sejdt kur dkhus drk` fnsurjao kutput tk fnsurjao

wfnbte nac jts henaofs kvfr tj`f. Ja tejs mkkl wf ckhu`fat ekw tejs hna henaof

kur pfrspfhtjvf ka tef prkhfss kd cfvfbkp`fat my f`pensjzjao tef sejdtjao rkbfs

kd anturnb, prkcuhfc, nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ns hkuatrjfs orkw nac cfvfbkp.

Jd wf wjse truby tk uacfrstnac fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat, tefa sj`pbf mnhlwnrc-

bkkljao jacjhntkrs kd kutput orkwte, suhe ns OCY orkwte rntfs, wjbb akt suddjhf.

Hkuatrjfs affc tk lakw wefrf tefy nrf okjao, ja nccjtjka tk wefrf tefy envf

mffa. Sk went fxtfat envf fhkak`jh nhtkrsekusfekbcs, djr`s, nac okvfra-`fatsjahrfnsfc tef wfnbte kd antjkas my snvjao nac javfstjao dkr tef duturf;

Sk went fxtfat envf jastjtutjkanb rfdkr`, tfheajhnb prkorfss, nac javfst`fat ja

eu`na hnpjtnb nhhfbfrntfc tef prkhfss kd cfvfbkp`fat; Sefsf qufstjkas envf

pnrtjhubnr dkrhf nac urofahy ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, wefrf, kur au`mfrs sekw,

`nay kd tef `kst rfskurhf-jatfasjvf fhkak`jfs nrf nhtunbby hkasu`jao wfnbte,

nac wefrf tef pktfatjnb vnbuf kd eu`na hnpjtnb js hkastrnjafc my tef qunbjty kd

jastjtutjkas nac okvfranahf. Ekw wf `fnsurf cfvfbkp`fat wjbb crjvf ekw wf

ck cfvfbkp`fat.

MKU >.>

@fnsurfs kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf7 _fnbte kr Yrkcuhtjka;

Sef lfy tk jahrfnsjao stnacnrcs kd bjvjao bjfs ja mujbcjao antjkanb

wfnbte, wejhe rfqujrfs javfst`fat nac antjkanb snvjaos tk djanahf tejs

javfst`fat. _f envf fxn`jafc wfnbte nhhkuats nt terff pkjats kvfr

n cfhncf< snvjaos/javfst`fat js tef cyan`jh mfenvjkr tent fxpbnjas

ekw na fhkak`y `kvfs drk` kaf pkjat tk tef afxt. Sef hk`pnajka tktktnb kr hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte js ncgustfc aft snvjao (NAX), nbsk hnbbfc

ofaujaf snvjao, cfdjafc ns antjkanb aft snvjao ncgustfc dkr tef vnbuf

kd rfskurhf cfpbftjka nac favjrka`fatnb cforncntjka nac hrfcjtfc

(hkatjaufc)


37/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >:

dkr fcuhntjka fxpfacjturfs (n prkxy dkr javfst`fat ja eu`na hnpjtnb).

Xjahf wfnbte henaofs terkuoe snvjao nac javfst`fat, NAX `fnsurfs

tef henaof ja n hkuatrys antjkanb wfnbte. Sef rubf dkr jatfrprftjaoNAX js sj`pbf7 jd NAX js afontjvf, tefa wf nrf ruaajao ckwa kur hnpjtnb

stkhls nac duturf wfbb-mfjao wjbb suddfr< jd NAX js pksjtjvf, tefa wf nrf

nccjao tk wfnbte nac duturf wfbb-mfjao.

_ejbf wfnbte js typjhnbby n bnrof au`mfr tent henaofs sbkwby, NAX js

na jahrf`fatnb `fnsurf nac hna henaof rnpjcby. Seus, NAX prkvjcfs na

fnrby wnrajao sjoanb jd na fhkak`y js ka n ckwawnrc pnte. Durtefr`krf,

NAX js vfry pkbjhy-sfasjtjvf7 jd okvfra`fat cfhjcfs tk spfac `krf ka

fcuhntjka kr fanhts pkbjhjfs tk jahrfnsf prjvntf sfhtkr javfst`fat,

tef rfsubts wjbb sekw up j``fcjntfby ja NAX. X`nbb, afontjvf NAX`ny akt prkcuhf henaofs tent nrf j``fcjntfby aktjhfnmbf, mut jd jt js

sustnjafc kvfr tj`f, wfnbte nac wfbb-mfjao wjbb fvfatunbby cfhbjaf. NAX

dkr Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn, sekwa ja tef djourf mfbkw ns n pfrhfatnof kd

orkss antjkanb jahk`f (OAJ), hbfnrby sekws na uasustnjanmbf trfac sjahf

>::3nbtekuoe, ns aktfc fnrbjfr, tejs trfac js crjvfa `njaby my n s`nbb

enacdub kd rfskurhf-rjhe stntfs, pnrtjhubnrby kjb prkcuhfrs.

_ejbf NAX js tefkrftjhnbby skuac nac rfbntjvfby fnsy tk j`pbf`fat,

antjkanb snvjao js akt na j`pkrtnat jacjhntkr ja tef `nhrkfhkak`jh tkkbljt.

