The Emancipation Proclamation:

The First Stand to Slavery

Kaitlyn Fischer

Junior Division

Historical Paper

2480 Words

The Emancipation Proclamation was a crucial event in American history. Not only

did the Emancipation Proclamation take a stand against the South, it also changed the

main goal of the Civil War. When President Abraham Lincoln issued the proclamation it

abolished slavery in all rebelling states, making the Union’s military more powerful

because previous slaves joined the Union’s military. The Emancipation Proclamation

ultimately helped the Union win the Civil War and be able to pass the Thirteenth

Amendment, making all slaves constitutionally free.

Historical Context - The Union’s Crisis

When the spring of 1862 came, the Civil War had been going on for about a year.

At this point the Union thought that they would have already won the war, and the

Confederate States of America would have vanished. The Union had the numbers to

win and a greater industrial capacity, so they assumed the war was in the bag. They 1

were wrong. The Confederacy and their adored General Robert E. Lee were winning

this war, and everyone knew it. The North needed a change, something to weaken the 2

South and strengthen them. This change was the Emancipation Proclamation.

“I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. I can

not remember when I did not so think, and feel.” (Abraham Lincoln, March, 3

1864).

1A&E Television Networks, "Emancipation Proclamation," History.com, last modified 2017, accessed January 8, 2017, http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation. 2 "Civil War Timeline / Chronology for 1862," Georgia's Blue and Grey Trail, accessed January 9, 2017, http://blueandgraytrail.com/year/1862. 3 Roger J. Norton, "Abraham Lincoln Quotes about Slavery," Abraham Lincoln Research Site, last modified 2017, accessed January 8, 2017, http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln95.html.

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Lincoln’s Tremendous Decision: The Emancipation Proclamation

In May, Lincoln decided that the Union needed a big momentum changer,

something that would demolish the Confederacy. He knew that the slaves in the South

were upkeeping the plantations and allowing the men in the family to fight in the war4

(see Appendix A). He knew that if he took the slaves away it would damage the

Confederacy. Lincoln also thought that maybe if he could free the slaves, he could

manage to get them to fight for the Union army, which at this point was struggling.

“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not

either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any

slave I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others

alone, I would also do that.” (Abraham Lincoln, August, 1862). 5

The decision of writing the Emancipation Proclamation was very difficult for

Lincoln. In our president’s mind there were many positive and negatives in writing the

Emancipation Proclamation. Something that stood out more than anything was if the 6

slaves did get freedom, they could make the Union military stronger by becoming

soldiers. This also would make the Confederacy weaker because they would no longer 7

have their slaves to fall back on. However, Lincoln wasn’t confident that the North’s

4 Harold M. Hymann, ed., Lincoln's Decision for Emancipation (Philadelphia, New York, and Toronto: J.B. Lippincott Company, n.d.), [Page 6]. 5 Richey, "The Emancipation," audio file. 6 A&E Television Networks, "Emancipation Proclamation," History.com. 7 Hymann, Lincoln's Decision, [Page 7].

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soldiers would fight for African-American’s independence. In other words, Lincoln knew 8

that they would fight to save the Union, but he was not completely sure if the soldiers

would fight for a different race. There was also the continuous problem that some 9

people wanted slavery abolished, and others did not. Even though most citizens in the

northern states wanted slavery to end, not all did. 10

Another concern with the Emancipation Proclamation was the border states.

Throughout the war Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia, which

was western territory of Virginia, had slaves, but stayed loyal to the Union. This was 11

mainly because the border states were fighting for the United States to become one

again, and not for slavery. The border states were a big weapon for the Union: they

gave the North more territory, supplied more weapons, and most of all they had people

willing to fight. If the Union lost the border states, it would be all downhill from there. 12 13

Lincoln decided it was time to make his move and write the Emancipation

Proclamation. Almost everyday he would visit the telegraph room of the War

Department. When he was there not only did he get the progress of the war, but he 14

also started writing the Emancipation Proclamation. During day in June, 1862, Lincoln

asked Thomas T. Eckert, who was in charge of the Telegraph office, if he could get him

some paper to write ‘something special’. He had also asked Eckert if he could read 15

8 A&E Television Networks, "Emancipation Proclamation," History.com. 9 National Geographic, "The Emancipation Strategy," audio file, 2:28, 2016, http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/videos/the-emancipation-strategy/. 10 Hymann, Lincoln's Decision, [Page 7]. 11 James Oakes, Freedom National (New York and London: W.W. North & Company, n.d.), [Page 145]. 12 Oakes, Freedom National, [Page 147]. 13 Vincent Lowery, interview by the author, Green Bay, WI, November 28, 2016. 14 John Hope Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1963), [Page 35]. 15 Franklin, The Emancipation, [Page 35].

