The Conquest of Outer Space in the USSR 1972

8/4/2019 The Conquest of Outer Space in the USSR 1972

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NASA 'T E C H X IC A L T R . \N S L ! \T IO N NASA TT F-15,675

T H E CONQUEST OF O U T E R SPACE I N T H E USSRDr. G. S. harinanov, Ed.

Translation of Wsvoyen!.ye Kosmicheskogo Prostranstvav SSSR," Nauka P Y ~ S E , O SC O X, 1 9 7 1 , 2 2 4 E;?.

NATION45 A E R O N A U T I C S AVD S T A C E ADMINISTMTIGNK?\SHIhiCTON, D.C. 20546 July 1 3 7 4


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STANDARD TITLE m * t E~ ~~ ~~ ~ -~~1. Repc r i No. 2. Covemm.nt A c c ~ s s i o n o. 3. R O C I ~ I O ~ Satalog No.

, NASA TT F-15,6785. Report DonTHE CONQUEST Ob GUTER SPACE July 1974

4. letlo and SubtitloIN THE USSR

? Adhot s.

I- 111. Contract or Gront NO.113. Type ol Ropart ond Poriod Covord

t9. Pe-fonnangOrgmtxotlon Nome and Addross W-2481 II NAsLeo Kanner Associates TranslationNational Aeronautics and SpaceRedwood City, California 94063

12. Spwsortng Agency Norre end Addross

tration, Washington, D . C . 20546 i5. Supplementory Notesi ITranslation of "Osvoyeniye Kosmicheskogo Prostranstva v S S S e t1 Nauka Press, Moscow, 1974, 224 pp.! 16 Abrtroct The c o l l e c t i c n c o nt a ln s TASS reports and a r t i c l e sby l e a d i n g s c i e n t i s t s p r i n t e d d u r in g 1 9 7 2 , showing t h eachievements of t i le Sov iet Union i n t h e conquest of o u te rspace . The c o l l e c t i o n r e f l e c t s t h c major phases of s p a c er e s e a r c h . See t a b l e of' c o n t e n s s for s u b j e c t matter of t h evarious a r t i c l e s .

18. Dirtribuf.onS*atoment-7--17. K e y Wrrds (Selectedby Author(i))t I Unc 1 ssi ed Un1imi edI/- ~s~ (of thtr repor0I

1 Unclassified j Unclassified122. ~ r i c o -

NASA-HQ


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ANNOTATIONEditor-in-Chief G. S. Narimanov,Dr. of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

The collection contains TASS reports and articles by leadingscientists printed in the Central Press during 1972, showing theachievements of the Soviet Union in the conquest of outer s2ace.The w i n phases of space research are reflected in the collection:successful flights of Luna-20 and Venera-8 space stations,launches of Kosmos, Meteor, blolniya spacecraft and two new Prognozscientific stations. There is material on international coopera-tion artificial earth satellite launchings in the Interkosmosseries and the French small independent satellite (SIS), and alsowork on the preparation of the joint flight of the Soyuz andApollo manned spacecraft.

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PREFACEG. S . Narimanov, Dr. of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

"Artificial earth satellites pave the way for interplanetaryjourneys" - - this was the way in which TASS reported the launchingof the first artificial earth satellite on October 4 , :957. Eachnew launch and each new step to the stars convince us of the truthof these words.

Only two satellites were launched into near-earth orbit in1957. In 1972, our country celebrated the 15th anniversary of theday on which the first artificial earth satellite wa s launched.By 1973, the number of satellites in the Kosmos series alone was5 4 2 , apart from this there are also Polet, Zond, Electron, Molniya,bieteor and Prognoz ..

There is no need to give a chronicle here of all the eventsoccurring over the past years. Let us simply state that much ofwhich man could not even have dreamed has already taken place.

In an amazingly short space of time satellites, spacecraftand automatic interFlanetary stations have provided unique scien-tific matertal and led to many outstanding discoveries.

The amount of scientific and tqchnical problems to be solvedby space technology increases yearly. Astronautics has enteredintc man's everyday life, facilitates long-distance communications,and contributes to air navigation and navigation at sea. Satellite

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meteorology has now become an independent branch o f t h o s c i e n c e o fweather.t e l e v i s i o n and i n f r a r e d images o f t h e e a r t h f o r d a i l y a n a l y si s o ft h e p l a n e t a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c lo ud c o ve r.

Weather f or ec as t in g can be made more r e l i a b l e by using

Obvious ly, t h e nex t f e w y z a r s w i l l b e a p e r i o d f o r t h e i n t e n -s i v e con s t r uc t ion of "economic" and manned o r b i t a l res ear chs t a t i o n s .nea r -ea r t h space . O f cou rse , th e moon w i l l no t be fo rgo t t en . I tw i l l be ext remely important t o se t up on t h e moon a permanent lys c t i v e s c i e n t i f i c b a se , a l th o u gh much r e s e a r c h w i t h a u t om a ti cs c i en t i f i c i n s t rum en ts p l aced on t h e moon's surface must be carr iedo u t be f or e t h i s t akes p l ace .

The sphere of i n t e r e s t of a s t r o n a u t i c s w i l l no t on l y be

1972 was marked by a gr ea t achievement of Sovie t as t ro na ut ic s- - new samples of ea r th s o i l f rom the mountain reg ion of our"neighbor" were brought back t o ea r t h by Luna-20.

As b e f o r e , a s t r o n a u t i c s i s i n t e r e s t e d i n p l a n e t s of t h e s o l a rsys tem. On J u l y 2 2 : t h e a u to m at ic i n t e r p l a n e t a r y s t a t i o n Ve ne ra -8reached Venus and a d esce nt ve hi cl e msde a s o f t la nding on i t ssu r f ace and t r an sm i t t e d much va l uab l e s c i e n t i f i c i n fo rm a t ion .Mars-2 and Mars-3 a u to m at ic i n t e r p l a n e t a r y s t a t i o n s h ave c a r r i e dou t s c i en t i f i c r e sea rch p rog ram s .

N a t u r a l ly , t h e f u r t h e r c o nq ue st o f o u t e r s p ac e e n t a i l s t h es o l u t i o n of a number o f d i f f i c u l t t e c h n i c a l , m e d ic al and b i o l o g i ca lproblems. The f u r t h e r advance of man i n t o spa ce w i l l depend mainlyon how they a r e solve d, This year two P r o g n o z s c i e n t i f i c s t a t io n s

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have been l aunched t o s t udy so l a r ac t i v i t y and i t s e f f e c t on t h ein te rp la ne ta ry medium and th e e a r t h ' s magnetosphere.

A r t i f i c i a l e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s In te rk os mo s- 6, I nt er ko sm os -7and Interkosmos-8 were launched i n th e Interkosmos program wit hs o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s . During t h e p a s t y e a r , c o o p er a t io n w i thFrance was expressed i n th e launch of a French small independents a t e l l i t e i p the Soviet Union.

I n 1 9 7 2 a t r e a t y was concluded between th e USSR and the USAon coope ra t i on i n r e se a rch and t he u se o f ou t e r space fo r f r i end l ypurposes. In th e l i g h t of th i s document, a number of meet ingst ook p l ace fo r p repa r i nga j o i n t f l i g h t of manned Soyuz and Apollos p a c e c r a f t i n 1 9 7 5 .

As opposed t o t h e t h r e e p r e v io u s l y p u bl i sh e d c o l l e c t i o n s ,t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i n c l ud e s a r t i c l e s publ ished in 1972 i n t F 2 CentralP re s s and a l so s eve ra l a r t i c l e s f rom popu la r s c i ence j ourna l s1 .A cons ider ab le amount o f the mate r i a l t h rows l i gh t on ques t ions oft h e f u r t h e r c o n q u e s t of space, and problems and prospects of spacere sea rch f ac i ng s c i en t i s t s . The wide r ange of ques t i ons , d i ve r s i t yo f sub j e c t and sys t em a t i c cho i ce of m a t e r i a l make t h e co l l ec t i o nu s e fu l n ot on ly f o r s p e c i a l i s t s and s c i e n t i s t s , b u t f o r a l l th o s ei n t e r e s t e d i n s p a ce r e se a r c h .

1 The headin gs of newspaper ma te r ia l a r e somewhat changed i naccordance wi th th e requi rements of book pu bl ic at io ns .t ex t of a r t i c l e s and some drawings have been om it ted due to th el imited volume o f the book:from th e TASS p i c t o r i a l review.P a r t of t h e

a number of photographs ar e taken


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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

ANNOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiPREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

INTRODUCTIONConquest of Space: A New Phase . . .Orbits of Progress . . . . . . . . . .The Future of Orbital Stations . . . .The Starry Spring . . . . . . . . . .Space and Geology . . . . . . . . . .IAF Awards t o Soviet Space ResearchersIn the Name of A5tronautics Pioneers .To Space Explorers . . . . . . . . . .Discovery by Astronauts and Scientists

The Beginning of the Starry Way . . .