Sef hkahfpt kd nhhkuatjao dkr cfpbftjka nac cforncntjka kd anturnb hnpjtnb

js wjcfby rfhkoajzfc, mut hkuatrjfs envf dnr `krf kdtfa fxpfrj`fatfc

(hkatjaufc)

5

4

3

=

9

=

3

4

%

OAJ

>::4

>::?

>::5

>:::

=999

=99>

=99=

=998

=993

=996

=994

=99?

=995

Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao ja Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn ns n Yfrhfatnof kd OrkssAntjkanb Jahk`f

Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.


38/242

=9 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX

wjte ncgust`fats tk hkavfatjkanb `nhrkfhkak`jh noorfontfs suhe ns

OCY kr aft antjkanb jahk`f (AAJ), sumtrnhtjao cfpbftjka nac cforncntjka

kd anturnb hnpjtnb. Fvfa tef terff hkuatrjfs tent rfoubnrby hk`pjbf wfnbte

nhhkuats, Akrwny, Nustrnbjn, nac @fxjhk, hk`pjbf ncgustfc AAJ kr rfbntfc

jacjhntkrs rntefr tena NAX (sff henptfr 5). Sef `ngkr rfnska dkr tejs

sff`s tk mf tent `nhrkfhkak`jsts `kst kdtfa dkhus ka `fnsurfs kd

kutput (OCY) rntefr tena ka wfbb-mfjao, n cjstjahtjka tent tef bnac`nrl

rfpkrt my Xtjobjtz, Xfa, nac Djtkussj (=99:) `nlfs vfry hbfnr.

Sef jadkr`ntjka usfc tk hnbhubntf NAX hna nbsk mf usfc tk ncgust aft

antjkanb jahk`f, mut tef jatfrprftntjka kd tef bnttfr js bfss hbfnr. Sef afxt

djourf sekws AAJ dkr Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn ndtfr ncgustjao dkr cfpbftjkanac cforncntjka. Ncgustfc AAJ typjhnbby dkbbkws n trfac bjaf kvfr tj`f nt

n bkwfr bfvfb tena AAJ, mut ncgustfc AAJ nbkaf ckfs akt tfbb us weftefr

orkwte js sustnjanmbf kr akt. Ekwfvfr, jd wf ncc hkasu`ptjka tk tef

ornpe, ns sffa ja tef djourf, tef jatfrprftntjka mfhk`fs hbfnr7 n onp

nrjsfs mftwffa hkasu`ptjka nac ncgustfc AAJ tent mfhk`fs fspfhjnbby

prkakuahfc ndtfr =993. Sejs onp mftwffa hkasu`ptjka nac ncgustfc AAJ

sekws tent Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn js hkasu`jao `krf tena jts hurrfat (aft)

jahk`f. Jt hna kaby ck tejs my bjqujcntjao jts hnpjtnb, wejhe wjbb bfnvf jts

hjtjzfas pkkrfr nac wjte bfss hnpnhjty tk ofafrntf jahk`f ja tef yfnrs tk

hk`f. Sejs onp js hbksfby rfbntfc tk NAX, bnhljao kaby tef ncgust`fat tk

rfdbfht javfst`fat ja eu`na hnpjtnb.

3,999

6,999

4,999

?,999

5,999

:,999

>9,999

>>,999

>=,999

VX$`jbbjkas

>::9

>::=

>::4

>::3

>::5

=

999

=99=

=

993

=994

=

995

djanbhkasu`ptjkafxpfacjturf(hkastnat=999VX$)

ncgustfcaftantjkanbjahk`f(hkastnat=999VX$)

Hkasu`ptjka nac Ncgustfc Aft Antjkanb Jahk`f ja Xum-XnenrnaNdrjhn, >::9=995

Xkurhf7 Ncnptfc drk` En`jbtka nac Bfy =9>9.

MKU >.> (hkatjaufc)


39/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX =>

Naafx7 @jssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb nac Fhksystf` Xfrvjhfs

Ja tejs naafx wf cjshuss `jssjao anturnb hnpjtnb nac fhksystf` sfrvjhfs. _f

jcfatjdy kmstnhbfs tk `fnsurf`fat nac tef bjlfby j`pnht kd teksf k`jssjkas ka

`fnsurfs kd wfnbte.

@jssjao Anturnb ]fskurhfs7 @jafrnbs, Djsefrjfs, nac _ntfr

@jafrnbs

Sef wfnbte nhhkuats jahbucf dkur fafroy rfskurhfs nac >9 `ngkr `ftnbs nac

`jafrnbs. Mfhnusf kd n bnhl kd cntn, tef nhhkuats k`jt n au`mfr kd `jafrnb

rfskurhfs, suhe ns cjn`kacs, urnaju`, nac bjteju`, fvfa tekuoe tefy nrf

fxtrf`fby j`pkrtnat dkr spfhjdjh hkuatrjfs. Jadkr`ntjka nmkut tef vkbu`f nac

vnbuf kd naaunb prkcuhtjka js ofafrnbby nvnjbnmbf, mut jadkr`ntjka nmkut rfsfrvfs

nac tef hksts kd prkcuhtjkaaffcfc tk hnbhubntf nssft vnbufsjs akt. Ns n

rfsubt, tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb js uacfrfstj`ntfc, nac dkr hfrtnja hkuatrjfs

tejs k`jssjka hna mf sjoajdjhnat.