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over what he had written and revise it. Eckert also made a promise that he would keep

what he was writing a secret. Over the next few weeks Lincoln would go to the office 16

almost everyday and keep writing the document that would not only change the fate of

the Civil War, but was the first step to abolishing slavery.

Cabinet Approves and Opposed Proclamation

On July 22, 1862, Lincoln called a meeting with his cabinet. Before this day he

had not shared the Emancipation Proclamation with anyone but Thomas T. Eckert and

Vice President Hannibal Hamlin. Though he knew that he was going to introduce the 17

proclamation, he knew he had to wait for the correct moment. When Secretary of War

Edwin Stanton again brought up the idea of arming the freed slaves, Lincoln knew what

he had to do. He told his cabinet members that he had prepared a draft of a 18

proclamation that would free all of the slaves in the Confederate States, but not in the

border states or in the Union (see Appendix B). The cabinet was shocked and had a 19

loss for words. Lincoln knew that different members had different opinions so he asked 20

them for what they personally thought. Attorney General James Speed said that he

16 Franklin, The Emancipation, [Page 35]. 17 Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster, n.d.), [Page 3]. 18 Civil War Daily Gazette, "Lincoln Shocks His Cabinet with an Emancipation Proclamation," Civil War Daily Gazette, last modified July 22, 2012, accessed January 13, 2017, http://civilwardailygazette.com/lincoln-shocks-his-cabinet-with-an-emancipation-proclamation/. 19 Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings (Cleveland and New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969), [Page 690]. 20 Sal Khan, "Emancipation Proclamation," video file, 10:10, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/civil-war-era/slavery-and-the-civil-war/v/emancipation-proclamation.

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agreed with the idea of only applying the proclamation to the border states. 21

Secretaries William H. Seward and Edward Bates were immediately for it. 22

“The color of the prisoner’s skin, and the form of his features, are not

impressed upon the spiritual, immortal mind which works beneath. In spite of

human pride, he is still your brother, and mine, in form and color accepted and

approved by his Father, and yours, and mine, and bears equality with us the

proudest inheritance of our race—the image of our maker. Hold him to be a Man. 23

(William Seward, 1853).

Other members like Secretary Salmon Chase were hesitant at best, but

eventually came around for the idea. Attorney-General Montgomery Blair and few 24

other members were against it, saying that it was impulsive decision. Lincoln’s mind 25

could not be swayed though, for he was certain about the Emancipation Proclamation.

One thing that Secretary William Seward suggested that Lincoln take into

consideration was that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation after the Union

had a victory. Seward’s idea came to mind because he thought that if they issued the 26

proclamation when the Union was losing it would look like an act of surrender, and as if

21 James Speed to Abraham Lincoln, "James Speed to Abraham Lincoln," July 28, 1862, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/ 22 Franklin, The Emancipation, [Page 42]. 23 Civil War Trust, "William H. Seward and the Emancipation Proclamation," Civil War Trust, accessed January 23, 2017, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/emancipation-150/william-h-seward-and-the.html. 24 Civil War Daily Gazette, "Lincoln Shocks," Civil War Daily Gazette. 25 Civil War Daily Gazette, "Lincoln Shocks," Civil War Daily Gazette. 26 World History Group, "Emancipation Proclamation Text," History Net, last modified 2017, accessed January 8, 2017, http://www.historynet.com/emancipation-proclamation-text.

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they were on their last resort. But, if they emancipated the slaves after a victory it 27

would look as it is, a way to help the North win. Though Lincoln had wanted to free the

slaves and get the Union back on track as soon as possible, Lincoln agreed. 28

The Union Takes A Stand: Emancipation Proclamation Announced

The next two months were very difficult for Lincoln, he wanted to issue the

Emancipation Proclamation, but knew he had to wait for the battle that would change

everything. On September 17th, 1862 he saw his chance, for George McClellan and 29

the Union army won the Battle of Antietam. Though this battle was actually a draw, for 30

the Union it was a victory. Since the Union was in a drought for a victory for such a 31

long time, it was a huge momentum changer and it gave the North confidence that they

could actually beat the Confederate Army. Even though this was considered one of the 32

greatest moments for the Union in the Civil War, it was the bloodiest single day in

