TheDevelopmentoftheEuropeanKnowledgeEconomy,SystemsandInstitutionsofEarlyGlobalisation,andLandscapeChange

RaymondRuhaak

Christof theTrades.OuterwallofparishchurchinSaak,Carinthia,Austria,1465.1

LandscapePaintingsof15th centuryoftheSavoyinFrance: ‘LesTresRichesHeuresduDucdeBerry’whichincludesfigurativelandscapepaintingsoftheSavoyinFrance(pm2-5),Left:folio48recto,annunciationtotheherdsmen;right:folio88recto,requestforsafeguard;bothwerepaintedbyJeanColombe (1467–1529CE).2

DepartmentofGeography&PlanningFundedinpartby:Dr.ClareDownham,InstituteofIrishStudies-UniversityofLiverpool

PresentationOutline• Modernlandscapechange:ExampleofWichi landsinNWArgentina• ThedevelopmentofEarlyGlobalizationandLandscapechangeinEurope

-Trade-basedcasheconomy-Writtenwordandhumanauthoritiesovernature-Centralization&theknowledgeeconomy-Wealthdevelopmentforpoweratcostofsustainability

• CharacteristicsofResilientsocieties/communitiesduringregionalecologicalcrisis

UnderstandingEconomicandlandscapechange:MyexperienceintheHokTekT’oiWichiCommunity,Salta,Argentina

Wichi’sweresaidtobethemosttraditionalhunter-gatherpeople inSouthAmericauptoagenerationago.Theirmeanstoadapttotheirpopulation needsandenvironmental realitieshasdramaticallydiminished andthemajorityofmanycommunitieshassincecontractedChagasdisease.PicturetakeninAugust2006intheHokTekT’oiWichiCommunity, c.25kilometresfromTartagal,Salta,Argentina.

AssessingRisk&Resilience,Myepidemicexperience:ChagasepidemicinHokTekT’oiWichicommunity,NWArgentina

Examplesofalteredhabitats,biodiversitychange&fragmentation,ecosystemchanges,lossofpredatorsandhostspeciesimbalance,(later)intensifiedfarming&nicheinvasion,human-inducedregional/micro-climatechange.3

JustinianPlague

TheCrusades

BlackDeath

Ecology&KnowledgeSystems:“TraditionalEcologicalKnowledge…(teaches)howtocopewithdynamicchangeincomplexsystems.” (Berkesetal.2000:259-260)5

“Theprocessofcanonization…derivesfromthenatureofthewrittentext,whichencouragesboundary-maintainingreligionswithanapprovedcorpusofholyworks.Whileinoralsocietiesreligiousutterancessuchasmythsmayappeartotheactorstobecanonized,theprocessoftransmissionisinfactmuchlessconstraining.Canonicalwrittentextsarecopied;oralmythsarere-createdinrepetition.”(Goody2000:230-231)6

Erosionratesoflast3,000yearsinTurano,Italy

4

Thethoughtsbehindunsustainableactions:thedevelopmentoftheknowledgeeconomy:TheConstructionofPsychologicalEmpire

Constantine'sCouncilofNicaea–“AtNicaea,hereattheverybeginningofthenexusbetweenstateandChurch,lawswhichwerebindingonvariousnationalitiesundertheumbrellaoftheChurch,andwhichtouchedonbothspiritualandsecularmatterswerecreatedintheverysamedocument.”(Bateman2011:43)8

PropagatingWealth:TheBeginningofMaterialismtoLegitimizetheChurch.Constantinedonatedthischurch,TheArchbasilicaofSt.JohninLateran.ThiscathedralofthePope,isknownasoneoftheGreatBasilicasbyCanonlawyerstosignifyitsstatusofPatriarchoftheWest7

IntellectualUnitythroughsanctionedwritingsbyauthority(ies):TheRevivalbytheMedievalChurchandKings

•“[12th century]growthoflegalismhadtwokeymanifestations,whichareparticularlyimportanttotraditionalideasofa‘twelfth-centuryrenaissance’.ThefirstistherevivalofthestudyofRomanlaw,anditsconsequentinfluenceonotherlegalsystems.Theotheristhegrowingimportanceofcanonlaw,thelawoftheChurch…”(Haskins1927:69)9

11

“Theaccelerateduseofmoney(sinceMedievalEuropeantimes)hadever-expandingsocial,economic,andintellectualconsequences…Astheprocessofmonetizationgatheredspeed,habitsofthoughtandperceptioninitiallyrestrictedtothoseactivelyengagedincommercecametobeadoptedbymembersofallsegmentsofsociety.”(Kaye1998:285)10