Djsefrjfs

Djsefrjfs nrf akt jahbucfc ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats mfhnusf kd n bnhl kd jadkr`n-

tjka nmkut djse stkhls nac uahfrtnjaty nmkut tefjr duturf.

>=

Mut tejs k`jssjkaprkmnmby ens n s`nbbfr j`pnht ka obkmnb nac hkuatry wfnbte nhhkuats tena tef

k`jssjka kd `jafrnbs. Sef lfy jssuf efrf js `nanof`fat. Ykkr `nanof`fat js

sffa ja tef fhkak`jhs kd djsejao nac ja tef cfpbftfc stntf kd tef wkrbcs djsefrjfs

(DNK =99:).

Vacfr hurrfat `nanof`fat, `kst hk``frhjnb djsejao kpfrntfs wjte ejoe

aft bkssfs nac js lfpt okjao kaby my fxtfasjvf sumsjcjfs (@jbnzzk >::5< _krbc

Mnal nac DNK =99:). Sefrf nrf aktnmbf fxhfptjkas tk tejs, suhe ns djsefrjfs

ja Jhfbnac, Afw Wfnbnac, nac An`jmjn, wefrf mfttfr `nanof`fat nbbkws

sumstnatjnb rfats tk mf ofafrntfc. Mut ja tef `ngkrjty kd hnsfs, vfry bjttbf jd nay

rfat js prkcuhfc. Xumsjstfahf nac s`nbb-shnbf djsejao ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs

kdtfa kpfrntfs uacfr kpfa-nhhfss hkacjtjkas tent tfac tk frkcf rfskurhf rfats.

Xk tef `ngkrjty kd djsefrjfs envf bjttbf kr ak fhkak`jh vnbuf uacfr hurrfat

`nanof`fat.

_ntfr

_ntfr rfskurhfs fahk`pnss n wjcf nrrny kd sfrvjhfs, drk` crjaljao wntfr nac

norjhubturnb wntfr tk eycrkfbfhtrjh pkwfr nac wftbnac sfrvjhfs. Eycrkpkwfr

js kaf kd tef `jssjao rfskurhfs ja tef anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuats. N`kao tef

hkuatrjfs tent hkastruht nssft nhhkuats dkr anturnb hnpjtnb (cjshussfc ja henptfr 5),

kaby Akrwny jahbucfs eycrkpkwfr ja jts wfnbte nhhkuats. Ja n hnsf stucy kd

tef Bnk Yfkpbfs Cf`khrntjh ]fpumbjh, tef _krbc Mnal fstj`ntfc eycrkpkwfr


40/242

== SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX

ns pnrt kd tef hkuatrys wfnbte nhhkuats (_krbc Mnal =9>9h). Mut tefrf js akt

suddjhjfat jadkr`ntjka nhrkss hkuatrjfs tk jahbucf eycrkpkwfr ja tef wfnbte

nhhkuats nt tejs tj`f.Sef bnrofst usf kd wntfr js ns na japut tk norjhubturf, nac ja `kst jastnahfs

norjhubturnb wntfr ckfs akt envf n `nrlft prjhf.>8Orkwjao rfbjnahf ka senrfc,

jatfrantjkanb wntfr rfskurhfs nac cfpbftjka kd orkuacwntfr nrf `ngkr hkahfras

nac wnrrnat hbksf `kajtkrjao. Sef vnbuf kd orkuacwntfr js jahkrpkrntfc ja tef

vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac, mut jt js akt fxpbjhjt ja tef anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuats.

Sef vnbuf kd ktefr wntfr rfskurhfs `ny akt mf dubby rfdbfhtfc ja bnac vnbufs.

_ftbnac fhksystf` sfrvjhfs nac tef rfhrfntjkanb vnbuf kd wntfr mkcjfs nrf nt

bfnst pnrtby hnpturfc ja bnac nac prkcuhfc hnpjtnb, wejhe jahbucfs rfsjcfatjnb nac

rfhrfntjkanb prkpfrtjfs, mut tef vnbufs nrf bjlfby tk mf uacfrfstj`ntfc ns cfshrjmfc

ja tef sfhtjka mfbkw ka fhksystf` sfrvjhfs. _ntfr pksfs na fspfhjnbby cjddjhubt

henbbfaof dkr wfnbte nhhkuatjao mfhnusf tef vnbufs nrf ejoeby sjtf-spfhjdjh. Sefrf

envf mffa `nay hnsf stucjfs kd tef vnbuf kd wntfr sfrvjhfs, mut tefy nrf akt rfncjby

shnbfc up tk tef antjkanb bfvfb.>3

Ykbbutjka nac Cn`nofs tk Eu`na Efnbte

Ncgustfc aft snvjao jahbucfs n `fnsurf kd tef eu`na efnbte cn`nof drk` pnrtjh-

ubntf njr pkbbutjka. Sef hkrrfspkacjao hnpjtnb nssft nddfhtfc my pkbbutjka js eu`nahnpjtnb, wejhe js pnrt kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats. Ykbbutjka

cn`nof js j`pbjhjtby jahbucfc ja tef jatnaojmbf hk`pkafat kd tktnb wfnbte.