American military history. The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln confidence in his army 33

and allowed him to pass the Emancipation Proclamation. 34

27 "10 Facts about the Emancipation Proclamation," Civil War Trust, accessed January 8, 2017, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/emancipation-150/10-facts.html. 28 Hymann, Lincoln's Decision, [Page 12]. 29 Richey, "The Emancipation," audio file. 30 "Civil War Timeline," Georgia's Blue and Grey Trail. 31 Civil War Trust, "Battle of Antietam Summary and Facts," Civilwar.org, last modified 2014, accessed January 16, 2017, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html. 32 Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation, [Page 158]. 33 Civil War Trust, "Battle of Antietam," Civilwar.org. 34 A&E Television Networks, "Emancipation Proclamation," History.com.

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“That on the first day of January in the year of our Lord, one thousand

eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or

designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against

the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the

executive government of the United States, including the military and naval

authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and

will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they

may make for their actual freedom.” (Abraham Lincoln, September, 1862). 35

Just five days later on September 22nd, 1862 the preliminary version of the

Emancipation Proclamation was issued (see Appendix C). The Emancipation 36

Proclamation was the Union’s way of saying, you have one hundred days to surrender

from the Civil War, otherwise we are going to take your slaves. The proclamation also 37

changed the war’s goal from “save the Union”, to “abolish slavery”. 38

The Emancipation Proclamation did not give the African-Americans citizenship

though, unless they were men and they joined the Union army. But, the proclamation 39

didn’t apply to the border states or territories that the Union had captured in the

35 Abraham Lincoln, "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation," Abraham Lincoln Papers, last modified September 22, 1862, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrb/step/09221862/001.html. 36 A&E Television Networks, "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation Is Announced," History.com, last modified 2017, accessed January 17, 2017, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/preliminary-emancipation-proclamation-is-announced. 37 Richey, "The Emancipation," audio file. 38 Abraham Lincoln, "The Emancipation Proclamation," National Archives, last modified 1863, accessed January 22, 2017, https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation. 39 Franklin, The Emancipation, [Page 40].

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Confederacy because the North knew that they could not aggravate them since they

could join the Confederacy. 40

A Proclamation That Changed the War

The South did not surrender though. So, the Civil War went on as normal, but the

North’s momentum kept growing since the Battle of Antietam. When the night of 41

January 1st, 1863 came, no one knew whether or not Lincoln was going to issue the

Emancipation Proclamation or if he was just bluffing. Lincoln held his ground and on 42

the first day of 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made all slaves

forever free. 43

On, January 1st, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued and applied

to all slaves in rebelling states. Even though no plantation owner freed their slaves at

this time, it gave the slaves courage to escape their home and flee to the North, which

many of them did. Slaves finally felt as if they were going to be treated as equals. 44 45

Another thing that the Union army did was when they were fighting in the South they

would give the slaves weapons and told them to go to the North and help them win the

war, both for the country and for the African Americans. To the Confederacy the 46

40 Lowery, interview by the author. 41 A&E Television Networks, "Preliminary Emancipation," History.com. 42 Richey, "The Emancipation," audio file. 43 Eric Foner, "The Emancipation of Abe Lincoln," New York Times (New York, NY), December 31, 2012, [Page #], http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/opinion/the-emancipation-of-abe-lincoln.html. 44 University of Pennsylvania, "The Immediate Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation," Historical Society of Pennsylvania, accessed January 8, 2017, https://hsp.org/education/unit-plans/the-immediate-effects-of-the-emancipation-proclamation. 45 “Black Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation," President Lincoln's Cottage, last modified 2015, accessed January 15, 2017, http://www.lincolncottage.org/black-reaction-to-the-emancipation-proclamation/. 46 Khan, "Emancipation Proclamation," video file.

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Emancipation Proclamation was torture. Not only did it free almost 400,000 of their

slaves, but strengthened the Union’s military (see Appendix D). 47

“We are all liberated by this proclamation. Everybody is liberated. The

white man is liberated, the black man is liberated, the brave men now fighting the

battles of their country against rebels and traitors are now liberated… I

congratulate you upon this amazing change—the amazing approximation toward

the sacred truth of human liberty.” (Frederick Douglass, February, 1863). 48

The Confederacy Disapproved

Many people in the South, and even some in the North, disagreed with the

Emancipation Proclamation. One such person was the president of the Confederacy, 49