EconomicchangeandlandtransformationinMedievalEurope

Soilerosion[lightblueline]andlandusechangeincentralEuropesince800CE,whichshowsthepeakerosionperiodontheeveofBlackDeath

TheIntellectualConsequencesofDependinguponacash-basedTradingeconomy

AccordingtoIntellectualHistorianKaye,“Amongthemostcharacteristicofthesenewhabits[basedonthecasheconomy]were:

-thefocusonmonetaryprofitandlossinawiderangeofdecisionmaking;

-therecognitionoftheimportanceofdetailedwrittenrecordsforthiscalculation;

-theresultingbroaddevelopmentofliteracyandnumeracy;

-andthetranslationofqualitativevaluesintoquantitative,oftenmonetary,termsasawaytosimplifytheprocessofcalculation.

Thegradualspreadofthesehabitshadimportanthistoricalconsequences,especiallywhentheywereadoptedbyadministratorsoftheincipientroyalandpapalbureaucracies.”12

IntellectualUnitythroughsanctionedwritingsbyauthority(ies):thechangingroleofUniversities

• “MedievalEuropeanuniversitieswerecentresofcommunicationofapprovedknowledgeanddoctrineoftheChurch• AftertheProtestantReformation,protestantuniversitiesincreasinglyofferednon-legalandnon-theologicalclassesthatfollowedthesamesystemwherestudentswouldtakedownthedictationoftheteacher• Itwasactuallyoutsidetheuniversitiesthattheevolutionofdisciplinesoccurred.Theseintellectualorganizationswerebothcontroversialandinfluentialandothersbegantoappear,astheRoyalSocietyinBritainandTheParisAcademyofSciences,whichsetrulesforenquirythatwouldeventuallybeincorporatedintouniversities”(Turner2017:9-12’21-22)13

Education/Enculturation&thedevelopmentofthe“naturalphilosophywithoutnature.”

19th centuryphysicist,HeinrichHertzrevealedthefoundationofhisfaithindeclaring,“Onecannotescapethefeelingthatthesemathematicalformulaehaveanindependentexistenceandanintelligenceoftheirown,thattheyarewiserthanweare,wisereventhantheirdiscoverers,thatwegetmoreoutofthemthanwasoriginallyputintothem.”14

PhysicistJamesJeansstated,“Theuniversecanbebestpictured…asconsistingofpurethought,thethoughtofwhat,forwantofawiderword,wemuchdescribeasamathematicalthinker.”15

Philosopher,Anthropologist&Sociologist,BrunoLatourexplained,“[T]hepictureofnon-scientistsdrawnbyscientistsbecomesbleak:afewmindsdiscoverwhatrealityis,whilethevastmajorityofpeoplehaveirrationalideasoratleastareprisonersofmanysocial,culturalandpsychologicalfactorsthatmakethemstickobstinatelytoobsoleteprejudices.

Theonlyredeemingaspectofthispictureisthatifitwereonlypossibletoeliminate allthesefactorsthatholdpeopleprisonersoftheirprejudices,theywouldall,immediatelyandatnocost,becomeassound-mindedasthescientists,graspingthephenomenawithoutfurtherado.

Ineveryoneofusthereisascientistwhoisasleep,andwhowillnotwakeupuntilsocialandculturalconditionsarepushedaside.” 16

Centralization,IncreasingBureaucracy,InefficiencyofProblemSolving,theSeparationfromNature,&OrganizationalCollapse

• …theannualaverageofsurvivingpapallettersfallsinthefirsthalfoftheeleventhcenturyfromtenayearunderSilvesterII(999-1003) toonlyoneayearunderBenedict(1033-1046). ThentheaveragerisesunderLeoIXtothirty-fiveandremainsaroundthisleveluntilabout1130.Thereafteraswiftandprolongedincreasebegins:andannualaverageofseventy-twounderInnocentII(1130-1143),130underAdrianIV(1154-1159),179underAlexanderIII(1159-81),280underInnocentIII(1198-1215),730underInnocentIV(1243-54),risingto3,646ayearunderJohnXXII(1316-24)… 17

-PopeAdrianIVwritingtoEnglishKingHenryIIsanctioninganinvasionofIreland,“…youhavesignifiedtousthatyouproposetoentertheislandofIrelandtoestablishtheobservanceoflawamongitspeople,andtoeradicatetheweedsofvice;andthatyouarewillingtopayfromeveryhouseonepennyasanannualtributetoSt.Peter,andtopreservetherightsofthechurchesofthatland,wholeandinviolate.”18