Fhksystf` Xfrvjhfs

Sef @jbbfaaju` Fhksystf` Nssfss`fat (=998) hbnssjdjfc nbb fhksystf` sfrvjhfs

jatk dkur mrknc hntfokrjfs7 prkvjsjkajao, hubturnb nac rfhrfntjkanb, rfoubntjao, nac

suppkrtjao sfrvjhfs. Yrkvjsjkajao nac hubturnb/rfhrfntjkanb sfrvjhfs nrf `kstby

teksf tent wf usf cjrfhtby nac rfhkoajzf na fhkak`jh vnbuf dkr, suhe ns dkkc,djmfr, tj`mfr, nac tkurjs`. @kst kd tef prkvjsjkajao sfrvjhfs (wjte tef fxhfptjka

kd djsefrjfs nac sk`f wntfr sfrvjhfs) nrf jahbucfc fxpbjhjtby ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats

ja tef dkr` kd norjhubturnb bnac nac dkrfst bnac vnbufs tent prkcuhf dkkc, djmfr,

tj`mfr, akatj`mfr dkrfst prkcuhts, nac sk ka.

]foubntjao nac suppkrtjao sfrvjhfs envf vnbuf mfhnusf tefy hkatrjmutf jacj-

rfhtby tk tef prkcuhtjka kd okkcs nac sfrvjhfs tent envf fhkak`jh vnbufs. Dkr

fxn`pbf, pkbbjantjka sfrvjhfs kr orkuacwntfr sfrvjhfs nrf vnbunmbf ns japuts tk

norjhubturf. @nay kd tefsf sfrvjhfs nrf nbrfncy jahbucfc ja tef vnbuf kd bnac nssfts,mut mfhnusf tefy nrf kaby j`pbjhjt, suppkrtjao went wf vnbuf jacjrfhtby, tefjr

vnbufs nrf ejccfa. Dkr fxn`pbf, tef vnbuf kd anturnb pkbbjantkrs kr orkuacwntfr

js jahkrpkrntfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac.


41/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX =8

Kaf `jssjao fhksystf` sfrvjhf bjlfby tk mf kd orfnt fhkak`jh sjoajdjhnahf,

pnrtjhubnrby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, js tef nfsteftjh sfrvjhf prkvjcfc my anturnb

bnacshnpfs, f`mkcjfc ja akanorjhubturnb bnac vnbufs.

>6

Yfkpbf nrf wjbbjao tk pnyejoe prjhfs dkr rfsjcfahfs nac, tk sk`f fxtfat, dkr hk``frhjnb prkpfrtjfs ja

nrfns kd orfnt nfsteftjh mfnuty, suhe ns bnlfdrkat, hknstnb, kr wkkcbnac sfttjaos.

Hnsf stucjfs envf qunatjdjfc tef vnbuf kd n ek`f wjte mfnhedrkat, dkr fxn`pbf,

hk`pnrfc tk kaf dnrtefr drk` tef sekrf. Sef vnbuf kd tejs j`pkrtnat sfrvjhf

kd anturnb hnpjtnb js akt jahbucfc ja tef hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuats cuf tk

n bnhl kd cntn. Jd tejs vnbuf wfrf jahbucfc, jt wkubc bjlfby jahrfnsf tef senrf kd

anturnb hnpjtnb ja tktnb wfnbte, fspfhjnbby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs.

Yumbjh okkcs, suhe ns hnrmka stkrnof nac mjkcjvfrsjty, pksf spfhjnb henb-

bfaofs nac nrf akt wfbb rfprfsfatfc ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats. Sef wfnbte nhhkuats

jahbucf na fstj`ntfc vnbuf dkr prktfhtfc nrfns, mut jt js hfrtnjaby na uacfrfs-

tj`ntf. Yrktfhtfc nrfns prkvjcf `nay bkhnb nac obkmnb fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, mut

tefsf nrf bnrofby aka`nrlft sfrvjhfs tent nrf cjddjhubt tk `fnsurf. Ns wjte `nay

ktefr fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, tef vnbufs nrf ejoeby sjtf-spfhjdjh, nac hnsf stucjfs ck

akt prkvjcf vnbufs tent hna rfncjby mf shnbfc up tk n antjkanb bfvfb. Ojvfa tefsf

sfvfrf cntn bj`jtntjkas, tef wfnbte nhhkuats nppby went js n bkwfr mkuac ka tef

vnbuf kd prktfhtfc nrfns7 tef kppkrtuajty hkst kd na nbtfrantjvf bnac usf, an`fby,

norjhubturnb usf. Sejs js hfrtnjaby na uacfrfstj`ntf mfhnusf jt ckfs akt jahbucfktefr fhksystf` sfrvjhfs tent prktfhtfc nrfns ny prkvjcf, suhe ns tkurjs`, wejhe

js kdtfa dnr `krf fhkak`jhnbby vnbunmbf tena tef norjhubturnb nbtfrantjvf, nac

mjkcjvfrsjty, weksf vnbuf wf ck akt lakw. Sejs js n prjkrjty jssuf dkr duturf wkrl.