The Tsiolkovskiy Gold Medal . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . 16. . . . . . . . . . . 2 0. . . . . . . . . . . 2 5. . . . . . . . . . . 38. . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. . . . . . . . . . . 4 4

. . . . . . . . . . . 4 5. . . . . . . . . . . 4 6I SENTINELS OF SCIENCE

Satellites Serve Mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50The Kosmos Program in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6Magnetic Measurement in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7Astronomy in Invisible Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3Prospects for Extra-Atmospheric Astronomic Research . . . . 94

Meeting Plasma Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2500! The Satellite I s the Hero of the Day . . . . . . . . . 7 0X-Ray Astronomy Is Ten Years Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6A TASS Report on the Prognoz Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . 111ASolarPatrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Two Prognoz Automatic Stations in Joint Flight . . . . . . . 118

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PageA Prognoz Relay Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Launches of Satellites in the Kosmos Series During 1972 . . 122

II . SATELLITES IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMYMeteor Satellites Keep Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125The "Vertical" Searches for the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . 131The Next Communication Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Space Meteorologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Earth from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144A TASS Report: The Moli-.iya-l and SIS in Space . . . . . . . 147A TASS Report on the Moiniya-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Launches of Satellites of the Meteor Series During 1972 . . 150Launches of Satellites of the Molniya Series During 1972 . . 150

I11 . LUNAR RESEARCHA Glorious Victory in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Four Months in Near-Moon Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155The Face of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Five Months in Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159The Moon in the Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160A Year in Near-Moon Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162A TASS Report: The Luna-20 Automatic Station in Flight . . 164A TASS Report: The Luna-20 Automatic Station Has MadeA TASS Report: The Luna-20 Station in Near-Moon Orbit . . . 164

a Soft Landing on the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165The Path to the Lunar Highlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170A TASS Report: A Spacecraft Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Drilling in the Highland Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Automatic Control Units Storm the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . 180Secrets of Lunar Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Space Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

A Landing in the Lunar Highlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

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PageA TASS Report: An Outstanding Space Experiment IsCompleted! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Drilling in the Lunar Highlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195A Mirror of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202When the Drill Was Opened. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208To Scientists. Designers. Engineers. Technicians. Workersand All the Teams and Organizations Who Helped toCreate the Luna-20 Automatic Station Which Brought'jack to Earth Lunar Soil Samples . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Soviet Union. the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ofthe USSR. and the Council of Ministers of the bSSR . . 213The Importance of Flights to Far Worlds . . . . . . . . . . 215Discovering the Secrets of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . 220Future Lunar Automatic Control Units . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Lunar Highland Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230A Window into the Moon's Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236"Lunitel'Is Being Made on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Man's Space Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

To the Central Cormittee of the Conmunist Party of the

IV . RESEARCH INTO DISTANT PLANETSA . RESEARCH INTO VENUSA New Success of Soviet Astronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . 249A TASS Report: The Venera-8 on Route . . . . . . . . . . . 253The Amazing World of Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254A TASS Report: Venera-8 on Venus! . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261The Earth and Venus .. Dissimilar Sisters . . . . . . . . . 264Towards Venus for the Sake of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . 268A Secret Is Revealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272The Birth of Mineralogy on Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Venera-8 Was Born Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278To Scientists, Designers. Engineers. Technicians. Workersand All Teams and Organizations Participating in theConstruction. Launch. Flight Control and Landing ofthe Venera-8 Automatic Interplanetary Station . . . . . 283

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PageTo the Central Committee of the Communist Party of theSoviet Union. the Presidium o f the Supreme Soviet ofthe USSR. and the Council of Ministers of the USSR . . 284Venera-8: The Results of the Space Flight . . . . . . . . . 285Riddles of the Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303B RESEARCH INTO KIRSThe Planet Tells Its Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Reconnaissance of the Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . 315From Orbits Around Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318Science of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320The Earth Wheels of Martian Automatic Control Units . . . . 328The Mars-2 and Mars-3 in Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332Three Months in Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Mars before and after a Storm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339A Radio TeZsscope in Orbit around Mars . . . . . . . . . . . 345Mars. Far and Near . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349A TASS Report: The Program Has Been Accomplished . . . . . 358Soviet Automatic Control Units Investigate Mars . . . . . . 361The Face of the Red Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Conversions of a Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324A Plasma Experiment in Mars Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

v . INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONThe llInterkosmosllrogram in Action . . . . . . . . .A New Envoy of Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A TASS Report: The Interkosmos-6 in Flight . . . . .The Interkosmos-6 in Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . .According to the "Inter ..smos" Program . . . . . . . .The Interkosmos-6: The Flight Is Over. the ExperimentContinues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A TASS Report: Interkosmos-7 . . . . . . . . . . . .A Solar Watch in Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Scientific Watch of the Satellite of Friendship .

. . . 378. . . 387. . . 388

. . . 391. . . 392

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PageThe Interkosmos-8 Investigates the Ionosphere . . . . . . . 407Research in the "Interkosmostt rogram . . . . . . . . . . . 409An Envoy of Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412The USSR and France: A Broadening of Space Cooperation . . 414"Polar Morning" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Fruitful Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419The Soviet Union and France: Future Cooperation . . . . . . 420Lunar Soil for French Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421An Agreement between the USSR and the USA on Cooperationin the Research and Use of Outer Space for FriendlyPurposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Space .. The Arena for Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . 424The Soyuz and Apollo Joint Flight Project . . . . . . . . . 429A Meeting between Soviet and American Researchers . . . . . 433SOYUZ .. Apollo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434A Joint Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Tests on Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440An Exchange of Lunar Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441A Search in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Space Cartography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447An Agreement Is Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447The Plans of Indian Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448Lunar Soil Samples Are Handed Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Lunar Soil Is Being Examined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449For Scientific Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450NewsItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450An Agreement Is Ratified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Credentials Are Deposited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451At an Intersputnik Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453A Convention Signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Credentials Are Deposited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454The Future Paths of Astronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

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INTRODUCTION

Conquest of Space: A New PhaseTASS

"Pravda" , April 13, ? 972A Grand Rally Dedicated to Astronautics Day

On April 12, a grand rally was held in the Kremlin dedicated -5 *to Astronautics Day. Among those at the rally to mark the 11thanniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight were workers, sLientists,designers, engineers dealing with astronautic problems, producersof space equipment, representatives of party, Soviet and MOSCOW'Spublic organizations, and troops of the Moscow garrison. Heads ofdiplomatic representatives accredited in the USSR, ana Soviet andforeign journalists were present.

A storm of applause greeted the arrival of ComradesL. I. Brezhnev, G. I. Voronov, V. V. Grishin, A. P. Kirilenko,A. N. Kosygin, F. D. Kulakov, K. T. Mazurov, D. S. Polyanskiy,M. A. Suslov, A. N. Shelepin, Yu. V. Andrapov, P. N. Demichev,M. S. Solomentsev, D. F. Ustinov, K. F. Katushev. In the pesidiumwere deputies of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers o f theUSSR, Ministers of the USSR and space pilots.

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The whole hali applauded young Pioneers who presented bouquetsof flowers to party and government leaders, scientists, spacepilots and to all those in the presidium.

A grand rally of representatives of Moscow city workers andtroops of the garrison,dedicated to Astronautics Day was opened byV. F. Promyslov, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of theMoscow Municipal Council 05 Deyuties of Workers.

The hall resounded to the Hymn of the Soviet Union,M. V. Keldysh, the President of the Academy of Sciences of the

USSR, was introduced.M. V. Keldysh's Speech

This year we celebrate Astronautics Day OR the eve of afamous date, the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR.Fifty years have passed since Lenin conceived the idea of creatingthe first multi-national state of workers and peasants in theworld. During this pariod, the Soviet Union has made progressunprecedented in man's history: an agricultural, industrially-backward country has been transformed into a powerful industrialpower capable of changing man's most daring dreams into reality.This is clearly borne out by the great achievements of Sovietastronautics.

In a speech given by the Secretary General of the Central -6Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet hion, Leocid Il'ichBrezhnev, a t a pre-election meeting of voters at the Baumpn elec-toral district i l l Moscow, it was stated that Soviet science has

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achieved new out s t anding succ esses , es pe c i a l ly i n r e s e a r c h i n t ospace end kesvenl y bodies. The re se ar ch conducted i s i n t hei n t e r e s t of the Soviet people and mankind as a whole.

I t has become a t ra d i t i on on A pr i l 1 2 of each year onAstr onau t ics Day, t o review our coun t ry ' s achievement s i n space .Last year was marked by the great successes i n a l l t y pe s of s pa ceres earc h. The use 0: as t ronaut i c ach ievement s i s being widenedfo r na t io na l economic requi remen ts . With t n i s i n mind, sp me rad ioand te l e v is io n communications systems ar c being improved and t h i slead s t o sys temat ic re sea rch from spacc into meteorology and ot he rspheres of knowledge l in ked wi th th e s tu dy and r a t io n a l use oft he na tura l env i rc iment .

T h e gr ea te s t achievement l a s t year was the bu i ld ing of t h eS al yu t o r b i t a l s c i e n t i f i c s t a t i o n which s t a ye d i n o r b i t f o r a p pr ox i-mately s i x months, The he ro ic crew, c m s i s t i n g of s pa ce p i l o t sGeorgiy Timofeyevich Dobr ovo l 'sk iy, Vl ad is la v Nikolaye vich Volkovand V i k t o r Ivanovich Patsayev, worked f o r 2 4 days. The So vi etpeople and t h + d world a s a whole was gr iev ed t o hear of the unex-pected death o f t h e a s t r o n a u t s , a f t e r s u c c e s s f u ll y c ar r y in g a u t t h ef l i gh t p rogram,when r e t u r n i ng t o e a r t h i n t he Soyuz -11 t r a nsp o r tspacecraft, when one o f t h e components i n th e pressu re r egula t edsysterr . fa i l ed .l i v e s t o space rese erch i n the name of sc i ence , t h e fu tu re and th egood of mankind. The work th ey di d made f o r a g r e a t s t e p forwar di n th e development of as t r on au t i cs .