• “TheWorldBank’sinvolvementineducationpolicyandreformhasgrownsubstantiallysincethe1960s.Foranorganizationthatoriginallyhadnomandatetoworkoneducation,theBankhasbecomeperhapsthemostpowerfulandhegemonicoftheinternationalorganizationsoperatingintheeducationfordevelopmentfield.TheBankisthelargestsingleinternationalfunderofeducationfordevelopmentinlow-incomecountries,anditstechnicalandknowledge-basedresourcestoweroverthoseofotherinternationalinstitutions.”(Mundy&Verger2015:9)19

CharacteristicsofMedievalGaels&GaelicisedIrishthathaveavoidedecologicalandepidemiccrisis Vegetation Indicators

~1350 and the Scottish Invasion 1315-1318

Coupledsocio-ecologicaldynamics•[Modern]humanactions[have]tend[ed]toincreasesystemsensitivity,decreaseinterconnectivityandincreasepredictability•Managedsystems[designedtostreamlineproduction]tendtoshifttheriskspectrumtowardsmorefrequent,highermagnitudeevents•Convergenttrajectories[unitingofoutputs]withinansocio-ecologicalsystemtendtoincreasevulnerability•ñspatialhomogeneity[i.e.monocropfields]leadstolowerresilience•Sustainabilityequatestosub-optimal[large-scale]efficiency•Diversityofbothspeciesandofpracticeinsocio-ecologicalsystemsincreasesresilience(Folke,etal.2003)21

SocialDynamics•Complexityinsocialsystemscanreachthetippingpointleadingtoincreasinglyinefficientproblemsolving20•Shorttermandself-interestcanoverwhelmlongtermandwiderinterestsviasocialtrapsanddilemmas.•Heterarchically[distributedinformation&collaborativedecision-making]structuredsocietiesprovidemoreresilience

Buildingresilienceandadaptivecapacityinsocial-ecologicalsystems:Learningtolivewithchangeanduncertainty-ExperimentovertimeEvokingdisturbanceLearningfromcrisesExpectingtheunexpected

Nurturingdiversityforreorganizationandrenewal-EducationNurturingecologicalmemorySustainingsocialmemoryEnhancingsocial-ecologicalmemory

CombiningdifferenttypesofknowledgeforlearningCombiningexperientialandexperimentalknowledgeExpandingfromknowledgeofstructuretoknowledgeof

functionBuildingprocessknowledgeintoinstitutionsFosteringcomplementaryofdifferentknowledgesystems

Creatingopportunityforself-organizationRecognizingtheinterplaybetweendiversityanddisturbanceDealingwithcross-scaledynamicsMatchingscalesofecosystemsandgovernanceAccountingforexternaldrivers(Berkes etal.2008:355)22

SiteofLateNineteenthCenturyGermanMissionaryandRegionalHomeofthemosttraditionalShambalaPeopleofLushoto,Tanzania

LANGUAGE

NATURE

KNOWLEDGE

QUALITATIVE, NATURE-BASED EDUCATION/ENCULTURATION

GROUP/CLAN RESPONSIBILITY FORACTIONS W/NEGATIVECONSEQUENCES

NATURE ULTIMATE AUTHORITY RATHER THAN THAT OF PARTICULAR LEADERS

PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT/RESOURCE EXTRACTION BASED ON ANIMAL MIGRATION & ECOLOGICAL SEASON

LOCAL CONTROL OF PROBLEM SOLVING & CAPACITY FOR NETWORKING W/OTHER GROUPS

LOCAL CONTROL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES & RESOURCE USE

MINORITY SYSTEMATICALLYINCLUDED IN DECISION MAKING

BELIEF IN INTERCONNECTIVITY OF ALL LIFE

CULTURALCHARACTERICSOFECOLOGICALLY-ROOTED,SUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICSYSTEMS

COIN MINTING/CURRENCY PRINTING

CENTRALIZED FEAR CREATION & INDIVIDUAL-BASED CONSEQUENCES

TRADE-BASED LANGUAGE & MATH-FOCUSED EDUCATION

HIERARCHICAL &CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY

TAX & DEBT BASED ON CURRENCY VALUE

POWER/WEALTH GROWTH SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM MODEL

RAPID POTENTIAL FOR DRAMATIC CHANGE IN WEALTH

AUTHORITY & SANCTITYOF INSULAR KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY OF WORDS

POLICY FOCUSED ON QUANTITATIVE GENERALIZATIONS

NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DISTANT MARKETS DETERMINING LOCAL ECOLOGICAL CHOICES

INSTITUTIONALSUPPORTSFORASHORT-TERMWEALTH&POWERGROWTH-FOCUSEDSOCIO-ECONOMICSYSTEM

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