Xumstjtutnmjbjty n`kao Cjddfrfat Sypfs kd Hnpjtnb

Hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuatjao hk`mjafs nbb dkr`s kd wfnbte jatk n sjaobf

`fnsurf tent nssu`fs n vfry ejoe cforff kd sumstjtutnmjbjty n`kao cjddfrfat

dkr`s kd hnpjtnb. Xuhe n `fnsurf ckfs akt hkavfy tef vfry rfnb bj`jts tk sumstj-tutnmjbjty, j`pfacjao terfsekbcs dkr anturnb hnpjtnb, kr pkssjmbf jrrfvfrsjmjbjtjfs

nac hntnstrkpejh fvfats. Ojvfa tef pkkr stntf kd `nay kd tef wkrbcs fhksys-

tf`s, tefsf nrf sfrjkus hkahfras (@jbbfaaju` Fhksystf` Nssfss`fat =998).

Ja nccjtjka, fhkak`jh sustnjanmjbjty js akt tef sn`f ns eu`na wfbb-mfjao.

Nbtekuoe tef vnbuf kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte `ny mf sj`jbnr dkr hkuatrjfs, tef

wfbb-mfjao kd hjtjzfas `ny mf qujtf cjddfrfat, cuf tk dnhtkrs suhe ns hubturnb

hnpjtnb tent hnaakt mf jahkrpkrntfc ja fhkak`jh vnbufs. N `ngkr rfvjfw kd

hurrfat `fnsurfs kd fhkak`jh pfrdkr`nahf suhe ns OCY my Xtjobjtz, Xfa,nac Djtkussj (=99:) cjshussfs tefsf jssufs< cfspjtf tef bj`jtntjkas, tef rfpkrt

rfhk``facs hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte ns kaf usfdub jacjhntkr kd fhkak`jh

pfrdkr`nahf.


42/242


Aktfs

> Xtrjhtby spfnljao, skhjnb wfbdnrf js fqunb tk tef prfsfat cjshkuatfc vnbuf kd hurrfat nac

duturf wfbb-mfjao. Sef bjal mftwffa henaof ja rfnb, hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nac henaof jaskhjnb wfbdnrf ens mffa fstnmbjsefc ja n bnrof mkcy kd tefkrftjhnb wkrl my suhe nutekrs ns

En`jbtka nac Hbf`fas (>:::), Cnsouptn nac @bfr (=999), nac Nsefj` nac _fjtz`na

(=99>). Sef tefkry ens mffa tfstfc f`pjrjhnbby my Dfrrfjrn nac Tjahfat (=996) nac

Dfrrfjrn, En`jbtka, nac Tjahfat (=995).

= Aktf, ekwfvfr, tent tef XAN `fnsurf kd wfnbte js uhe anrrkwfr tena went js prfsfatfc

efrf, mfhnusf tef nssft mkuacnry jahbucfs kaby prkcuhfc nssfts nac anturnb nssfts

tent nrf sumgfht tk prkpfrty rjoets. Sef fxpnasjka kd tef nssft mkuacnry dkr anturnb

hnpjtnb js cjshussfc ja tef Enacmkkl kd Antjkanb Nhhkuatjao7 Jatforntfc Favjrka`fatnb

nac Fhkak`jh Nhhkuatjao, wejhe js hurrfatby uacfrokjao rfvjsjka (Vajtfc Antjkas

ft nb. =998). 8 Aft djanahjnb nssfts nrf akt nvnjbnmbf dkr nbb hkuatrjfs. Sef jadkr`ntjka nssjsts ja tef

nanbysjs kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ja henptfr 6 nac js rfpkrtfc ja tef nppfacjxfs.

3 Aktf tent urmna bnac js fstj`ntfc ns n sj`pbf `nrlup kd tef vnbuf kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb. Jt

js ofafrnbby rfpkrtfc ns pnrt kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb ja tef noorfontfs prfsfatfc ja tejs mkkl.

6 Serkuoekut tef mkkl, nbb wfnbte djourfs nrf rfpkrtfc ja hkastnat =996 V.X. ckbbnr prjhfs.

Jt js j`pkrtnat tk lffp ja `jac tent wefa wf hk`pnrf wfnbte nhrkss hkuatrjfs, wf

nrf usjao ak`janb `nrlft fxhenaof rntfs. Mfhnusf kd tejs, wfnbte ckfs akt rfdbfht tef

purhensjao pkwfr kd tef jahk`f ofafrntfc my wfnbte ja n ojvfa hkuatry. Sk oft na jcfn

kd tef purhensjao pkwfr kd wfnbte, wf wkubc envf tk usf purhensjao pkwfr pnrjty (YYY)fxhenaof rntfs, wejhe nrf kdtfa usfc tk hk`pnrf OCY nhrkss hkuatrjfs. Hkasfqufatby,

tef wfnbte nhhkuats nrf `kst npprkprjntf dkr `nljao hk`pnrjskas nhrkss mrknc jahk`f

orkups nac dkr bkkljao nt n hkuatrys wfnbte kvfr tj`fjts vkbu`f nac hk`pksjtjka

mut nrf bfss usfdub dkr `nljao hk`pnrjskas mftwffa jacjvjcunb hkuatrjfs.