T hrce he ro i c Sov i e t a s t ronau t s ded i ca t ed t h e i r

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The Sa l yu t s t a t i o n was s e n t i n t o o r b i t on Ap r i l 1 9 , 1 9 7 1 . I twas t h e n z t u r a l r e s u l t of succes s i ve and sys rem a t i c i m p l m en t a t i onof our cou nt r y ' s space program. Tmpoi tant space exp eri nen ts havebeen conduc ted f o r s ev e ra l yea r s - - t h e y a r e s tages r equ i r ed f o rcr ea t in g such s t a t io ns . The Soyuz-10, wi th 'its c rew cons i s t i ng ofV. !I. hata lov , A. S. Yeliseyev and 14. N. Rukavishnikov, carr iedou t t he f i r s t r endezvous and dbck inz w i t h t he Sa l yu t s t a t i on .

The S al yu t o r b i t a l s c i e n t i f i c s t a t i o n i s , i n p r i n c ip l e , a newtype capable of so lv ing a w i i i e r m g e of impor tan t ques t ions ofsci enc e, technology and th e na t i on al economy. The ov er al l v o l m eof t h e s t a t i o n i s approximately 1 0 0 Lc:bic meters ; i t i s about 20meters i n l ength ; and the weight of t he o rb i t a l com pl ex i s morethan 2s t ons . T h is a ll ow ed com for t ab le c o n d i t i o x fo r t h ? c rewnot o nly f o r prolonged work h t f o r r e s t and f o r Phys i ca l exe r -c ises . The s t a t i o n ' s main compartment i s a space l abor a tor y . Thiscompar tment conta in: equipment fo r cont ro l l in g the s t a t i on , a J i f esuppor t sys t em, reserves of food a na w at er and s c i e n t i f i c i v s t r u -ment s. The f i r s t manned o r 3 i t a l s t a t i o n i s an ou t s t anding ach ieve-ment fo r our count ry and marks t h e beginning of a new s t s ge in th econquest of outer space.

F l i g h t s of Soviet sp ac ec ra ft t o th e moon and pla ne ts showedt h a t a ut om a ti c c o n t r o l u n i t s have u n l im i te d p o s s i b i l i t i e s . Theycan carry out a wide range of s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h , from o b t a i n i ngthe f i r s t l l soundingl ' i n format ion , to the systeiriat ic and profounds tudy of heavenly bodies and o f phys i ca l p roces se s i n space .

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In accordance with directives sanctioned by the 24th Congressof the Comunist Party of the Soviet Union, we see the generallineof Sovietastrcnautics a3 the rational combination of automatic andnamed methods for discovering the universe for the goodof a l l mankind.

Over the past year, important new results have been obtained -7ia the study of the moon. I will remind you of the prolonged workon the moon's surface by the Lunokhod-1 which allowed us to deter-mine the general type of iock making up the surface of a typicallunar *'sea", and investiga.ce the nature of the extent of smallcraters and stones. In September of last year, a new artificialmoon satellite was launched - - the Luna-19 station. On February2 5 , 1972 a new complex experiment was completed - - a re-entryvehicle of the Luna-20 automatic station brought back tG earthrock samples from the mountainous region of the moon's surface.This solved the difficult scientific and technical problem oflanding an automatic control unit on the moon's almost inaccessiblecontinental region.

The sample of lunar soil brought back to earth is now under-going detailed research. It can already be said that it variessignificantly from lunar samples studied earlier, both in outwardappearance and in minerological composition.

T h e d e l i v e r y of scil from thc continental region is an impor-tant step in the successive program of research into the moon'ssubstance and opens up great possibilities for studying oldsections of the lunar surface where unique rocks rich In aluminum

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appear on the surface.ancient history, where primary rocks were changed during laterevolution or disappeared.

This gives us a better idea of the earth's

I shall describe our success in studying planets of the solarsystem closest to the earth. In May 1971, Mars-2 and Mars-3 Sovietautomatic stations were launched towards Mars. Putting an auto-matic station into a specific Mars orbit and landing it on itssurface where the atmosphere is extremely rarified are very complexproblems, the solution of which depends on perfecting the on-boardcomplex,and the efficient working of ground command and measurenentequipment. Theye problems were solved successfully, and bothMars-2 and Mars-3 became artificial Mars satellites. The firstsoft landing in history was made on the surface of this planet.Mars-2 and Mars-3 satellites orbited Mars for five months trans-mitting a great volume of information on the physical features ofthe planet and outer space surrounding it.

Our country achieved outstanding results in investigatingVenus. Recently, the Venera-b automatic station was launchedtoward Venus. It will continue research which will allow us tohave a better understanding of this planet's complex nature.

Last year new important steps were made to develop the inter-national coopeiation of the Soviet Union in studying and conqueringouter space for peaceful means.

Interkosmos-5 and - 6 satellites, geophysical and meteorologi-cal rockets of the cooperation program of socialist countries, the

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Oreol satellite and a small automatic satellite, equipment onboard the Mars-3 Soviet interplanetary station in the cooperationprogram with France, - - these are only some examples of success-fully developing joint work in space.

The Soviet Union allows foreign scientists to take part ininvestigating samples of lunar soil brought back to earth by Sovietautomatic stations. Analysis of these samples is being done bylaboratories in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, France and the USA, apartfrom Soviet laboratories.

An agreement for creating an international system and organi-zation of space communications "Intersputnik", signed in Moscowin November 1971, will be of great practical importance for spaceuse.

An agreement reached between the Academy of Sciences of the -8USSR and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of theUSA in January 1971 will develop contacts between Soviet anaAmerican scientists in studying outer space, the moon and planets,the natural medium, space meteorology and also space biology andmedicine. Ways are being found for reaching an agreement incarrying out work in creating joint methods for the rendezvousdocking of Soviet and American manned spacecraft and stations.An important step has been made in expanding cooperation in spaceresearch between the Soviet Union and India.

The launch of the first Soviet artificial earth satelliteopened the epoch of space research and, in a short space of tine,

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achieved great successes in science and practical activity. Sovietspace researchers are very grateful to our Communist Party and thePolitical Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Partyof the Soviet Union for its constant attention.even harder to achieve their aim for the benefit of our people andin the interest of the whole of mankind.

They will work

A Speech by A. A. LeonovFrom an historical point of view, the time for carrying out

practical astronautics is short; nevertheless, space research hasentered our lives and has become an important branch of humanactivity. The conquest of space is one of the most characteris-tic features of the scientific and technical revolution which istaking place.

Only 108 minutes were required for Vostok manned by YuriAlekseyevich Gagarin on April 12, 1961 to orbit our b lu e planet.This not only showed a speed unheard of at this time, but was alsoman's first step into the boundless starry ocean.

Allow me, cn behalf 'of space pilots, to congratulate allthose who built the complex spacecraft and gave them flight. Onthis Astronautics Day may I wish new success in fulfilling the wideprogram of the conquest of space laid down by the 24th Congress ofCommunist Party of the Soviet Union.

The great creative force o f domestic science, the economicpower of this socialist country is reflected in our victory in

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the peaceful conquest of space as in a mirror,and confirms theinexhaustible spiritual potential of the Soviet people.

The Soviet outer space research program includes the use ofmanned and automatic facilities. The most important part in thisprogram is creating manned long-term orbital stations for scien-tific and national economic use.

The Soviet Salyut station was the first of such stations. Itscrew consisting of Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovol'skiy, VladislavNikolayevich Volkov, and Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev, worked fruit-fully for 24 days in space. All their knowledge, experience andwill were concentrated so that each hour of the flighL broughtmaximum benefits, and laid down a reliable basis for the future ofSoviet astronautics.

Orbital stations open up wide possibilities for mankind. Atthe same time, we are aware of the difficulties of a prolongedstay in space and that the exploration and conquest of space - -this new unknown world - - is unthinkable without efforts, greatknowledge, courage and will. People will never forget the namesof those astronaut heroes who gave their life to the great causeof space conquest.

Whatever trials and dangers await us, they cannot retain man'sardor to disccver the secret of the universe. Astronautics isentering a new phase of its development, which entails prolongedspace flight, and long stays on board spacecraft.

-9

Space pilots are preparing for new space flights which requiregreat theoretical knowledge, high moral and political and

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p s y c ho l o gi c a l q u a l i t i e s , p h y s i c a l f i t ne s s , complex rocket andspace technology and f l yi ng s k i l l .doi ng eve ry t h i ng poss i b l e t o answer t he r equ ir em ent s f u l l y .

W can unde rs t and t h i s and a re

T hi s yea r , t h e Sov i e t peop le ce l eb ra t e s a wonder fu l occas i on- - t h e g l o r i o u s 5 0t h a n n i v e r s a r y of the Soviet Union. We a r eproud of t h e f a c t t h a t V la di mi r I l ' i c h Le nin was i t s c r e a t o r a n dt h a t t h e f i r s t s o c i a l i s t c o u n t ry i n t h e wo rld became t h e l an d ofa s t ro nau t i c s . Our v i c t o r i e s owe ruch t o t he g l o r i ous work ingcl as s . Our wonderful workers produce acc ura te inst ru ments , andassem bl e s a t e l l i t e s , i n t e rp l a ne t a r y s t a t i o ns and spacec ra f t . Whens e t t i n g o u t on a f l i g h t we, space p i l o t s , f e e l deep ly how muchso ul , human warmth and cr af tsm ans hip ou r workers have put i n toi t s pr odu cti on. May I g i v e my h e a r t f e l t t h an k s t o t h e wo rkingc l a s s !