Jefferson Davis. Davis claimed that the Emancipation Proclamation was a crime 50

against humanity. He had also told the Union that he would no longer exchange 51

hostages, but just kill them instead. This was a very bold move for Davis, because this 52

meant that he would no longer get the South’s soldiers back. Another person who

opposed the proclamation was the Confederacy’s General, Robert E. Lee. Lee had

47 A. W. Bateman, "The Emancipation Proclamation in Illinois," Southern Ægis (Bel Air, MD), January 16, 1863, [Page #], http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88065733/1863-01-16/ed-1/seq-2.pdf. 48 "The Emancipation Proclamation: Frederick Douglass Responds," Brooklyn Historical Society (blog), accessed February 5, 2017, http://www.brooklynhistory.org/blog/2013/12/17/the-emancipation-proclamation-frederick-douglass-responds/. 49 Campbell and M'Dermot, "The Proclamation," Daily Intelligencer, September 26, 1862, [Page #], http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026845/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-2.pdf. 50 Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation, [Page 173]. 51 "Jefferson Davis Responds to the Emancipation Proclamation," Civil War Daily Gazette, last modified January 12, 2013, accessed January 5, 2017, http://civilwardailygazette.com/jefferson-davis-responds-to-the-emancipation-proclamation/. 52 "Jefferson Davis," Civil War Daily Gazette.

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thought that when the proclamation was issued, the Union was degrading the

Confederacy and just trying to show off their power. 53

“In view of the vast increase of the forces of the enemy, of the savage and

brutal policy he has proclaimed, which leaves us no alternative but success or

degradation worse than death, if we would save the honor of our families from

pollution, our social system from destruction, let every effort be made, every

means be employed, to fill and maintain the ranks of our armies, until God, in his

mercy, shall bless us with the establishment of our independence” (Robert E. 54

Lee, January, 1863).

Social and Political Significance Shows Throughout History

In May, 1865, the Confederacy surrendered to the Union. Therefore, the South

joined back to the North, and they became the United States of America again. The

Emancipation Proclamation affected the war in multiple ways. First, it strengthened the

Union army. By the end of the war 10% of the army were previous slaves which meant 55

almost 179,000 African Americans were fighting with the Union and helped them win the

Civil War. Another impact it had was how many African Americans were freed. Over 56 57

53 "'Degradation Worse than Death' Lee Responds to the Emancipation Proclamation.," Fredericksburg History, last modified February 16, 2011, accessed January 20, 2017, https://fredericksburghistory.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/degredation-worse-than-death-lee-responds-to-the-emancipation-proclamation/. 54 "'Degradation Worse," Fredericksburg History. 55 Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation, [Page 203]. 56 A&E Television Networks, "Emancipation Proclamation," History.com. 57 Campbell and M'Dermot, "What Will Become of the Emancipated Blacks," Daily Intelligencer, September 27, 1862, xI edition, sec. 31, [Page #], http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026845/1862-09-27/ed-1/seq-1.pdf.

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400,000 slaves were freed because of the Emancipation Proclamation. Second, the 58

Emancipation Proclamation also showed how the North took a stand against the South.

Since the Emancipation Proclamation was issued it did not allow Great Britain to get

involved. Originally, the Confederacy had asked Britain to help them win the war, but 59

when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued Great Britain, which did not have

slaves, saw how poorly the South was treating slaves and that they would not allow

them to be freed. Some longer term effects on the society were that slavery was 60

abolished and now African Americans are now apart of the United States, and they

always will be. Also, the Emancipation Proclamation caused the Civil War to result in a

victory for the Union, which means that our great country is together, just like our

founding fathers intended it to be.

“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for

crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the

United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction” (Abraham Lincoln, April,

1864).

On April 8th, 1864 the Thirteenth Amendment was written, saying that slavery

would no longer be allowed in the United States. This meant that as of December 18th,

1865, slavery was abolished, and all the slaves were free. The Thirteenth Amendment 61

58 Lowery, e-mail interview by the author. 59 A&E Television Networks, "Preliminary Emancipation," History.com. 60 Alexandria Gazette (Alexandria, VA), December 20, 1862, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1863-01-06/ed-1/seq-3.pdf. 61 "The Thirteenth," Weebly.

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also set up better lives for the African Americans. Even though they were free men most

of them went right back to the plantations that they had previously worked on, but with

better conditions and pay. The amendment also created a platform for the Fourteenth 62

and Fifteenth Amendment to be written. But, most importantly, the Thirteenth

Amendment helped create the United States for how it is today, with all people equal.