4 Ja prjahjpbf, tef rfats hkubc mf javfstfc ja eu`na hnpjtnb kr rfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb,

mut jt js fnsjfst tk cf`kastrntf tef Enrtwjhl hkuatfrdnhtunb my nssu`jao tent nbb rfats ok

jatk prkcuhfc hnpjtnb.

? Sejs ens hbfnrby henaofc sjahf tef rnpjc jahrfnsf ja dkkc prjhfs ja rfhfat yfnrs.

5 Sef rfbfnsf kd tef Xtfra rfvjfw ka tef fhkak`jhs kd hbj`ntf henaof (Xtfra =994), tef dkurtenssfss`fat rfpkrt kd tef Jatfrokvfra`fatnb Ynafb ka Hbj`ntf Henaof (JYHH =99?), nac

_krbc Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt =9>9ka cfvfbkp`fat nac hbj`ntf henaof (_krbc Mnal =9>9m)

ens sjoajdjhnatby rnjsfc tef prkdjbf kd hbj`ntf henaof ns n cfvfbkp`fat jssuf.

: Sef rfskurhf hursf js nttrjmutfc tk sfvfrnb dnhtkrs, sk`f rfbntfc tk `nhrkfhkak`jh

`nanof`fat nac sk`f tk pkbjtjhnb fhkak`y nac okvfranahf. Dkr n rfvjfw kd tef rfskurhf

hursf bjtfrnturf, sff Drnalfb (=9>9) nac Eu`perfys, Xnhes, nac Xtjobjtz (=99?).

>9 Xff nppfacjx N dkr cfshrjptjka kd tef cntn nac `ftekcs.

>> Na fstj`ntf kd urmna bnac js jahbucfc uacfr prkcuhfc hnpjtnb.

>= Fvfa nhhurntf jadkr`ntjka nmkut djse hnthe nac jts vnbuf js akt rfncjby nvnjbnmbf (_krbcMnal =9>9n).

>8 _ntfr js fjtefr nmstrnhtfc wjtekut henrof my tef usfr kr prkvjcfc nt n hkst tent ckfs akt

rfprfsfat vnbuf.

>3 Jssufs rfonrcjao tef vnbuntjka kd wntfr dkr wfnbte nhhkuatjao nrf cjshussfc ja tef Vajtfc

Antjkas djanb crndt enacmkkl ka wntfr nhhkuatjao (VAXC =994).


43/242

JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX =6

>6 Fvfa bnac hbnssjdjfc ns norjhubturnb `ny mf sj`ubtnafkusby usfc dkr rfhrfntjka. Sef

nccjtjkanb nfsteftjh nac rfhrfntjkanb vnbufs nrf akt rfdbfhtfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb

bnac, wejhe js mnsfc ka tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb prkcuhtjka. Sejs `jssjao vnbuf `ny mf

pnrtjhubnrby j`pkrtnat ja sk`f cfvfbkpfc hkuatrjfs.

]fdfrfahfs

Sef Naobk-Xnxka Herkajhbf. =996. Srnas. Gn`fs Jaorn`. Fc. Gn`fs E. Dkrc. Fb Ynsk7 Fb Ynsk

Akrtf Yrfss.

Nrrkw, L., Y. Cnsouptn, nac L-O. @bfr. =998. Fvnbuntjao Yrkgfhts nac Nssfssjao Xustnjanmbf

Cfvfbkp`fat ja J`pfrdfht Fhkak`jfs. Favjrka`fatnb nac ]fskurhf Fhkak`jhs=4 (3)7

43?56.

Nsefj`, Ofjr M., nac @nrtja B. _fjtz`na. =99>. Ckfs AAY Orkwte Jacjhntf _fbdnrf

J`prkvf`fat; Fhkak`jhs Bfttfrs?8 (=)7 =888:.

Cnsouptn, Y., nac L.-O. @bfr. =999. Aft Antjkanb Yrkcuht, _fnbte, nac Xkhjnb _fbb-Mfjao.

Favjrka`fat nac Cfvfbkp`fat Fhkak`jhs67 4::8.

, fcs. =993. Sef Fhkak`jhs kd Aka-Hkavfx Fhksystf`s. Ckrcrfhet, Aftefrbnacs7 Lbuwfr

Nhncf`jh Yumbjsefrs.

Furkpfna Hk``jssjka, Jatfrantjkanb @kaftnry Duac, Kronajsntjka dkr Fhkak`jh

Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat, Vajtfc Antjkas, nac _krbc Mnal. =99:. Xystf` kd

Antjkanb Nhhkuats =995. Afw Zkrl7 Vajtfc Antjkas.

DNK (Dkkc nac Norjhubturnb Kronajzntjka). =99:. Sef Xtntf kd _krbc Djsefrjfs nac Nqunhubturf

=995.]k`f7 DNK Djsefrjfs nac Nqunhubturf Cfpnrt`fat.

Dfrrfjrn, X., L. En`jbtka, nac G. Tjahfat. =995. Hk`prfefasjvf _fnbte nac Duturf

Hkasu`ptjka7 Nhhkuatjao dkr Ykpubntjka Orkwte. _krbc Mnal Fhkak`jh ]fvjfw==7

=8835.