Space p i l o t s , a s i nd ee d t h e who le n a t i o n , l i n k t h e i r s u cc e ss e sand ach ievem ent s , t he i r p l ans f o r t he fu t u r e wi t h L en i n ls g rea tpa r t y . We expres s our s i nc e re g r a t i t u de t o t hz C en t r a l Committeeof the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Govern-ment fo r i t s h i gh a p p r a i s a l o f ou r work and we as s u r e them t h a t wear e ready t o car ry ou t m y t as k of th e Communist Par ty and i t sLeninist Central Committee.

Those present accept w i t h g r e a t enthusiasm -& le l e t t e r o f we l-come t o th e C en tr al Committee of the Communist Party of t he Sov i e tUnion, t h e Presid ium of t h e Supreme So vi et of th z USSR and t h eCounci l o f Mini s t e rs o f t h e USSR.

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Orbits of PronressB. N. Petrov

A hero of Socialist Labor, academician and secretaryof the Mechanics and Processes Department of theIn "Trudtt, pril 12, 1972.Administration of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The eleven years since the triumphal flight of YuriAlekseyevich Gagarin were filled by strenuous and productive laborof Soviet space researchers. Requirements of the national economy,science and technical progress determine our space program, whichis calculated for many years ahead.

A large range of questions is normally solved during eachspace flight. But however diverse they are, there are three direc-tions, three groups of problems which researchers must confront.Firstly, the fundamental research of the earth, the universe, andheavenly bodies in the solar system. The second - - is the use ofall those resources which help to open up outer space for thenational economy. Finally, the third task is the comprehensiveimprovement of rocket and space technology, without which furtherprogress in this field is impossible.

The development of the country's space program is, by no means,simple. One must correctly determine the proportions, the ratioof scientific, national economic and technical work in space. Thisproportion can change significantly over the years, and a certaintendency can be noticed here. It is that the amount of researchand experiments of national economic value increases each year.

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Another important problem when developing the space programis the optimum solution of the question: Which work in space shouldbe done automatically and which should be done by man equipped withautomatic equipment and computers.

-10Guided by the instructions of our party's Central Committee,

Soviet scientists have developed a wide program of long-term workin space research and its use for national economic requirements.This is a method for solving the radical fundamental problems ofastronautics, and the basic problems of science and technology.

When conducting research into the conquest of space, Sovietscientists devote much attexltic?n o the use of various complexautomatic controlled units. We shall give a few examples showingthe successes achieved by aeronautics,thanks to the use of auto-matic vehicles and stations.

Outstanding research into the atmosphere of Venus belongs tothe field of scientific experiments. This work received thehighest award, the Lenin Prize. Instruments of numerous automaticvehicles are studying the moon and Mars, outer space and the Sun,and the earth itself. The delivery of lunar soil to earth by auto-matic vehicles, a landing on Venus and Mars, and the unparalleledfeat of Lunokhod-1 are achievements in space technology whichstartled the world.

Fruitful work has been done for ten years in the Kosmos pro-gram. Even today one can feel the real effect from using thesevehicles. For example, in 1963 work was started or1 producingmeteorological satellites. The development of ecjilipnient and

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satellite-synoptic eteorologists' systems was done in Kosmos Nos. 14, 25,122, 144, 156, 184. In 1969 the Meteor, a reliable operationalvariant of the weather satellite, was produced. Since then,Meteors have carried out continuous observation above the planet.New satellites replace those which have outlived their time.Eleven such vehicles have been launched and are transmitting valu-able weather information on the whole planet to the Hydrometeoro-logical Center of the USSR.

Soviet Meteor and American E s s a weather satellites havedetected the origin of such powerful hurricanes as Betsy, Esther,and typhoons Nancy, and Pamela. Inhabitants of coastal areas werewarned o r their ipproach in good time,and this significantlyreduced the amount of destruction and human casualties caused bythem.

Automatic reconnaissance vehicles are also very effective infar space when investigating other planets and probing the limit-less space of the universe.

American specialists also make great use of automatic vehiclesin near-ear:% space and when studying neighboring planets. Ameri-can weather and communications satellites are now in orbit, andthe USA has launched spacecraft to Venus and Mars. This year, thefirst reconnaissance vehicle was launched From Cape Kennedy towardsJupiter

However, Soviet and American specialists have significantlydifferent approaches to manned space research flights. After

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Gagarin's Vostok was launched, and after Jchn Glenn's flight, bothcountrres were faced with the problem:manned flights' program be developed,md what problems must mansolve in space?

How much further nust the

Soviet scientists came to the conclusion that man must alsowork in near-earth orbits to give the greatest returns to scienceand the national economy. Therefore, Vostok, Voskhod and theimproved Soyuz spacecraft-laborztory were used. A number of inde-pendent scientific and applied problems were solved during theirflights. Simultaneously, technical questions were studied forproducing long-term orbital stations. In our opinion, man canwork for the longest time and most fruitfully in space from suchstations as these.

The production of long-term orbital stations is the generaltrend in the Soviet program of manned flights.become the decisive means for developing near-earth space. Thistrend and strategy in manned space flights is being carried out inour country consistently and systematically.

This technique must

A result of this was the launch of the Salyut, the first long-term orbital station. On April 24 of last year, astronautsV. A. Shatalov, A . S . Yeliseyev and N. N, Rukavishnikov in Soyuz-10carried out a series qf experiments in a joint flight with theSalyut station. A number of new docking devices were tested.

On June 7, 1971, astronauts from the Soyuz-11 arrived onSalyut, The first manned long-term orbital satellite began tofunction. Its heroic crew, G. T. Dobrovol'skiy, V. N. Volkov and

i

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V. I . Pat seycv car r i ed ou t a f l i gh t which was unpara l l e l ed indu ra t io n, and a la rg e number of s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l e x p e r i-ments was conducted.

S o v ie t s p e c i a l i s t s a r e c o n ti nu i ng work i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n ,Following the f i r s t expe r im ent a l l ong- t erm o r b i t a l l ab o ra t o ry i nnea r - ear th or b i t s , new ones a r e appear ing . The i r c rews w i l l beab l e t o s o l ve a w ider r ange o f s c i e n t i f i c acd na t i o na l economicproblems.d i re c t io n f or manned l aunches .manned f l i g h t t o th e moon. Here, they have been ver y su cc es sf ul .

Research in to t he moon, i n th e So viet space program, i s done

American s p e c i a l i s t s have chosen a comple te ly d i f f e r en tThe aim of t h e i r program i s a

wi th au tomat i c s t a t io ns . The rese arch conducted by t h e Lunokhod-1and t h e r e t u r n t o e a r t h o f l una r s o i l , i n c l u d i n g t h a t f rom t h ea lmost in acc ess ib l e con t i ne z t a l reg i on , once more convinced ust h a t s t u d y of th e moon by au toma tic ve hi cl es i s ext remely e f fec-t i v e . I t i s a l so i m port ant t h a t l aunchi ng of an au t om a t i c veh i c l ei s te n t imes cheaper than a manned e xpe di t ion t o th e moon.

What of space i n t h e f u t u r e ? Fir s t of a l l , i t m u s t be a placef o r t h e c l o s e coope ra t i on o f d i f f e r en t coun t r i e s and peop le s . Lifeshows u s t h a t t he r e t ur ns from deve lop ing the un ivers e can beincreased i f one u n i t e s t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c al p o t e n t i a l o fs e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s ,

Ther efo re, we be l i ev e i t i s important t o deve l op i n t e rna t i ona lcoope ra t i on when ca r ry i ng ou t space p ro j ec t s . So c i a l i s t cou n t r i e sc a r r y o u t j o i n t w o r k i n Interkosmos . S ix a r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e shave been launched, as have se ver al rocke ts f o r v e r t i c a l p ro bi ng o f

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7 t t e atmosphere and adjacent space, A number of important scien-t i f i c r e s u l t s have been o b t ai n ed .developed and broadened i n t h e f u t u r e .

This work can be s i g i i i f i c an t l y

A bus iness- l ike coopera t ion has been set up between Sovietand French space res ea rch er s .Lunokhod-1 and Mars-3 experiments and i n t h e O r e o l s a t e l -l i t e , t h e launching of a smal l French independent s a t e l l i t e"SIS" by a Soviet rocket and. E i l t development of coope ra t i on i nspace meteorology a r ecoun t r i e s i n space r e sea rch and t he u se of i t , This is a goodexample of t h e f r u i t f u l c o o p e r a t i o n of s t a t e s wi th d i f f e r e n t s o c i a ls t r u c t u r e s , b u t u n i t i n g i n o rd e r t o s o l v e i mp or ta nt s c i e n t i f i c andtechnica l p rob lems.

F ra nc e' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n

o nl y th e f i r s t j o i n t s t e p s of t h e two

In rec ent ye ars , th e complex use o f di f fe ren t equipmentalready makes i t poss i b l e fo r space t o be one of t h e n o s t p r o-mising areas cf s c i e n t i f i c r es e ar c h and t h e e f f e c t i v e s o l u t i o n ofn a t i o n a l economic problems. This i s the main aim of t h e S o v i e tspace program - - t h e u s e o f s pa ce f o r t h e b e n e f i t of mankind, i nt h e name of peace and progress.