Conclusion: The Importance of the Emancipation Proclamation

So, not only was the Emancipation Proclamation one of the greatest events in

American History, but it changed the fate of the Civil War. The Emancipation

Proclamation was the first real step to abolishing slavery. Without it African Americans

might still be living with terrible conditions and the Confederate States of America might

still be around. These reasons represent why the Emancipation Proclamation was one

of the most important stands in history.

62 Jeffrey Rosen, "An Overview and the 13th Amendment," audio file, 4:42, Khan Academy, accessed January 22, 2017, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-us-history/period-5/apush-reconstruction/v/the-reconstruction-amendments-overview-and-13th-amendment.

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Appendix A

Archive, Hulton. Cotton Slaves. Photograph.

http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/slavery?excludenudity=true&mediatype=pho

tography&phrase=slavery&sort=mostpopular.

Before the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves were badly overworked. Cotton

plantations were very common in the south, and very hard to manage. The

Emancipation Proclamation fixed this problem and solved many others.

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Appendix B

Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington. President Lincoln with Cabinet

Reading the Emancipation Proclamation. Photograph.

https://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/items/show/249.

This picture shows President Lincoln with his cabinet members right before he

shares with them that he has made the Emancipation Proclamation. The picture

shows William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, William P. Fessenden, Hugh

McCulloch, Simon Cameron, Edwin M. Stanton, Edward Bates, and James

Speed.

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Appendix C

Lincoln, Abraham. First Page of the Emancipation Proclamation, Signed by President

Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. Photograph. September 22, 1862.

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-civilwar/4707.

This is the original preliminary version of the Emancipation Proclamation that was

issued on September 22, 1862. This document changed the Civil War and the

lives of many people. It is now kept at the Library of Congress in Washington DC.

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Appendix D

This Photo Is of Previous Slaves That Are Now Soldiers in the Union Army. Photograph.

http://www.myblackhistory.net/Civil_War.htm.

One major reason the Emancipation Proclamation was passed was because the

Union army needed more soldiers. When the proclamation passed, the African

Americans fled to the North, and most of them became soldiers.

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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Alexandria Gazette (Alexandria, VA), December 20, 1862. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1863-01-06/ed-1/seq-3.pdf. This newspaper, which was published just before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, focused on how the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation did not allow Great Britain to help the Confederacy in the War. It helped me understand that Britain would not interfere with American Affairs, especially when slaves were involved. In my paper I used it when I was writing about Great Britain. Archive, Hulton. Cotton Slaves. Photograph. http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/slavery?excludenudity=true&mediatype=photography&phrase=slavery&sort=mostpopular. Before the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves were badly overworked. Cotton plantations were very common in the south, and very hard to manage. Unlike most plants, the cotton would have to picked out of the plant by hand until the cotton gin was invented. Bateman, A. W. "The Emancipation Proclamation in Illinois." Southern Ægis (Bel Air, MD), January 16, 1863. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88065733/1863-01-16/ed-1/seq-2.pdf. In this newspaper it focused on the Civil War Status in Illinois, due to the Emancipation Proclamation, this had helped me understand that though one of the main things that the Emancipation Proclamation effected was the slaves, it also had a very large effect on the war. My paper showed information from this because I included information about how the proclamation impacted the war.

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Campbell, and M'Dermot. "The Proclamation." Daily Intelligencer, September 26, 1862, 2. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026845/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-2.pdf. This source is a newspaper written shortly after the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was issued. This article not only focused on about what the Emancipation Proclamation did, but also how the South felt about it. The newspaper impacted my paper because it helped me understand more about how the Confederacy was impacted because of the Proclamation, but how they felt about is as well. "What Will Become of the Emancipated Blacks." Daily Intelligencer, September 27, 1862, xI edition, sec. 31, 1. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026845/1862-09-27/ed-1/seq-1.pdf. This newspaper was written to inform citizens about what will happen to the slaves once the Emancipation Proclamation is put into effect. Though that was the main focus of the newspaper, it also has information about the basic information, and how the proclamation is punishing the Confederacy. This helped me when writing my paper because I had gotten more information about how it had affected the African Americans. Chase, Salmon P. Letter to Abraham Lincoln, December 31, 1862. https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal1/208/2083000/malpage.db&recNum=0. In the letter that Salmon P. Chase wrote to Abraham Lincoln only day before the Final Emancipation Proclamation was issued, Chase was persuading Lincoln to make some minor changes to the document. This helped me understand some minor details about the proclamation that I had not known before. The letter also made me see how Chase was a part in sculpting the Emancipation Proclamation. The Daily Ohio Statesman (Columbus, OH). "Emancipation Memorial- Report of Delegation to President Lincoln- What the President Said." September 26, 1862, 1. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028645/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-1.pdf. This newspaper, which was issued two days after the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, was wrote about how Lincoln and the government had issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and what that had done for the Union. The paper helped me understand how some people felt about the Emancipation Proclamation. The newspaper also included an interview with the president which gave me some information about how he felt about the situation.