Dfrrfjrn, X., nac G. Tjahfat. =996. Ofaujaf Xnvjaos7 Bfncjao Jacjhntkr kd Xustnjanmbf

Cfvfbkp`fat; Fhkak`jh Cfvfbkp`fat nac Hubturnb Henaof687 ?8?63.

Drnalfb, Gfddrfy N. =9>9. Sef Anturnb ]fskurhf Hursf7 N Xurvfy. AMF] _krljao Ynpfr

>6584, Antjkanb Murfnu kd Fhkak`jh ]fsfnrhe, Hn`mrjcof, @N. ettp7//www.amfr.kro/

pnpfrs/w>6584.

En`jbtka, L., nac @. Hbf`fas. >:::. Ofaujaf Xnvjaos ]ntfs ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs._krbc Mnal Fhkak`jh ]fvjfw>8 (=)7 88864.

En`jbtka, L., nac F. Bfy. =9>9. @fnsurjao Antjkanb Jahk`f nac Orkwte ja ]fskurhf-]jhe,

Jahk`f-Ykkr Hkuatrjfs. Fhkak`jh Yrf`jsf =5. ettp7//sjtfrfskurhfs.wkrbcmnal.kro/

JASY]F@AFS/]fskurhfs/FY=5.pcd.

Enrtwjhl, Gkea @. >:??. Jatfrofafrntjkanb Fqujty nac tef Javfstjao kd ]fats drk`

Fxenustjmbf ]fskurhfs. N`frjhna Fhkak`jh ]fvjfw447 :?=?3.

Eu`perfys, @nhnrtna, Gfddrfy Xnhes, nac Gksfpe Xtjobjtz, fcs. =99?. Fshnpjao tef ]fskurhf

Hursf. Afw Zkrl7 Hkbu`mjn Vajvfrsjty Yrfss.

JYHH (Jatfrokvfra`fatnb Ynafb ka Hbj`ntf Henaof). =99?. JYHH Dkurte Nssfss`fat ]fpkrt7Hbj`ntf Henaof =99?. Ofafvn7 JYHH.

Bj, Enjzefao, Mnrmnrn @. Drnu`faj, Wejqjnao Bju, nac Ujnkgua _nao. =99:. Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja

Hejan. AMF] _krljao Ynpfr >6699, Antjkanb Murfnu kd Fhkak jh ]fsfnrhe, Hn`mrjcof, @N.

@jbnzzk, @. >::5. Xumsjcjfs ja _krbc Djsefrjfs7 N ]f-fxn`jantjka. _krbc Mnal Sfheajhnb

Ynpfr 394, _krbc Mnal, _nsejaotka, CH.


44/242


@jbbfaaju` Fhksystf` Nssfss`fat. =998. Fhksystf`s nac Eu`na _fbb-mfjao7 N Drn`fwkrl

dkr Nssfss`fat. _nsejaotka, CH7 Jsbnac Yrfss.

Xkbkw, ]. >:54. Ka tef Jatfrofafrntjkanb Nbbkhntjka kd Anturnb ]fskurhfs. Xhnacjanvjna

Gkuranb kd Fhkak`jhs55 (>)7 >3>3:.

Xtfra, Ajhekbns. =994. Sef Fhkak`jhs kd Hbj`ntf Henaof7 Sef Xtfra ]fvjfw. Yrfpnrfc dkr tef

V.L. Okvfra`fat. Afw Zkrl7 Hn`mrjcof Vajvfrsjty Yrfss.

Xtjobjtz, Gksfpe F., N`nrtyn Xfa, nac Gfna-Ynub Djtkussj. =99:. ]fpkrt my tef Hk``jssjka ka

tef @fnsurf`fat kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf nac Xkhjnb Yrkorfss. Ynrjs7 Hk``jssjka ka tef

@fnsurf`fat kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf nac Xkhjnb Yrkorfss.

Vajtfc Antjkas, Furkpfna Hk``jssjka, Jatfrantjkanb @kaftnry Duac, Kronajsntjka dkr

Fhkak`jh Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat, nac _krbc Mnal. =998. Enacmkkl kd Antjkanb

Nhhkuatjao7Jatforntfc Favjrka`fatnb nac Fhkak`jh Nhhkuatjao =998. Afw Zkrl7 Vajtfc

Antjkas. ettp7//uastnts.ua.kro/uasc/favnhhkuatjao/sffn.nsp.VAXC (Vajtfc Antjkas Xtntjstjhs Cjvjsjka). =994. Xystf` kd Favjrka`fatnb-Fhkak`jh

Nhhkuatjao dkr _ntfr. Djanb crndt.

_krbc Mnal. =994. _efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas; @fnsurjao Hnpjtnb dkr tef =>st

Hfatury. _nsejaotka, CH7 _krbc Mnal. ettp7//uastnts.ua.kro/uasc/favnhhkuatjao/

XFFN_Crndt @naunb.pcd.

. =9>9n. Sef Ejccfa Enrvfsts7 Sef Obkmnb Hkatrjmutjka kd Hnpturf Djsefrjfs. _nsejaotka,

CH7 _krbc Mnal.

. =9>9m. _krbc Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt =9>97 Cfvfbkp`fat nac Hbj`ntf Henaof.