The Future o f O r b i t a l S t a t i o n sK . P. Feok t i s t ov

Professo r , hero of the Sovie t U nion , s p a c e p i l o tof t h e USSR, "Sovetskaya Rossiya", Apr i l 1 2 , 1 9 7 2 .

i

The Sov i e t Sa lyu t s t a t i m worked fo r a l most s i x months i nn e a r - e a r t h o r b i t . D e t ai l e d a n a l y s i s of m a t e r i a l o b t a i n e d a s a

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result of this research is still not complete, but one can saywith certainty that this flight played an important part in theconquest of outer space and development of space technology.

One of the main tasks of the Salyut was the comprehensivecheck of the station's serviceability, equipment, and systems forproviding space flight in actual conditions. This task was com-pletely accomplished.

So that these results become more clear,I will remind you ofthe complex nature of a vzhicle such as the Salyut. The stationcontains approximately 2 , 0 0 0 instruments, units and components (ir;is true that many of these are identical, but there are more thanseveral hundreds of different instruments). There are approxi-mately 100 electromotors alone in different on-board systems, and20 control panels, not counting control members and control panelson individual experimental instruments. The overall length ofelectric wires is hundreds of kilometers.

The whole complex equipment worked continuously. This meansthat when producing the Salyut it was possible to find relativelysimple and reliable solutions for all station systems and units.All this was done, astheysay,at the first attempt: indeed, theSalyut is the prototype of the orbital laboratory.

The second problem is no less important. The prospects forthe further development and the construction o f orbital stations,to a great ertent, dependlessness. In fact, if it happens that man cannot remain long in

on how long a man can remain in weight-

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weightlessness, one must look for new solutions for the prolongedfunctioning of an orbital station. It is possible that this canbe done in two ways.

The first is creating artificial gravity in orbital stations.At present, we can only see the solution of this problem by therotation of the spacecraft. But i f the whole station rotates, itis practically impossible to carry out astrophysical research,observe the surface of the earth and carry out work in weightless-ness conditions. Consequectiy, the station's main work compart-ments must be stationary, and the living nodule must rotate.can quickly see the technical difficulties which occur whendeveloping orbital stations with artificial gravity. It is clearthat they will cost much more and be heavier than stations withoutartificial gravity.

One

The second method is to produce "visited" orbital stationswhich work automatically. The crew of a "visited" station onlydisembarks occasionally to check, adjust and inspect the equip-ment.

Of course, both methods require the construction of morecomplex and expensive stations in comparison with those where thecrew is in weightlessness. Thi, is why it is important t o estab-lish how long man can work outside of earth's gravity.

In the Salyut a new step was made to increase the duration ofmanned flights. As is known, space pilots G. T. Dobrovol'skiy, -13V. N. Volkov and V. I. Patsayev lived and worked on the stationfor 23 days.

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Information obtained during this prolonged flight showed thatastronsuts contended with weightlePsness conditions completelysatisfactorily.

The Salyut carried out research in astrophysics, medicine andbiology, and technology. A series of experiments was conductedfor the national economy.new results.

Much of the research carried out gave

At the same time, an incidental result was obtained notenvisaged by the program. Until then, astronauts had not beenrequired to deal with such an amount of scientific equipment.course, the complication is not in the fact that the overall weightof the Salyut's equipment is reckoned in tons, but in tens ofkilograms. It is simply that the amount of instruments with whichthe crew must deal is tco great.

Of

At the same time, experience showed that astronauts had nosense of time when carrying out research. Weightlessness, ofcourse, considerably complicated the work. It is good that wenave aderstoad this by no means trivial feature of researchactivity in space through the experience of the Salyut flight.

Of course, it does not follow that in the future one mustignore the multi-purpose role of orbital stations. The tra ofthorough research of our planet and the world surrounding us byusing manned spacecraft is only begiming. Also insufficient isstill known on whether we can go over to using highly-specializedoT4ital stations. The wider the front of research, the greater

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are the chances for a successful solution of facts and regulari-ties. A station manned by qualified researchers makes it possibleto increase the amount of research.

I am convinced that a reliable means of increasing the equip-ment efficiency of an orbital station is the further automation ofthe most frequently repeated operations and station control pro-cesses or' its equipment and scientific instruments. Then, thecrew will be able to devote more time to the main task - -scientific research and observations.

The Starry SpringA. Yeliseyev

Space pilot of the USSR."Sotsialisticheskaya industriya", April 1 2 , 197?.It is probable and very symbolic that it was in spl'.ng, when

nature reawakens, that man first flew into space. Delighted byYuri Gagarin's feat, and our scientific and technical achievements,at that time we understood this event more with our heart than OUImind. Only later did we realize that the spring of 1961 was theturning point in the history of the earth: here, the era of man'sflights into outer space had begun.

One year ago we celebrated the 10th anniversary of that era.In the tradition of celebrations we remembered past launches ofVostok, Voskhod and Soyuz , flights of automatic probes to the moonand distant planets, and numerous experiments "in the region" of

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the earth and Sun.are amazed by how much has been done during the past ten years,but mainly by the speed at which astronautics has progressed.

In fact, only a year has passed and how many events have

Taking account of the past, we unwittingly

taken place in space!nautics Day when a new powerful launch vehicle put the first long-term manned scientific spaceship Salyut into orbit. My friendsand i became acquainted with this unique orbital laboratory duringthe preparation period for the flight on the Soyuz-10. We under-stood its equipment well; nevertheless, the sight of the stationin space made a deep impression upon us.ance of Salyut amazed us by its size, the amount of antennas, andthe abundance of instruments and equipment of every kind. GeorgiyDobrovol'skiy, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayevspent more thanthree weeks in space on board this station carrying out a programof scientific research and experiments of unprecedented complexityand variety.

Scarcely had the country celebrated Astro-

Even the outward appear-

Automatic vehicles are continuing the research into theuniverse at full speed. Surpassing our wildest expectations,Lunokhod-1 carried out investigation of the moon's surface for morethan ten months. The Luna-19 automatic station collected muchinteresting information on our planet's natural satellite when innear-moon orbit. Finally, Luna-20 which recently returned,broughtback to earth samples of soil from the almost inaccessible mountain-ous region of the moon.great success: two Soviet automatic stations reached Mars and

Last year "long-range" astronautics had

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became n a t u r a l s a t e l l i t e s o f i t . Here, a capsule which wasdetached from the Mars-2 s ta t i on ,p la ce d a pennant wi th th e emblemof t h e Sovie t Union on th e p la ne t , and a descen t ve h i c l e f romMars-3 made a s o f t la n di n g f o r t h e f i r s t t im e on t h e s u r f a c e ofMars .

Even i n l aunches dur ing t he pas t ye ar , one can see t h a t t h edevelopment of space technology today goes i n two main di re ct io ns .One of them i s t h e u s e of manned spacec ra f t and o r b i t a l s t a t i on s ,t h e i n c r e a s e of r e s e a r c h c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d use of unmanned automaticvehi c l es . Both the se and o th er methods have th e i r doub t l essadvantages.th e two d i re c t io ns and use t h e i r advantages t o maximum ef fe c t .

The problem i s t o dec ide upon t he co r r ec t ba lance i n

I t i s obvious t h a t manned s pac ecr af t have gr ea te r po ten-t i a l i t y t h a n unmanned ones. B ut , i n o rde r .io ca r ry ou t w i der es ea rc h i n o r b i t a l s t a t i o n s o r manned f l i g h t s t o t h e p l a n e t s o ft h e s o l a r sys tem, one mus t c r e a t e means which allow man t o remai ni n space for a prolonged t ime and f l y gr ea t di s t an ce s. Many com-ple x problems must be solved t o achi eve t h i s aim. Ways of so l v i ngthese problems were frequently unknown previously.

I n a c t u a l f a c t , by s e nd in g v e h i c l e s t o d i s t a n t p l a n e t s we wisht o s t udy t he cond i t i ons on t h e i r su r f ace and i n su rround ing space .But i n o rde r t ha t t he se veh i c l e s pe rform t h i s t a s k , t hey m us t no ton ly be .equipped by the app ropr i a t e ins t rument s , bu t be givensp ec i f i c " su r v i vab i l i t y " . For t h i s , one must have i n fo rm a t ion oft hose very co nd i t i ons w hich a r e t o be s tud i ed by th e l aunch .

t

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Therefore, one must solve problems, as it were, by successiveapproximations.

It has been my pleasure to have been in space three times.In retrospect, I can say that p r o g r s m s of these flights, inessence, are a chain of final "approximations" for solving theproblem, such as the creation of the Soyuz-Salyut. The first"approximations" were made in the Kosmos series of satellites,which were automatically docked in orbit. Just as today, thecomponents of future manned spacecraft, control and temperaturecontrol system, communications and much more are developed in manyautomatic vehicles. When automatic stations go into orbit, weknow that they are bringing us nearer to the fulfillment of ourcherished aim - - manned flights to distant planets.