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Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington. President Lincoln with Cabinet Reading the Emancipation Proclamation. Photograph. https://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/items/show/249. This picture shows President Lincoln with his cabinet members right before he shares with then that he has made the Emancipation Proclamation. The picture shows William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, William P. Fessenden, Hugh McCulloch, Simon Cameron, Edwin M. Stanton, Edward Bates, and James Speed. Lincoln, Abraham. "The Emancipation Proclamation." National Archives. Last modified 1863. Accessed January 22, 2017. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation. This website has pictures of the Final Emancipation Proclamation document, along with a brief summary of what it did to the war. After reading the final Emancipation Proclamation, it helped me understand what the proclamation was really enforcing. This helped me with my project because I could see what the Emancipation Proclamation was, and the summary was useful when writing about the war. First Page of the Emancipation Proclamation, Signed by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. Photograph. September 22, 1862. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-civilwar/4707. This is the original preliminary version of the Emancipation Proclamation that was issues on September 22, 1862. This document changed the Civil War and the lives of many people. It is now kept at the Library of Congress in Washington DC. "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation." Abraham Lincoln Papers. Last modified September 22, 1862. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrb/step/09221862/001.html. This website had the original Emancipation Proclamation included, along with some notes and edits from other people. This allowed me to read through the Emancipation Proclamation and be able to understand what it actually said.

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Norton, Roger J. "Abraham Lincoln Quotes about Slavery." Abraham Lincoln Research Site. Last modified 2017. Accessed January 8, 2017. http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln95.html. This website is packed with quotes said by President Lincoln during his presidency. This source especially helped me understand what Lincoln's personal thoughts were during all these significant events. A quote that I had used in my paper was about Lincoln's thoughts about slavery. Seward, William H. Letter to Abraham Lincoln, December 20, 1862. https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal1/205/2059600/malpage.db&recNum=0. This letter, sent to Lincoln by Seward, was some suggestions that Seward had to alter the Emancipation Proclamation. This helped me understand some minor details of the final Emancipation Proclamation. The letter also helped me understand how William Seward was a key person when the Emancipation Proclamation was passed Speed, James. Letter to Abraham Lincoln, "James Speed to Abraham Lincoln," July 28, 1862. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mal:@field(DOCID+@lit(d1731600))%A0. In a letter James Speed had written to Abraham Lincoln, Speed had talked about how the situation would have gotten worse if the Emancipation Proclamation applied to the border states. This helped me not only understand Speed's position about the proclamation, but how he thought it was written about the border states. This letter helped me while writing my paper because I could inform about the border states and how Speed felt about them. This Photo Is of Previous Slaves That Are Now Soldiers in the Union Army. Photograph. http://www.myblackhistory.net/Civil_War.htm. One major reason the Emancipation Proclamation was passed was because the Union army needed more soldiers. When the proclamation passed, the African Americans feed to the North, and most of them became soldiers.

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Secondary Sources

A&E Television Networks. "Emancipation Proclamation." History.com. Last modified 2017. Accessed January 8, 2017. http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation. This website was a summary of the Emancipation Proclamation and the journey it went through. Something I learned from this resource was how Abraham Lincoln felt about slavery and the Civil War, what happened before and after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, and how that lead to the Thirteenth Amendment. In my paper, I had used this for all the reasons above, but one area it really helped me in was how slavery impacted Lincoln. A&E Television Networks, "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation Is Announced." History.com. Last modified 2017. Accessed January 17, 2017. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/preliminary-emancipation-proclamation-is-announced. This website is all about what happened when Abraham Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. This source gave me more information about why the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, and also how it affected the war. In my paper it helped me when I was writing about those specific reasons and also for some effects. "Black Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation." President Lincoln's Cottage. Last modified 2015. Accessed January 15, 2017. http://www.lincolncottage.org/black-reaction-to-the-emancipation-proclamation/. This website focuses on how the African Americans felt when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. I had used this in my paper when writing about how the previous slaves reacted to the proclamation. This also helped be able to understand the reasons the slaves were overjoyed.