_nsejaotka, CH7 _krbc Mnal.. =9>9h. Bnk YC] Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt7 Anturnb ]fskurhf @nanof`fat dkr

Xustnjanmbf Cfvfbkp`fat. _krbc Mnal, _nsejaotka, CH.

_krbc Mnal nac DNK (Dkkc nac Norjhubturf Kronajzntjka). =99:. Sef Xualfa Mjbbjkas7 Sef

Fhkak`jh Gustjdjhntjka dkr Djsefrjfs ]fdkr`._nsejaotka, CH7 _krbc Mnal.


45/242

SEJX HENYSF] SFBBX SEF XSK]Z KD _FNBSE NAC EK_ JS

henaofs kvfr tj`f, crnwjao kut bfsskas dkr cfvfbkp`fat. _f stnrt my hk`pnrjao

hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte kvfr sfvfrnb wjcfby spnhfc jatfrvnbs tk uacfrstnac ekw

tef vkbu`f nac hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte henaof wjte cfvfbkp`fat nac pkpu-

bntjka orkwte. _f tefa tura tk ncgustfc aft snvjao tk uacfrstnac mfttfr tef

prkhfss kd mujbcjao wfnbte ka na naaunb mnsjs. Sefsf twk `fnsurfs prkvjcf

rfbntfc wnys kd nanbyzjao henaofs ja skhjnb wfbdnrf nac hk`pbf`fatnry jadkr-

`ntjka dkr pkbjhy `nlfrs sffljao tk oujcf tefjr hkuatry ka n pnte kd sustnjanmbf

cfvfbkp`fat.

Henaojao Obkmnb _fnbte

Obkmnb wfnbte rfnhefc $4?8,6:8 mjbbjka ja =996 (tnmbf =.>).>Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb wns

tef bnrofst sjaobf hk`pkafat ja nbb rfojkas, nac jts senrf jahrfnsfs ja j`pkrtnahf

wjte rjsjao jahk`f, drk` 6? pfrhfat kd tktnb wfnbte ja bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs tk

5> pfrhfat ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs. _f sff n sy``ftrjhnb cfhbjaf ja tef j`pkr-tnahf kd anturnb hnpjtnb ns jahk`f rjsfs, drk` 89 pfrhfat ja bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs

tk = pfrhfat ja ejoe-jahk f hkuatrjfs. Mut ckfs tejs nppnrfat rfbntjkasejp mftwffa

tef hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte nac jahk`f, sffa wefa hk`pnrjao cjddfrfat rfojkas

H E N Y S F ] =

_fnbte nac Henaofs

ja _fnbte, >::6=996

=?


46/242

nt n pkjat ja tj`f, rfnbby ekbc dkr n ojvfa jahk`f orkup ns jt cfvfbkps kvfr tj`f;

Sk naswfr tent qufstjka, wf bkkl nt kur wfnbte nhhkuats drk` >::6 tk =996.=

Obkmnb wfnbte jahrfnsfc my 83 pfrhfat kvfr tef cfhncf (tnmbf =.=). Nbb jahk`forkups jahrfnsfc tefjr hnpjtnb mftwffa >::6 nac =996, nac tefrf ens mffa bjttbf

henaof ja tef cjstrjmutjka kd wfnbte kvfr tj`f. Sef `ngkrjty kd obkmnb wfnbte

js hkahfatrntfc ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs kd tef Kronajsntjka dkr Fhkak`jh

Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat (KFHC), nbtekuoe jts senrf cfhbjafc sbjoetby

drk` 53 pfrhfat tk 5= pfrhfat. Bkw- nac `jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs snw tefjr

hk`mjafc senrf orkw drk` >3 pfrhfat tk >? pfrhfat< cfspjtf rnpjc nhhu`ubntjka

kd wfnbte, tefjr senrf kd wfnbte js stjbb dnr bfss tena tefjr senrf kd wkrbc pkpubntjka,

wejhe wns 5> pfrhfat ja =996. Sef pkkrfst hkuatrjfs, nhhkuatjao dkr >9 pfrhfat

kd obkmnb pkpubntjka, efbc kaby > pfrhfat kd obkmnb wfnbte.

SNMBF =.>

Sktnb _fnbte nac Xenrfs my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, =996

Jahk`f Orkup

Sktnb _fnbte

(VX$ mjbbjkas)

Jatnaojmbf

Hnpjtnb (%)

Yrkcuhfc

Hnpjtnb (%)

Anturnb

Hnpjtnb (%)

Bkw jahk`f 8,6:? 6? >8 89

Bkwfr jccbf jahk`f 65,9=8 6> =3 =6Vppfr jccbf jahk`f 3?,>58 4: >4 >6

Ejoe jahk`f KFHC 66>,:43 5> >? =

_krbc 4?8,6:8 ?? >5 6

Xkurhf7Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.

Aktf7Djourfs nrf mnsfc ka tef sft kd hkuatrjfs dkr wejhe wfnbte nhhkuats nrf nvnjbnmbf drk` >::6tk =996, ns cfshrjmfc ja naafx =.>. Ejoe-jahk`f kjb fxpkrtfrs nrf akt sekwa.

SNMBF =.=

Sktnb _fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, wjte Xenrfs my Jah

Documents

The Changing Wealth of Nations