THE CHAROPHYTA OF MALAYSIAAND ADJACENT COUNTRIES

M~S7 9 ;8 3ZAN

J. S. ZANEVELD

~rHE CI-IAROPI-Iyr-rA OF MALAYSLL\ANI) ADJACEN1~ COUN1~RIES

PHOEF'SCHH IFTTER VERKRI.TGING VAN DEN GRAAD VANDOC'roR IN DB WIS- EN NATUUHXUNDEAAN J)]<j HJJKSUNIVERSITE IT TE T~EIDEN,

0 1' Cm Z.AG VAN DEN HECTOR MAGNIFICUSDR A. W. B Y V A N C 1(, HOOGLEERAARIN DE F ACUUl'EIT DBl~ J1E'l"rERI~N ENWJ.JSBEGBBR'rE, VOOR DE FA CULTEIT DERWIS- EN NA'l'UURKUNDE Tl~ VERDEDIGEN

01' W 0 B N S D A G 21 MEL 1941,DES NAMIDDAGS 'l'E DRIE UUR

DOOR

JACQUES SIMON ZANEVELD,GEBOREN TI~ SCIIE VE NI NGEN

Lm DENN .Y. Bm:K· ] <;~_SIl.;EI<~~l,):~JJMK]<;RIJ 1<;DUARD LmO

MCMXLI

'.1": ' ... . .• . " . ", I . ; \ ,.,~... ,.-, r :...' _•... : , ," ' -"..".:. ;

.. - , : ·. Wo<

'THE CHAROPHYTA OF MALAYSIA AND ADJACENT COUNTRIES

by

J. S. ZANE VELD

(Rijkshe rbar ium, L eid en )

CONTE N'I'S.

:INTRODU CTORY

-G E NERAL P A RT .

CH AP TER I. HISTORY

§ 1. First collec t ion of Malaysian Cha rophyta - § 2. H istorical r eviewof the Malaysian Churophy t n - § 3. First collection and r ecor d ofIndian Charophyta.

<JHAPTER II. DlSTHIBUTION ANIl DISPERSAL

§ 1. Distribu t ion of t he Mulay sian and Ind ian Charophyta § 2. Th eorigi n of th e Mal aysian Cha rophyta f'loru - § 3. Seasonal di stribu t ion ­§ 4. Di sper sul.

'CH AP TE,R III. CI..A RH IFICATWN

Page

2

5

5

10

17

§ 1. Hi storicnl - § 2. Subdivis ion§ 4. Conc lus ions.

§ 3. H omologous va riat ions

·OHAP'l' E R IV. EcOLOGY 25

§ 1. 'l'yp es of wat er s - § 2. Water movem ents and ai r - § 3. Depthand light - § 4. 'I'emp cr ature a nd drought - § 5. E levntion -§ 6. Aquat ic community - § 7. Cl-contc nt of the wa te r - § 8. On-cont entof th e water - § n. F u-conteut of the wate r - § 10. Organic subs tance sin water. - § 11. pH - § 12. Bot t om and H,8 .

'0H AP TER V. ECONOMY .

§ 1. Vernacular numes - § 2. P ish culture § 3. Purification ofwater - § 4. Fo od - § ;i . Manure - § 6. Poli shing-paste - § 7. Mu d­b athing - § 8. Th erapy - § n. Clar if icat ion of sugar - § 10. Insect s.

•CH APTE R VI. BIBI,!OOHAPIIY

34

41

2 BLUM}<~A - VOL . IV, No.1, 1940

TAXO NOMI C AL PART

I. N ITELLEAE GA1'."T. em . VON LEONU.

1. Nrn:LI.A AG. em . A. BR.K ey t o the species a nd va r ieties

2. TOLYI'ELLA A. BR. em. VON LEON'll.K ey t o the sections a nd spe cies

II. CH A RE AE VON L EON'll.

3. N rr ELLOl'sJ:S H YK ey to the spec ies .

4. LAMI'II!OTIIA~fNIUM .J. GROVESii . L YCIINOTIIAMN UiS ( RUI'R.) VON LEONJI.fl. CHAHA VAtLL. ex L . ern. AG., A. BR. ct VON L EONlI.