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Block, Melissa. "Emancipating Lincoln: A Pragmatic Proclamation." NPR. Last modified 2017. Accessed January 8, 2017. http://www.npr.org/2012/03/14/148520024/emancipating-lincoln-a-pragmatic-proclamation. This website was a summary of what the Emancipation Proclamation was. This includes historical context, and how the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. This helped me in my paper because it was helpful to get an overall summary and also get some information from specific areas like how Lincoln was anti-slavery. "Civil War Timeline / Chronology for 1862." Georgia's Blue and Grey Trail. Accessed January 9, 2017. http://blueandgraytrail.com/year/1862. This website has a timeline of what happen in the Civil War during 1862. This helped me understand what what happening before the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, and what happened after. The source impacted my paper because I was able to write about how the union was losing before the proclamation, and how the momentum switched after. Civil War Trust. "Battle of Antietam Summary and Facts." Civilwar.org. Last modified 2014. Accessed January 16, 2017. http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html. This website helped me understand how the Battle of Antietam affected the Emancipation Proclamation. The website focused on the actual battle, and how the Emancipation Proclamation was passed because of it. This helped me in my paper because I was able to get more knowledge about the battle and was able to see how much of a momentum changer it was in the Civil War. "10 Facts about the Emancipation Proclamation." Civil War Trust. Accessed January 8, 2017. http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/emancipation-150/10-facts.html. This website is all about facts about the Emancipation Proclamation, specifically an outline of what happened and when. This helped me understand the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Civil War and how it also changed the main focus of the war.

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"William H. Seward and the Emancipation Proclamation." Civil War Trust. Accessed January 23, 2017. http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/emancipation-150/william-h-seward-and-the.html. This website helped me understand how William H. Seward felt about the Emancipation Proclamation. This website also provides an excellent quote that helped he understand how Seward felt about slavery. This helped me in my paper when I was writing about when Lincoln showed the proclamation to his cabinet. "'Degradation Worse than Death' Lee Responds to the Emancipation Proclamation." Fredericksburg History. Last modified February 16, 2011. Accessed January 20, 2017. https://fredericksburghistory.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/degredation-worse-than-death-lee-responds-to-the-emancipation-proclamation/. This website helped me understand Robert E. Lee's opinion about the Emancipation Proclamation. The website had a very informational quote that Lee had said after the proclamation was issued. My paper was impacted by this source because I had used it when writing about the Confederacy's reaction. "The Emancipation Proclamation: Frederick Douglass Responds." Brooklyn Historical Society (blog). Accessed February 5, 2017. http://www.brooklynhistory.org/blog/2013/12/17/the-emancipation-proclamation-frederick-douglass-responds/. This blog is a great source that is about how Frederick Douglass and the rest of the slaves responded to the Emancipation Proclamation. Also in the blog there is a quote from Douglass that is included in my paper. This source helped me when writing my paper because I was able to write from the point of view that an African American would have had during this time.

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Foner, Eric. "The Emancipation of Abe Lincoln." New York Times (New York, NY), December 31, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/opinion/the-emancipation-of-abe-lincoln.html. This newspaper was celebrating the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. This provided a summary that included information about the proclamation being passed, how it effected the war, and what happened after. This helped me in my paper because I was able to use the information from those specific areas. Franklin, John Hope. The Emancipation Proclamation. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1963. This book was an amazing resource for me when writing about the Emancipation Proclamation. Though this book was about the whole Emancipation Proclamation I had used this mainly when writing about the writing of the Emancipation Proclamation. This helped me understand more about motives for the proclamation, along with the writing process. Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster, n.d. This source is a book that helped me in my research because it was all about the Emancipation Proclamation and key people that affected it. I had mainly used this book for people that had an impact on the proclamation and what the impact was. My paper was made better because of this book because I could write about key people and also an overview about the Emancipation Proclamation. Hymann, Harold M., ed. Lincoln's Decision for Emancipation. Philadelphia, New York, and Toronto: J.B. Lippincott Company, n.d. This book was all about Lincoln's decision and reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation. I had used this resource in my paper because it had helped me understand the main reasons the proclamation was written and how those changed after the Civil War.