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The achievements of Soviet astronautics are well-known.Behind them is theparty work, the government, the joint effort ofthe whole nation, and various branches of the national economy.When one thinks o f the strategy behind our triumphs, one mustunwittingly come to the conclusion that the success is the closecooperation of science and practice with which our whole spaceprogram was carried out. Designers of space systems are alwaystrying to use the latest results of scientific research in theirprojects. In their turn, problems which frequently confront usaregiven concrete expressicn in scientific investigation, and bythe same token, make the solution of practical problems possible.Most of all, developers in space technology have directly

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participated in all types of tests, launch preparation and haveeven been into space in order to test in practice the principlesof proposals they made. Many technical solutions were suggestedby engineers, technicians and workers of space institutes, testers,cosmodrome workers and, of course, space pilots. This fruitfulexchange of opinion and close cooperation have considerably reducedthe time for solving the most complex problems.

Behind us are eleven years of manned flight, and hundreds ofunmanned vehicle launches. From those imFetuous 108 minutes of thefirst Vostok flight, astronautics have proceeded to create long-term orbital staiions, automatic vehicles have landed on the moon,Venus and Mars, Molniya satellites have become an indispensablemeans of communication,and Meteor satellites carry out space recon-naissance of the weather.

Space has become an arena for international cooperation. SixInterkosmos satellites have been launched and taken into orbitscientific equipment produced by the joint efforts of specialistsof socialist countries. A whole series of joint experiments wasconducted with French researchers.

Unfortunately, the past few years have not only seen successes.There have been the premature deaths of such outstanding scientistsas academicians S. D. Korolev and M. K. Yangel', designersG, N . Babakin and A . M. Isayev. Yuri Gagarin, Vladimir Komarov,Ceorgiy Dobrovol'skiy, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Patsayev died whencarrying out space duties, as did Pave1 Belayev. But they left

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behind them not only the grief of loss.their dreams, plans and duties. There will be new launches andflights. Man will become an equal master not only on earth but inspace.tude the names of pioneers who opened up the spring of the spaceage to mankind. Their heroism, talent and devotion to the causeinspires us to new conquests in the name o f our people, countryand great Leninist party.

They bequeathed to us

With each new step forward people will remember with grati-

Space and GeologyA. Sidorenko

Academician, Minister Df Geology of the USSR."Nauka i zhizn'", No, 5, 1972.Probably, we have not fully realized that mankind has entered

a new space age of h i s own development.neighboring planets and interplanetary space, now even more bothdirectly and indirectly, will affect the deve,opment of varioussciences and man's economic activity. That is why the 24th Con-gress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in its directivespromised, during the new five-year period, to "carry out scientificwork i n space to develop long-range telephone and telegraph com-munication, television, meteorological forecasting and study ofnatural resources, geographic research and t!,e solution of othernational economic problems by using satellites, automatic andmanned vehicles and t o continue fundamental scientific research

All research work into

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into the moon and planets of the solar system".space research is being put to direct practical use.

In this way,

For a long time, geology has traced the development ofastronomy, and has used coslnogonic hypotheses. This was needed tounderstand the overall problems of thc earth's development.K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, the founder of astronautics, when developingthe theoretical fundamentals of space research, became greatlyinterested in geological sciences and evec published a number ofarticles and pamphlets on geolrgy. This not only shows the widelearning of their author, but also the unity between geology andastronautics, without which it is impossible to discover theuniverse.

In this article we shall w t deal with the valueof geologyor developing astronautics. It is quite understandable thatwithout the corresponding level of development of science andtechnology (in both cases geology plays an important role), itwould be impossible for man to go into space and carry out theresystematic, ever-increasing research. Let us simply remember t?xtgeological methods are being used more widely when researchinginto other bodies of the universe: geophysical and aerogeologicalobservations from space; the drilling of lunar soil and thegeological study of lunar rock; geomorphological, geophysical andgeochemical research i n t o t h e lunar surface by using automaticvchicles, including the most perfected of these, the Lunokhod-1;and directly by man, compiling "geological" maps of the moon, etc.

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The role of geo l og i ca l s c i ences i n d i scove r i ng t he un i ve r sew i l l in cr ea se wi th the developmcnt of space res ear ch. Withoutgeological knowledge i t i s i mp o ss i bl e t o i n t e r p r e t i n f o rm a ti o n onthe un iverse which w i l l be ob ta ined by space resea rch .time, s t udy o f o u t e r s p a ce and t h e p l m e t s w i l l h e l p u s t o under-s t a n d b e t t e r g e o l o g i c al p r oc e s s es t a k i n g p l a c e de ep i n s i d e t h ee a r t h .

A t the same

T here fo re , i t i s a d v is a b le t o d i s c u s s t h e p o s s i b l e l i n k sbetween as tr on a ut ic s work and th e whole range of r e s e a r c h i n t o t h eea r t h ' s c r u s t by geo l og i ca l s c i ence me thods.

From t h e moment when t h e f i r s t a r t i f i c i a l e a r t h s a t e l l i t e waslaunched i n 1957, i t became c le a r t h a t sp ace f l i g h t would open upnew p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r s t ud y in g t h e e a r t h a s a p l a n e t a s awhole, t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t - - t h e pr im ar y s o u rc e of a l l o r i g i n a lsubs tances fo r man 's ex i s t e nce , and th e b iosphere - - man's habi t -ab le medium. In f a c t , even now we have inf or mat ion ob ta in ed froma r t i f i c i a l e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s which i s used wide ly for so lv ingmany s c i e n t i f i c and pr ac t i ca l prob lems i n meteoro logy , geography,oceanography, topography, glaciology, that i s , i n s c i e n c e s c l o s e l yl inked wi th geo logy .ne thods a r e acqui r i ng mote impor tance for geology i t s e l f .

In format ion ob ta ined by space res ear ch

Geologi s t s have been t ra ined t o use new information o n ourpla net obtai ned by space re sea rc h by many year s e xper ienc e of aero-geo l og i ca l w o r k . The great value P ae r i a l phot og raphs i n geo -l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h i s well known.

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Aerogeological methods have quickly been recognized sincethey opened up new ways of developing geology. Aerial photographsgave the geologist a wide field for research, that is, the abilityto see simultaneously a relatively large area and trace the shape,dimensions and directions in which individual geological bodies(groups of rock strata, blocks of magnetic rock, etc,) run andstructural forms (folded structures, defects in the earth's crust),and also their relation to each other. This also showed thzlimiting nature of aerial methods.

A-, aerial photograph can cover an area of not more than4 0 0 - 7 0 0 km. The biggest structural geological features go beyondthese limits.

Astronautics, in principal, opens new possibilities forstudying the planet.

Photographs taken from space show the greatest geographicaland geological features of the earth. The scale of these photo-graphs is practically unlimited,and an area of 30-50,000 squarekilometers and above can b e covered simultaneously by one photo-graph by using a single tec,hnique.

Apart from this large cover, photographs from space have newinformation which ca nmi be obtained on the ground or by groundresearch. We are talking of the integration effect of individualdetail in the area's composition, and the separate sections oflarge structural elements, thanks to which the latter appear inthe complete picture. It appears that the higher the observationpoint, the better it is to observe the earth's depth structure.

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T he s t ruc t u re of t h e d e e pe s t h o r iz o n s of t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t t r a n s -i l l u m i n a t e s , a s i t were, t he cover of th e porous sediments . Thisi n t e g r a ti o n e f f e c t i s s t i l l an e m p ir i c al f a c t , The s c i e n t i f i cbas es of t h i s phenomenon have s t i l l not been explained.

In t h i s way, r e se a rch f rom spac ec ra f t no t on ly i nc re ase s t hep o t e n t i a l o f aerogeology , bu t a l s o opens up new d i r ec t i on s fo rs tu dy in g t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t . A t t h e p r e s e n t t ime, t h i s depar tm en to f knowledge i s beg inn ing t o t ak e shape in a new sc i e n t i f i c d i re c-t i o n - - space geology. There i s a l a r g e number of problems con-f r o n t i n g i t aimed a t so lv i ng many ca rd i na l ques t ions i n geo log ic a lsc i ence .

Fi rs t experiments - - t e l e v i s i o n p i c t u r e s from me t e or o l o gi c a la r t i f i c i a l e z r t h s a t e l l i t e s and i n d iv i d ua l p ho to gr ap hs t a ke n byspa ce p i l o t s from Soyuz-3, Soyuz-6, Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8,have p r o -vided g eo lo gi st s wi th much in te re st in g i nfor mat io n and have shownt h e g r e a t p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r s tu dy in g t h e g eo l o gi c a l s t r u c t u r e oft h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t .

Tel evi s io n photographs and photographs o btain ed f rom space-craf t make i t p o s s i b l e t o recognize and expla in s t r uc tu ra l el ementswhich were not determined ea rl ie r , ev en during very acc ur at e andq u a l i f i e d g e o l o g i c al r e s e a r c h . The f i r s t m a t e r i a l f o r s t ud y in gt h e e a r th obtained from space s h o w s t h a t many s t a b l e s c i e n t i f i cconcepts now need t o be r ev ie we d. F i r s t l y , t h i s c o m e r n s t h ecomposi t ion, age and posi t ion of l a rge fo lded sys t ems o f o l d p l a t -forms and s h i e l d s , r e g i o n a l ( r e l a t i n g t o some in d iv idu a l a r ea ) anddeep fau l t s , ocean deeps and vo lcan ic a reas .

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A s , f o r example, by using cosmogeological and aero geol ogic almat er i a l , some res ear che rs s t a t e em pha t i ca ll y t ha t t h e mob il e zoneo f c rum pl ing and f a u l t s i n t he Ural 's folded system continues muchf u r t h e r s o ut h . A pp ar en tl y, t h i s m ob il e zone i n t e r s e c t s t h e d e s e r t sof Cent ra l Asia, mcuntainous a r ea s to t he sou th ,and cont inues t otowards the Pers i an Gul f .