K ey t o the sp eci es a nd subs pec ies

Doubtful and little-known spec ies

Index to collec to rs ' numbers

Index to sc ie nt ific names

Pago

47

4S

4951

109

109

111

112113

11:t11711S

119

212

213

215-

" It is only by (I oombinnti<m of a./l methods,.herbarium. or museum, lib rary, ' laborat,ory,fi eld, and breeding, that there is C!n y hope ofobta inin g sntisf actory ev idence on the 1W ture­and genesis of taxonomic I lnitS."

W. B. TURlttLL ill "The N ew Systematics" ,.1940, p. 69.

INTRODUCTORY.

The only hitherto known comprehensive studies on the NetherlandsIndian Clwrophyta appeared in 1897 and 1899 in th e "P rodrome de laFlore Algologique des Indes Neerlandaiscs", and were compiled byE . DE \vn~DEMAK. These pap ers intend to give a mere enumeration ofall Clw l'ophy ta published up to 1896, and th erefore mainly containth e species record ed by th e famous Charaphytologists ALEX. BRAUN

and 01Y l'O NOIWS'l'EJYr in 1849, 1882, 1888 and 1889.In the twentieth century only three papers were published on the'

Chal'ophy tn of thi s area, viz. that by DE WILDEMAN (1900), that byGunvINSKY (1902), and th at by FILARSZKY (1934 ) . The first-namedauthor worked up th e specimens occur ring in Java, th e second one­adds two species to this list, whereas th e latter studied materials col­lected in 1928 and 1929 hy th e German Limnological Sunda Expedition.

The present paper intends to give a taxonomical survey of the-

J . S. ZAN~;v};LII: Th e Char ophsjta of Malaysia , etc. 3

Charophyta of the Netherlands Indies, including some notes on theirhistory, di stribution, classif icat ion, ecology and economy. The floristicrelations in the Archipelago, however, made it desirable to extend thisinvestigation to surrounding countries. I will therefore deal not onlywith the Chnrophyta occurring in Malaysia, but at the same timewith those found in British India (Ceylon incl.) , Siam and FrenchIndo-China. As was po inted out by IJAM (1937 ) and defined by VAN

STEENIS (1937), t he term Mal aysia compr ises the Malay Arc hipe la­go sen.m laiiore, the Mala y Pen insul a , th e Philippines, and NewGuinea inclusi ve.

H owever, t he war made it impossible to study all the types ofthe spec ies occur r ing outside Malaysi a , t hcreforc, and, at t he same time,in order to have an easy survey of. t he Malaysian species, th e formerarc printed in small type. Mor eover, I have mentioned th e Australiansp ecimens and th eir localities for th e species occurring in the areaunder discussion,

J had th e opportu nity to study a great number of sp ecimens andbooks, t hanks to th e kindness of th e direct ors of t he herbar ia andlibrar ies, whom I tender my since re thanks for th eir va luable assist­an ce. In qu oting the herbaria in the Taxonomical Part of t he presentpaper I made usc of th e " I nte r nati ona l Li st of Abbreviations" p ro­posed by I1AN.JOUW (1939, p . 142).

BERL[N-DAHLEM, Botanischcr Ga rten und Botanisches Mu -scum

BUDAl'I·~81.' , Sec t io Botanico Mus ei Na tiona lis Hunga ri eiBurrF.N7..0IW, H erbarium en Museum voor Systematisehe

Botanic van's Lands Planten tuinK EW, Royal Botan ic Ga rdensLEIDI-:N, Rijk shcrb ariumP ARIS, Museum Nationa l <1 'H isto irc Naturelle, Labora ­

to irc de Cry p tog amicSIN<lAPOH E, Botanic Gardens .S'[10CKIIOLM, Naturhistoriaka Riksmuseet, Botaniska Avdel­

ningen

BBu-Mus

BzKL

PSi

S

Th c materials put at my disposal ma inly consisted of driedspecimens, th ough some of th em were preserved in fl uid . It may beemphasi zed that th e preservation in alcohol (70 %) or in fo rmalin (1 %)is mu ch mor e conve nient fo r Champhy ta; th e specimens arc less

damaged and easier to id en ti fy.

