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The French Revolution
Absolute monarchs didn’t share power with a counsel or parliament
“Divine Right of Kings”
Absolutism
King James I of England
The Seigneurial System Feudal method of
land ownership and organization
Peasant labor
Receiving a seigneurial grant
Ruled from 1643–1715
Reduced the power of the nobility
Fought four wars Greatly increased
France’s national debt
Louis XIV
Louis XV War fought in Europe, India, North America France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions Increases French national debt
The Seven Years’ WarLouis XV French and
English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca
First Estate: clergy
Second Estate: nobility
Third Estate: the rest of society
The Estates General
The Three Estates
Cartoon depicting the three Estates
The French Urban PoorThe French Urban Poor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of Income Spent on Bread
17871788
New ideas about society and government
The social contract Tradition v. reason L—inalienable liberties R—general will—
citizens alienated their rights. Unanimous consent of the citizenry acting out of civic virtue, not individual self- interest
The Enlightenment
John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Taxation Crop failures Seyes, “What
is the Third Estate?”
Ideological basis? Individual liberities or general will?
Foreshadowing of 1789?
The Third Estate
France supported the colonists against Great Britain
Revolutionary ideals
The American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette
Jacques Turgot: cut gov’t spending; abolish trade guilds, end corvee.
Jacques Necker Tax on property
Calling of the Estates General
Financial Crisis
Finance Minister Jacques Necker
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Suggested Voting Pattern:The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates
1
1
1
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Suggested Voting Pattern:The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates
1
1
1
One vote per estate
Clergy and nobility usually joined together to outvote the Third Estate
Met in Versailles in May 1789
Voting controversy
The Estates General
A meeting of the Estates General
The Third Estate took action and established its own government
On June 17, 1789, the National Assembly was formed
The National Assembly
Louis XVI ordered the Third Estate locked out of the National Assembly’s meeting hall
The Tennis Court Oath
The king reverses his position
Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction of the Tennis Court Oath
Confrontation With the King
Tennis Court Oath "We swear to never separate ourselves from
the National Assembly, and to reassemble whenever circumstance require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations."
--The Oath of the Tennis Court, June 20, 1789
Rioting in Paris in early July
Firing of Necker
July 14th: a mob storms and takes the Bastille
Storming of the Bastille
Rebellion spreads Peasants destroy
the countryside End of feudal
privileges All equal in eyes
of law. Part of backdrop,
with Bastille, against which National Assembly forced to create new Constitution
The Great Fear
• Adopted by National Assembly on August 27
Enlightenment ideals
Outlined basic freedoms held by all “all men were born and remain free and equal
in rights.” Natural rights include “liberty, property,
security and resistance to oppression Free speech, press, assembly, religion,
freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, right to petition government
Asserted the sovereignty of the people• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Lower classes still unsatisfied
Thousands of starving women and peasants march on Versailles
Louis forced to return to Paris
The March of Women
Financial crisis National Assembly
confiscates and sells off church lands--assignats
Church also secularized, reorganized
Clergy oath of loyalty
“good Catholics” vs. “good revolutionaries”
Sep. corps of clergy need to be incorporated into general will
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands
Émigrés Louis XVI and his
family attempted to flee France
They were arrested at Varennes
Flight of the King
The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes
Declaration of Pillnitz (8/27/91):
monarchs of Austria & Prussia expressed concern for the French royal family and desire for the restoration of “order” in France.
Most people in France saw as an affront to their nation’s sovereignty.
clamored for the government to declare war on Austria, which they viewed as the primary threat.
Reaction from Other Countries
Prussian King Frederick William III, Austrian Emperor Leopold II, and the Comte d’Artois, Louis XVI’s brother
New Constitution Constitutional
monarchy New
Legislative Assembly:power to create laws
Sans-culottes
Painting depicting the 1791 constitution
The French Constitution of 1791:The French Constitution of 1791:A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois Government
Y The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].for 4 years]. ** he could not pass laws. he could not pass laws. ** his ministers were responsible his ministers were responsible for their own actions. for their own actions.Y A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber
Assembly.Assembly. ** had the power to grant taxation. had the power to grant taxation.
Y ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] vs. amounting to 3 days labor] vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..
Y A newly elected LEGISLATIVE A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.ASSEMBLY.
War With Austria: April 1792
France declares war. Prussia allies w/ Austria
War of the First Coalition
Levee en masse 5-800K drafted. Army of merit. First draft
Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792
Paris mob stormed Tuileries August 1792
Louis and family seek aid of Legislative Assembly
Arrested and deposed
The Radicals Take Over
Paris crowds storm the Tuileries
1804: Napoleon crowns himself emperor
Napoleon Becomes Emperor
Legacies of the French Revolution End of absolutism Power of nobles ended Nationalism Enlightenment ideals
TWO CONTEMPORANEOUS VIEWS
Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France
Conservative: opposed revolution as mob rule
Thomas Paine: Rights of Manresponded to Burke’s indictment by
defending the Enlightenment principles of the revolution