Nunierous ground ovservations i n t h e a r e a o f t h e U st y ur tP la t ea u c ou ld n o t d i s c e r n f r a c t u r e s i n t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t , b ec au set h i s r e g i on i s covered by a dense la ye r of sediments: l imestones ,c l ays and marls. On te le v is io n photographs and photogra phs, take nfrom a n a r t i f i c i a l e a r t h s a t e l l i t e , o n e c an c l e a r l y see u n d e r t h i scover a se r ies o f o l d g eo f r ac t u re s i n t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t , formedbe fo re t h e s e d ep os it s had been l a i d down. One ca n show many simi-l a r examples when photographs taken from space he lp us t o under- -1 8s t a nd t h e g eo lo gy o f d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s o f t h e e a r t h .

Space geology has only j u s t s t a r t e d to develcp. However, onecan al re ady in di ca te much res ear ch i n geology which can be con-ducted based on photographs taken from space.

F i r s t of a l l , t h i s i s t he fur ther deve lopment of geo l og i ca lmap making, e sp e ci al ly i n t h e coveragc pla n. Much work has to bedone here - - compil ing new and cor re ct in g geolo gic al maps of in di -v idua l z re as and of g eo log ica l maps of con t in en t s and oceans as awhole . There a r e gr ea t po te n t i a l s f o r thos e who compi ie sp ec ia lgeo log ica l maps: te ct on ic , met al l oge net ic , volcanism maps andesp ec i a l l y d i s j un c t i v e ( f r a c t u re ) t e c t o n i c maps. R esea rch by spacemethods i n t o t he i n t e r ac t i o n o f o l d p l a t fo rm s and fo l ded sys t em s ,

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continents and oceans, the relief features of a bed and also studyof the nature of present-day and old tectonic mwement should begiven special attention.standtng the mechanism and formation processes of the earth'scrust on a global scale and for elucidatingthe formation of individual geological structures, mainly of con-tinental and oceanic origin.one to investigate areas which are almost inaccessible whenstudying by other methods, - - high lands, areas permanently coveredby ice and the sea bed.

This information is required for under-

uniformities in

Cosmogeologial metbods will allow

Information obtained from space, combined with that obtainedby ground geological methods, will give new interesting material forstudying the distribution of ore areas, regions where there is o i land gas and carbon-bearing basins of the earth,and show new areaswhich could be promising when searching for mineral deposits.

Space geology will undoubtedly play a leadir,g part in devel-oping laws for the formation and distribution of mineral deposits.This is only one of the important scientific and practical problemsof modern geology.

Even today, space research can help considerably to solvepurely practical geological problems. For example, giving informa-tion on the size of deposits of water beneath the ground in deserts,the long-term study of which, even with aviation, entails greai:difficulties and great expenditures of time and resources, and tc iSive engineering and geological evaluation of an area with respectto its economic use,or studying seizmoactive dreas, etc.

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Space research w i l l a l s o p l a y a l a r g e ro l e i n d e ve l op i ngsc i ences of t h e e a r t h as a whole, and w i l l i n t e g r a t e ou r i n d i v i d -u a l c o n c ep t s of n a t u r a l p r o c e ss e s t a k i n g p l a c e on. ear th . Probably ,no othei type of research would make i t p o s s i b l e t o embrace theinterdepe ndence between geol ogi ca l and physi cal and geog raph icalpr oce sse s on ea r t h and between exogenous and endogenous pro ces se s(on t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e and i n i t s dep t hs ) .Study o f t h e r e l i e f and l oos e cover from space p rov i des va l u -a b l e m a t e r i a l for unde rs t andi ng e ros i on , m d t h e fo rm at i on of awhole va r i e t y o f con t i ne n t a l ci epos it s .examine t h e d i s t r i bu t i on of a e o l i a n , a l l u v i a l , a n& g l a c i a l d e p o s i tsand t h e i r connec t ion wi th the r e l i e f and, consequent ly , wi th t ec -t o n i c s , c l i m a t e , e t c .

For example, w e can

Space and aerog eolog ica l res ear ch opens up new p o s s i b i l i t i e sfor Understanding t h e co r re l a t i on be t w een t h e two ba s i c geo log ica ls t r u c t u r e s - - con t in en t s and oceans . Thi s w i l l a l s o h e lp t oexp l a i n t h e laws of marine sedimen tat io n and how ero sio n prod ucts3re t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e l and t o t h e sea, show the laws governingt h e format ion of seashores , shel f development and advances andr e g r e s s i o n s of t h e s e a . A l l th es e phenomena can only be c onc eive dby covering t h e e a r t h - - oceans and d r y l a nd .

I would l i k e to warn you immediately about ove rsi mpl ify ing t h eStudy o f th e e ar th from spac c by no meanso l u t i o n of t h i s problem.

r e p l a c e s c l a s s i c a l m ethods o f geo l og i ca l obse rva t i ons , bu t on l ye x t e n d s t h e i r use anc! g i v es them a new s c i e n t i f i c l e v e l . I t wouldbe a mistake t o cu r t a i l g round res ear ch by assuming i t t c be

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rep laced by space observa t io ns . Opera t iona l exper i ence i n aero -geology shows that i t can be s ucc ess fu l ly developed and on ly g iveth e be st r e s u l t s when combined wi th ground geDlogica1 observa t ions .Consequently, :pace re se ar ch i n t o geology must be combined andc l os e l y coord ina ted wi th aerogeologica l and ground work.

The most in t e re s t in g o b j ec t i ve s shown by space photographsmust be checked by ground in t e rp re t a t i on , very f in e gco lo gica lsur fa ce roo t s ,and de ta i l ed mapping , g round geophys ica l rese arc hand , in a number of c ases ,bor ing t o a depth.c an gi v e r e l i a b l e , s c i e n t i f i c a l l y - b a s e d t r ea tm e nt o infor, . lat ionobtainec? from space.

Only detai leci research

One of te n hears new miner al d ep os i t s w i l l be d i scovered byspace research . . Unfor tuna te ly , re po r t s have appeared i n th e pr es ssaying t h a t photography from space w i l l " revea l mineral.^", f o r "oiland gas co inc ide wi th bu l g t s o f t he e ar th , and water - - with con-cave s t ru c t u re s o f t he ea r t h ' s c ru s t " , which from space w i l l"dete rmine th - conten t o f use fu l e l ements i n minera l depos i t s" ,e t c . Such concept - a r e s imply ge ol og ic al ly unfounded.

R esea rch f rom space he l p s t o d i scove r geo l og i ca l s t ru c t u re s ,where th er e may he min era ls , and he lp st o understTnd th e laws oft h e g e o l o g i c a l f or ma ti on of t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t and t h e d i y t r i b u t i o nof miner als i n them. Indeed, they a r e 0 2 undoubted value and ofi nva l uab l e he l p t o geoyog i s ts s ea rchi ng f o r m i nc i a l s .

Thzre i s s t i l l o ne as pe ct showing the importance of l i nk in gspace research wi th geo logica l p rob lems.

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For a long time g e o l o g i s t s ha ve been i n t e r e s t e d i n t h ea s t r a l , t h a t i s , t h e p r e - g e o l o g i c a l p e r i o d o f t h e earth development.They a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e i n t e r n a l , d ee p f o rm a ti o n of t h e e a r t h ,As y e t t h e r e i s l i t t l e i n format ion on th es e ques t io ns , bu t whatthere i s i s f r agm ent a ry and o f t e n hypo t he t i ca l . For t h i s r ea son ,g e o l n g i s t s are p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n s p a c e st u d y and r e s e a rc hi n t o o t h e r p l a n e t s .such as t he occu r rence of envelopes oa t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t , t e c t on i cmovement and evolution of subs t ances 05 t h e e a r t h , c a n o n l y b eunderstood when there i s c lose coopera t ion be tween geologica l andas t ronomica l sc i en ces , when they bo th ben ef i t f rom informat io nob t a i ned by a s t r o n a u t i c s .

Globa l p roces ses of th e e a r th deve lopmel it ,

I t seems t o me t h a t m , a s g e o l o p i s t s , i n o u r ge o l o g i c a l co n-c e p t s , do not l ook upon t he e a r t h a s a pa r t o f t h e un i ve r se .Conclus ions of cosmochemistry - - a sc ien ce which i s aimed a tstcdying t he composi t ion of o t he r h t aven l y hod i e s - - a re s t i l li n s u f f i c i e n t l y use:! t o unders t and t h e geo l og i ca l p roces se s onea rt h . The concept of exogenous proc ess es ( th ose which ta ke pl ac eI n t h e s u r f a c e s e c t i o n s of t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t ) a r e l i n k e d w i t hs o l a r r a d i a t i o n and p r o ce s s e s o c c u r ri n g i n t h e s o l a r s ys te m. NOW,we must deter mine t h e l i n k between endogenous phenomena (ca usin gvolc an ic e ru p t i ons , ea r thquakes , o rogeny) with proc esse s t ak in gplace i n t h e u n i ve r s e as a whole. We,as g e o l o g i s t s , r e a l i z e e v e nl e s s t h e l i n k between a subs t ance on ea r t h and one i n t h e un i ve r se ,and t he ro l e o f a powdered m ete or ic ma tt er i n forming t h eea r t h ' s c ru s t and even m i nera l depos i t s . When speaking of t h e

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,

o r i g i n of subs t ance on ea r t h , w e on l y t h i n k o f ou r p l a ne t and don o t t a k e i n t o ac c ou n t t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e u n i v e r s e as a whole. I n / 2 0t h e same way a s when th e Ptolemaic concept of th e ea r th was com-

-p l e t e l y changed t o t h e harmonious st ud y by Copernicus on th euniverse, now, w e must unders t and tha t geo log ica l p rocesses mustno t be l i m i t ed on l y t o ou r p l ane t , and p ro ces se s t ak i ng p l ace onearth must be axaillined as a p a r t of u n i v e r s a l p r o c e s s e s .