4 llLUMEA - YOLo IV, No.1, ]940

Yet, at the end of this study, I feel something of the truth inthe words of SALISBURY (1939, p. 404): "When based mainly orentirely on herbarium material monographs are liable to be both asnare and a delusion". Indeed, a real understanding of some species,e. g. Nitella pseudojlabellaia, N. microcarp a, Ohara fibrosa, O. vulgaris,O. zeylanica, is only possible by involving the experiment as well asecological studies. At the time I was not able to carry these out, butI would reply SALISBURY with the words of TURHIl,L (1940, p. 69): "Nomethod is sufficient by itself, yet each is essential". In Chapter III,§ 4 of the General Part I will refer at some length to this pointand to TURRILL'S words quoted as a motto.

I am deeply indebted to Dr H. J. LAM, Director of the "Rijks­herbarium" and Professor of Systematic Botany at the GovernmentUniversity, Leiden, for his suggestion to work up this interestinggroup, for his helpful criticism and for the continual sympathy hehas shown in the progress of my work. I am also mueh obliged tomy colleagues, members of the staff of the "Riikaherbarium", especiallyto Dr J. TH. HENRARD, for nomenclatural informations, and to MissDr J. TH. KOSTER and Dr S. .J. VAN OOSTSTROOM, for their kindassistance in various phases .of my investigation. I should like also tothank Miss Dr M. F. E. NICOLAI, Leiden, for kindly reading throughthe manuscript of Chapter IV.

My sincere thanks are further due to Mr G. O. ALI.I<~N, Godalming,Surrey, England, for the interest with which he followed the advanceof this study and for the instructive correspondence concerning someof the species. I have also to thank Mr S. C. Drxrr, Bombay, India, fora duplicate of the type of Ohara pashanii, and Prof. Dr A. THIENE­hlANN, PIon, Germany, for informations on the economy.

J. S. ZAN EVBLD: 1'ite Charophy ta of Malaysia , etc .

GENERAL PART

"~~5

CH AP'!' j<jR L History.

§ 1. Fir s t c o l I c c t ion 0 f 1\1 a I a ~. s ian C h a I' 0­

ph y t a. Though one hundred and one years have elapsed sinceAI..EX. BRAUN stated (1839, p. 310): "Von den ostindisehcn Inseln,aus China, Japan und Siberien sind noch keine Charen bekannt", thepresent investigations brought to light that the first Charophstto. fromthe Malay Archipelago were collected as early as 1828. In that year,A. ZIPPJ<;r" assistant-curator at "'s Lands Plantentuin", Buitenzorg, tookpart in an expedit ion from Batavia via Makassar and Amboina to theS.W. coast of New Guinea (BACKER, 1936) . As is mentioned under­neath , Niiella psc1ldoflabellnta val'. muiil« and Cham corallina werecollected in Arnboina. Obliged to return on account of bad health,ZIPPEr, reached S. Timor, where he died in the same year . In thi sisland Nitella microcarpa val'. microqlochin. was collected. The threespecimens mentioned were dried and are st ill in a good condition, theformer two in the "Rijksherbarium" at Leiden, the latter at Berlin.

§ 2. II i s t or i c a I l' e vi c w 0 f th e M a I a y s ianC hal' 0 p h y t a. Up to the present time no historical review ofth e identif ication of the Malaysian Charophyta was made. The follow­ing notes intend to . make an attempt thereto.

The first printed record of any Malaysian Charophyte appearedas long' ago as 1837 in the " F lora de F'ilipinas" , in which BLANOOgives a description of a new species Confc rv a liitoralis, a "Conferva deplayas" , which is Cham zeylanica f . armata. In the second (1845)and third (1879, part 3) edit ion of Br.osoos Flora the species is stillmentioned as a Conferva.

The ear liest publi cation on the Netherlands Indian Charophsit«was, as far as I am aware, by BRAUN in 1849 in .HooKER'S "Journalof Botany". Two species arc given : Cham coronata val'. orienialis,from -Iava, which variety was describ ed as new, and Cham .iavanicafrom Java, described as a new species; the form er has now to benamed Cham Brtnmii val'. oahuensis f. javanica, and the latter is stilla doubtful species, which has never been collected again and . the typespecimen seems to have disappeared (being, however, most probably