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"Jefferson Davis Responds to the Emancipation Proclamation." Civil War Daily Gazette. Last modified January 12, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2017. http://civilwardailygazette.com/jefferson-davis-responds-to-the-emancipation-proclamation/. This website was about how the Confederacy and their president, Jefferson Davis, responded to the Emancipation Proclamation. My understanding changed because I had thought that when the proclamation was issued the Confederacy just took it, I was wrong though and this website told em what really happened. Khan, Sal. "Emancipation Proclamation." Video file, 10:10. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/civil-war-era/slavery-and-the-civil-war/v/emancipation-proclamation. This video was useful to me because it helped me understand more about how the cabinet reacted to the Emancipation Proclamation and how the slaves reacted. This helped me in the process of writing my paper because it gave me in depth information about many areas that I had written about. "Lincoln Shocks His Cabinet with an Emancipation Proclamation." Civil War Daily Gazette. Last modified July 22, 2012. Accessed January 13, 2017. http://civilwardailygazette.com/lincoln-shocks-his-cabinet-with-an-emancipation-proclamation/. This website was all about Lincoln presenting the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. This helped me understand how certain people felt about the proclamation and the pros and cons of it. This helped me with my paper when I was writing about when Lincoln was presenting the proclamation to his cabinet and their initial reactions. Lowery, Vincent. E-mail interview by the author. Green Bay, WI. November 28, 2016. This interview is all about what happened before and after the Emancipation Proclamation. Some topics focused on was how the Union took a stand, the impacts, how the proclamation affected the border states, and how it affected the Civil War. This helped me in my paper because it allowed me to understand those topics better, and I got another person's point of view about the Emancipation Proclamation.

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National Geographic. "The Emancipation Strategy." Audio file, 2:28. 2016. http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/videos/the-emancipation-strategy/. This video helped me understand more about how the Emancipation Proclamation affected the Civil War. This helped me in writing my paper because one main topic that this video focused on was about how the white soldiers would not fight for a different race. "National History Day 2012 - the Emancipation Proclamation." Audio file, 10:00. Accessed December 8, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obCuOmIQHeg. This video, which was a National History Documentary, was all about the Emancipation Proclamation. This clip helped me not only get some more information the proclamation, but it helped me get the feel for what a National History Day project is. This helped me with my paper because it helped me understand what information was important enough to go into my paper, and what was not. Oakes, James. Freedom National. New York and London: W.W. North & Company, n.d. This book was useful to me because it focused on the border states. Not only did this resource give me each state's status during the war, but told me how the Emancipation Proclamation could have affected the border states. This resource impacted my paper because when I was writing about the border states it gave me great information. Richey, Tom. "The Emancipation Proclamation." Audio file. 2013. https://youtu.be/02jsgp6UQdY. This video was an amazing source. Not only did it give me information about before, during, and after the Emancipation Proclamation, but it helped me understand a lot about the Battle of Antietam. This helped me in my paper because I had more details about the Battle of Antietam and a lot more.

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Rosen, Jeffrey. "An Overview and the 13th Amendment." Audio file, 4:42. Khan Academy. Accessed January 22, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-us-history/period-5/apush-reconstruction/v/the-reconstruction-amendments-overview-and-13th-amendment. This video clip was focused on what the Thirteenth Amendment was, how the Emancipation Proclamation led up to it, and what it did for the slaves. This helped me write my paper because it had helped me write about the Thirteenth Amendment and how it constitutionally freed the slaves. Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings. Cleveland and New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969. This book was just the final Emancipation Proclamation text. This helped me in my paper because it provided a good quote and also allowed me to understand what the proclamation really said. Say Media Inc. "Abraham Lincoln- the Emancipation Proclamation." Video file, 2:26. http://www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540/videos/abraham-lincoln-the-emancipation-proclamation-34010750. This video was a summary of the Emancipation Proclamation. This helped me when writing my paper because it helped me understand things like how the proclamation affected the war, and what the proclamation did. "The Thirteenth Amendment." Weebly. Accessed January 22, 2017. http://thirteenthamendmentnhd.weebly.com/process-paper.html. This previous National History Day project was in the form of a website and the topic was the Thirteenth Amendment. This website helped me understand what the Thirteenth Amendment did and what happened after it was passed. This helped me in my project because it contributed to the section where I talked about the Thirteenth Amendment.

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Weebly. Abraham Lincoln. Accessed January 8, 2017. http://abelincolnnhd.weebly.com/emancipation-proclamation.html. This website, which is a previous National History Day project, helped me get some facts about the Emancipation Proclamation. This source also gave me some information about Abraham Lincoln and what he did for the slaves. This helped me understand more about Lincoln's view about the war and the slaves.

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