There recen t ly appeared a work on the e f f e c t of m et eo r i cz,rrt:er os the inetal iogeny of t h e e a r t h . I t w a s sugges t ed t ha tg l o b a l d e p o s i t s of i r o n , ~ a n g a a c s e ,copper and other metals a tv a r i o u s times of t h e e a r t h ' s g eo l o gi c a l h i s t o r y were p o s s i b l yl i nked w i t h a mass o f subs t ance o f cosm ic o r i g i n a t a time whent h e e a r t h c r os s ed a met eor i t e shower. Severa l s c i e n t i s t s a r e o fth e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e e a r t h , t o g e t h e r Kit:; t h e Sun and o t h e r p l a n e t s ,revolving around the center of t he ga l axy , r epea t ed l y c ro s sed i ro nnebulae of t h e Milky Way and pas sed thro ugh them, ap pa re nt ly ,sev era l mi l l i on yea rs ago. Large masses of powdered meteoricircr? cculd have settied on e a r t h i n t h e he -L am br l an pe r i od . O t her ,l a t e r per iods of th e ea r th ' s geo l og ic a l development , may have beens u i t a b l e f o r t h e pr ec ip i t a t i on of manganese . Some s c ie n t i s t sexp l a i n t h i s by t h e l a rge accumula t ions o f manganese concret ions onth e beds of oceans (de po si t s f rom th e Ol igocene per iod ) . There i ss t i l l much which i s u n c l e a r i n t h e s u g g e s t i o n s, b u t t h e y a r e v e r yin te re s t in g and cause much spe cula t ion .

By in ve s t ig a t in g rock samples co l l e c t ed f rom th e lun ar sur face ,s c i e n t i s t s d is co ve re d me t e or i te c r a t e r s w i t h a diameter of

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approximately 0 . 5 mm .m i crom e teo r i te s t r a ve l i ng w i t h a speed of more than 10 km/sec. The

They were formed a s a re s u l t of impact of

fa c t t ha t t h es e a r e micrometeor i tes and no t "meta l sp lashes" f roml a r g e r m e t e o r it e s i s proved by th e narrow boundary between t h edamaged and undamaged portions of the surface of specimensexamined. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t m a t e r i a l f rom s pa ce a l s o f e l l ont h e e a r t h i n p a s t g e oi og i ca i epochs. The f a c t th:lt metecricmatter can burn ou t i n ea r t h ' s a t m osphe re s t i l l does not meant h a t i t canno t r each t he su r f ace o f ou r p l an e t and he l p t o formt h e e a r t h ' > ci-iist i n inBiuidr!s! nre conc ent r a t ion s . Spec ia l worki n t h i s d i r e c t i o n w i l l undoubtedly be of much i n t e r s s t fo r i nves -t i g a t i n g t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t .

Cosmogeochemistry - - i s a s ci en ce which i s now being success-fu l l y devel oped . I t inust be aimed not only a t studying the chemi-ca l compositon of o the r p l a ne t s and bodies of t h e u n i v e r s e , b u t i nrecogniz ing the l aws for fo rmat ion of rocks and minera l depos i t son ea r t h . Here, one must s t a r t w i th th e concept th a t subs tanceon ea r t h and i n t he un i ve r se i s ii p a r t =f 2 single whole - - m at t e ri n space.l a t e d can be used f or c rea t in g a hypothes i s on t h e o r i g i n of t h eea r t h a t t he pres en t l ev e l of knowledge by t ak ing in to accountr e s e a r c h i n sp ac e. We s t i l l have l i t t l e expe ri ence i n u s i ngspace res ear ch fo r geo lo g ica l purposes . Undoubted ly , a s spacetechnolo gy, equipment and res ea rc h methods ar e improved and l a t e rwhen s pa ce sy st ems have been c r e a te d s p e c i a l l y f o r g eo l o gi c a l p ~ -poses, space geology w i l l make cons ider ab le p rogr ess .

We now f e e l t h a t t he v a s t amount of ma te ri a l accumu-

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Manned long-term orbital stations will be very effective forgeological study of the earth. They vi11 provide continuous cosmo-geological information, We already know that when one section ofthe earth is repeatedly photographed (at different illuminance,humidity and with a different vegetation cover) there immediatelyappear new geological earth formation features. Long-term orbitalstatiana will he 8 m e m s fcr t h e sizultscecus mcnitcr ing cf verylarge regions of the planet,and this will be especially importantto understand the physical and geographical processes when studyingthe effect of man on the forces of nature.

The number of geological and geophysical problems which can besolved will gradually increase if geophysical, infrared radio loca-tion and radio thermal equipment is used.in orbital space stations.Undoubtedly, in the future other means and methods of obtainicginformation from space will be used for geology, as for example,multi-spectral scanning systems operating in invisible ranges ofthe electromagnetic wave spectrum (radar, thermal and others).Magnetic s u r v e y of the earth from cuter space will enable one tojudge the overall nature of the planet's magnetic field, show thegreat anomalies and study the variations of the magnetic field.

Regional and global thermal anomalies can be established byusing infrared photography. This material can provide informationfor studying the earth's thermal fluxes.

Radio location and radio thermal surveying will allow studyto be made of the earth's surface,irrespective of weather condi-tions,and obtain additional geological information which is notgiven by photographs.

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G e o lo g i s t s s t i l l r e l y on t e l e v i s i o n an d i n d iv i d u a l p ho to gr ap hsfrom s p a ce o b t a in ed i n p a s s in g w i th o th e r i n f or m a t io n .space Photographs which w i l l he lp t o so l ve many g eo l og i ca l p rob lemsmust be used.

S p e c i a l

Probably , i t would be ad vis abl e t o produce a s p e c i a l a r t i f i -c i a l e a r t h s a t e l l i t e f o r g eo lo gy , e qu ip pe d f o r s t u dy i ng n a t u r a lre so urces and ca r r y in g ou t g loba l su rveys from space .

Optimum photography l e v e l s must be developed and mat er ia lobta ined must be proces sed , a method and technology for spacep ho to gr ap hy o f t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e and c o n ve r s ion of space pho to -graphs in to photographic maps must be done, and one must stu dy t hep o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r u s in g g e o p hy s i c al o b s e r v a t i o n m etho ds f rom s p a c eand define the number of problems which must be solved by usingthem. F i n a l l y , a method fd r process ing th e in fo rma t ion mus t bedeveloped so t h a t i t may be u sed f o r t h e geological study of the earth.e a r t h .

Each new phase i n t he conquest of space and each new launcho f So v i et s p a c e c r a f t i s a n im p o rt a n t s t e p i n de v e lop in g s c i e n c eo f t h e e a r t h and i n c r e a s in g t h e m in e r a l a n d r a w m a te r i a l p o t e n t i a lof t h e USSR.

The Beginning of t he St ar ry WayA. Mrykin, Yu. Biryukov (TASS)

"Moskovskiy komsomolets", September 3 0 , 1 9 7 2 .In g re e t in g th e 50 th ann iv e rsa ry a f th e fo rma t ion o f th e USSR,

w e a r e j u s t l y p roud o f t h e f a c t t h a t o u r c o u n t r y i s r e s p o n s ib l e f o r3 8


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Dthe fact that a simple spherical shaped satellite would give dataof braking caused by the upper layers of the atmosphere in theclearest form. There were other considerations also. Scientists -2 2believed that the first satellite should have a shape close to thatol' naturaf heaven ly bodies, since it would always remain the symbol ,o f the beginning of mankkd's space era.

October 4 , 1957, when the first artificial earth satellite inthe world was launched into space, went down in history. Sciencehad obtained a new means of exploring extraterrestrial space.

The creation of the first manned spacecraft was another importantachievement in Soviet astronautics. Yu. A . Gagarin's flightshowed that man was no longer attached to his cradle - - the earth,and could live and work in space.

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The first phase in the development of Soviet space vehicleswas achieved by the flight of Vostok. One feature of it was theproduction of unique vehicles, launched individually forsolving important scientific and technical problems, each one ofwhich was the next stage in the USSR's space program.feature was that the launch boo.;ters and the space vehicles wereat that time developed by one team led by S. P. Korolev.

Another

The second phase of Soviet astronautics began with the launchof the Kosmos-1 satellite according to a program laid down onMarch 16, 1962. This allowed for the significant increase in thenumber of launches of space research vehicles (in 1962 -.lone, 15were launched, that is, as many as in the previous Five-Year plan).

Significant achievements by the Soviet Union during this phasewere the first gro;rp flight c?f spacecraft, the flight of a femaleastronaut, the egress of a mzn into open space, a s o f t landing byan automatic station on the moon, the launch of an artificiallunar satellite, reaching Venus and the launch of h

Documents

The Conquest of Outer Space in the USSR 1972