6 BLUM~~A - VOL. IV , No. 1, 1940

identical with C. zeylnnica). In 1851, LLAXOS, in "Frugmentos dealgunas plantas Filipinas no incluidas en la Flora de las islas", des­er ibed Chara conqesta as a new species f rom th e Philippines, whichappeal 'S to be identi c with C. corallina , at the tim e being an additionto the Charophyta f lora. This species is also mentioned in BI~ANCO 'S

third (1880, part 4) edit ion. In ZOLI,INGEH 'S "Systema tisehes Verzeieh­nis" (1854) is added Chur« [urcaia IWXIl. from Celebes, which laterappeared to belong to the genu s Niiella. V{AU,MAN, in "Actes de laSociete Linneenne de Bordeaux" (1856), records only Chur« javanica,but did not give a description of thi s species eit her . In 1866, BRAlP.\,in G. vox l\IAHTEKS' "Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien",mentions two Chnrophsjt«, both f rom Borneo, viz. Niiella pseudo­flab ellata (now N. ps eudoflab etlaia val'. mutila) and N. polyglochinval'. Zolling eri (now N. furcntlt val'. Zollingeri ) , the former being atth e tim e an addition.

In 1868, in "Monatsber ieht der Koni gliehen Akademie del' Wissen­sehaften , Berlin" , BRAUN states that a form of Nite lla acuminata occursin J ava and in Mindanao. In "P roceedings of th e Asia ti c Society"(1870), G. VON l\IARTf~'"S mentions " Niiella sp, nov. ?" , collected byS. Kunz in J ava (No. 123); th e name for this specimen has to heN. pse1uloflnb ellltta val' . l1wtila.

BRAUN'S manuscripts, published after his death by O. NORI>STlm'rin "Abhandlungcn der Kdn igliehen Akad cmie del' Wisscnschaften zuBerlin" (1882) , conta ins th e descriptions and some illustrations of thefollowing species : (1) Niiella «cuminuia val'. indica from Java (nowN . ncuminai« val'. s1lbglome ra tlt) , and va l'. .mbglomemta from thePhilippine Islands; (2 ) N. 'axi llaris val'. jltvnnica from Javu (nowN . Itxillaris ) ; (3) N. pseudotlab elluia f rom J uva (now N. ps eudo­[lab ellata val' . m utila ) , and val'. muiil« f rom Born eo ; (4) N . olujospi ra

f . javaniw from Java ; (5) N. polyglochin val'. Zollingeri from Soem­bawa, Celebes, Java and Borneo (now N . [urcaia val'. Z ollingeri ) andf. nicobarica f rom th e Nieobars (now .var . nicobarica ); (6 ) Chamcorallina var. ? basilnris from th e Philippines (now C. com llinn ) ;('7) c. coronate val' . leptosp erma f . .iavaniclt from Java (now C. Brnuniival'. oahuenei« f. jnvnnica) ; (8) C. fla ccida val' . Gaudichmulii fromCelebes and th e Marianne Islands, ' and var. ? oligarthra major fromBorneo (both now C. fibrosa ssp. fla ccid a); (9) C. gymnopu.~ val'.ceylonica from Bali (now C. zey lanica f . typicll) ; th e numbers (2),(4 ), (6 ), (8) and (9) being new for Malaysia.

In 1888, NORDSTEDT, in "Hedwlgin" , adds Nit ella oligospira f. indica

J. So ZANEVELD: The Charophyta of M'alaysia, etc. 7

oahuensis f.

20th century

ssp. flaccida

Javnnica(3) - . fi~rosa ssp. gymnopitys.var.

, typica

that at the ' beginning of 'thewere known for Malaysia:

Chura

(1) - poralli'l1;a(2) - Braunii var.

(1) - acuminai« var. Belanaer!var. subalomeratc

(~) - axillaris(3) . '-- pseudoflabellai« var. :m~tila

(~f . o.l,igospira f. Java'ficn

-from Java and the Nicobars to the list. The same author, in ' '~ 'Lunds

Universitets Arsskrift" (1889), describes the decoration of the outercoloured membrane of the oospores of some of the known species,whereas Chara gymnopitys var. "a" (now C. fibrosa ssp. . gymnopitysvar, typica) 'from~ New Guinea is added. In 1889 again, NORDSTEDT,in "Die Forschungareise S. M. S. 'Gazelle', IV. Th., BOL", describesNiiedo. .acuminata from Amboina (now N. acuminate var, ,B elangeri ) ,N. polyglochin sens. lat. (now N. microcarpa var. microglochin) fromTimor, Chara gymnopitys f. longibractea.ta (now C. fibrosa ssp,gymnopitys var. typica) from Timor, and C. ,brachypus from Timor;N. microcarpa var. microglochin and C. brachypus being additions.To "C. gymnopitys" NORDS'I'ED'l' has added that it is distributed "imostliehen Afrika, im Ostindien, Borneo, auf den Mariannen und Celebes".It is noteworthy that this is the distribution of "C. flaccida" as citedin the " Fragmente" (1882, p. 129), which is the only publicationfrom which the distribution could be taken. I therefore deem it mostprobable that.NOItDSTEIYI' has erroneously cited the distribution ofC. fibrosa ssp. flaccida under C. fibrosa ssp. gymnopitys.

DE WILDEMAN, in "Prodrome de la F'loreAlgologique des IndcsNeerlandaises" (1897, 1899), summarizes all the then-known Charophytaof the Netherlands Indies and gives a table of their distribution;{) '~species of Nitella and 5 of Chara are cited. To these numbers mustbe added Niiell« microcarpa var. microglochin, as later ' on N. poly­glochin was found to comprise both that species . and N. [urcaia,and Chara fibrosa ssp. flaccida, since DE WILDEMAN did not cite it,although it was recorded by BRAUN & NOROO1'EIYI'. No further .additionwas made to this number by DE WILDF..MAN'S "Essai d 'uric FloreAlgologique de Java", published under the title of "Les Algues de laFlore de Buitenzorg" (1900), 'i n which the Javanese Charophyta wereamply described. Up to 1900 not a single species was recorded fromthe Malay Peninsula.

Summarizing, we seethe following Charophyta

Nitella

•

8 BLUMJ;JA - VOL. IV, No.1, 1940

Chara

(4) - brachypus(5) - zeylanica

Nitella

(5) - [urcaia. val'. Zollingerival'. nicobarica

(6) - rnicrocarpa val'. micro­glochin

GUTWINSKI, in the "Bulletin International de l'Academie de Sciencede Cracovie" (1902), mentions from Java: Nitella oligospira f. indicaand Char« gymnopitys or C. flaccida (unripe oogonia), both determin­ed by NORDS'l'EIYr (now C. fibrosa ssp. gymnopitys or ssp. flaccida).

In 1912, H . and · J. GROVES, in "Philippine Journal of Science'>;give th e first review of the Charophyta of th e Philippine Islands.Their list contains a number of new records for the Philippines,whereas at the same time Chara . fibrosa ssp. Benihainii is added to theMalaysian Charophyta flora. H. GROVES, in "Journal of the LinneanSociety, Botany" (1914), records Nitella acuminata val'. indica fromBritish North Borneo (now N. acuminata val'. subglomerata). MERRILL,in his "Species Blancoanae" (1918), mentions from the Philippines ~

Ohara corallina and O. zeylanica formerly published under the namesof Chant congesta and Conferva littoralis respectively.

In the "Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society"(1919), RIDLEY gives the descriptions of the Charophyta of the MalayPeninsula, as far as I am aware, the first printed reeords; they are ~

Nitella acumdnata (now N. acuminata val'. subglomerata) , N. pseudo­flabellata (now N. pseudoflabellata val'. mucosa), N. microcarpa (nowN. micro carp a val'. microglochin and val'. Glaziovii) and Chara gymno­pitys; N. pseudoflabellata val'. mucosa and N. microcarpa val'. Glazioviibeing additions to the Malaysian list. In 1924, J. G.ROVES, in the"Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany", adds to these Charophytafrom the Malay Peninsula: Niiella mucosa (now N. pseudoflabellataval'. mucosa), N. microcarp a (now N. microcarpa val'. microglochin) ,N. furcata, Chara flaccida (now C. fibrosa ssp. flaccida) and C. zeula­nica, also recorded from the Andamans and the Cocos Islands, whereasO. corollina. is only recorded from the S. Andaman Islands.

Brswxs, in the "Journal of the Federated Malay' States Museums"(1929), writes that he obtained Charophyta from the hotsprings areaof Kuala Lumpur, but did not mention the names ,

Fn.ARSZKY, in the "Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie, Suppl. Bd. 12,Tropische Binnengewasser" (1934), describes the Charophyta ' collectedby the German Limnologieal Sunda Expedition and added the followingspecies to the flora of Malaysia: Nitella sumatrana, N. bipartita both

•