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THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF THE ENGLISH WRITTEN COMMENTARIES FOUND IN HISTORICAL SITES IN JOGJAKARTA

AND CENTRAL JAVA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment on the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

by

JOHAN

Student Number : 034214092

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2008

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REALIZING DREAMS

IS THE MATTER OF ONE’S WILL.

(AFRILL)

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FOR MY BELOVED PARENTS, SISTERS,

AND BROTHERS IN THE HOPE OF A BETTER FUTURE.

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAAN KARYA

Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang saya tulis ini tidak

memuat karya atau bagian karya dari orang lain, kecuali yang telah disebutkan

dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebagaimana layaknya karya ilmiah.

Yogyakarta, 12 Desember 2008

Penulis,

JOHAN

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :

Nama : JOHAN

Nomor Mahasiswa : 034214092

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul : THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF THE ENGLISH WRITTEN COMMENTARIES FOUND IN HISTORICAL SITES IN JOGJAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me-ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Yogyakarta, 12 Desember 2008

Yang menyatakan

(JOHAN)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my savior, for all the blessings

he has given me. My deepest thankfulness and gratefulness is to my lovely mother,

who always gives me the best wishes and brings me in gaining my hope through her

prayer. My deepest thankfulness and gratefulness is also to my lovely sister, who

until now supports me through everything I need and through her prayer.

My deepest thankfulness is for Dr. Fr. Alip, M. Pd., M. A, my sponsor for his

patience and understanding of my difficulties, who always gives me guidance,

encouragement and his big attention from the beginning until this thesis is completed.

I would also like to express my gratitude and thankfulness to other lecturing

member of English Letter Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University, Father Dr.

Harry Susanto, S. J, for his roles in shaping my future, and for all lecturers whose

guidance has brought me to finish my study.

My heart- felt gratitude goes to my beloved parents, sisters, brothers, for the

love, prayer, and support, also for my youngest sister and my cute nephews who gave

me another special support. This thesis has been made possible with trials and errors,

and without their love, prayers, and attentions it is impossible to complete this thesis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………vi TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………………vii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………viii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………ix ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………....3 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………....3 D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………....4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………5 A. Review of Related Study ………………………………………....5 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………....6 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………...22 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………...23 A. Object of the Study ………………………………………...23 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………...23 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………...24 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………………………………………………...30 A. TheGrammaticality of the Data …….......30 1. The grammaticality of Prambanan Data ………………...32 2. The Grammaticality of Borobudur Data ……………......37 3. The Grammaticality of Sonobudoyo Data ………...41 B. The Most Frequent Error of The Entire Data ………………...45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………...49

A. Research ………………………………………...49 B. Suggestion ………………………………………...51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………...52 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………….. 54 A. The list of errors in Pramabanan Data ………………………...54 B The List of Errors in Borobudur Data ………………………...59 C. The List of Errors in Sonobudoyo Museum ……………………….65

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Word Order of Pre-Modifiers ………………11 Table 2. The Verb Forms ………………………………17 Table 3. The Patterns of Past and Present Tense ………………18 In Positive, Negative, and Interrogative forms Table 4. Active and Passive Voice in Different tense ………………19 Table 5. Example of Table of Correct Incorrect checklist …………. 25 Table 6. Example of Error type checklist ……………………... 26 Table 7. The percentage and The Amount of Correct and …………...31

Incorrect Sentences Of the Whole Data Table 8. The Amount and Percentage of the Errors of …………..…. 33

Prambanan Data Table 9. The Amount and Percentage of the Errors of …………… .. 37 Borobudur Data. Table 10. The Percentage and Amount of the Errors of ………….. .41 Sonobudoyo Museum. Table 11. The Total Numbers and Percentage of Errors of ……….… 45 The Entire Data. Table 12. The Total Numbers and Percentage of Each Errors …….......46 Of The Entire Data.

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ABSTRACT JOHAN. The Grammatical Errors of The English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008. This research is focusing on the grammar of the written English commentaries in three popular tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and central Java, Prambanan and Borobudur temples and Sonobudoyo museum. The grammatical accuracy of the commentaries is not well enough since there are many errors found in them. There are two problems discussed in the present research. The first problem deals with the types of grammatical errors occur in the commentaries or datum. The last problem is identifying the type of the most frequent grammatical error occur in the whole datum. Since the research concentrates on the grammatical aspects of the datum, the approach of the syntax of English language was used. However, the approach of syntax here merely concerns with grammar. The population of the study is the 157 commentaries found in the three cites. Since the total members of the entire population were not quite large, the whole members were analyzed. In analyzing the data, I used tables and checklists. The data were gathered using a mobile phone camera in which each commentary was photographed to eliminate the probability of misspelling. Some theories were also used to analyze the datum. Dulay’s categorization of errors based on Linguistic category (1982) was really helpful in determining the types of grammatical errors in the data. There are several findings. Referring to the first problem, there are 9 types of grammatical errors found in each data. However not every member of each data was incorrect. There were some correct commentaries too. The grammatical errors occured in the datum were error in the areas of article, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, genitive, word order, sentence connector, and lexical error. There were two datum having the same most frequent error which are the data gathered from Prambanan and Borobudur temples. The most frequent error occured in them was error in articles. It is quite different with the last data which was the data gathered from Sonobudoyo museum in which the error occured the most was error in verbs. Based on the finding of the first problem, the most frequent error found in the entire datum was error in area of articles. JOHAN

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ABSTRACT JOHAN. The Grammatical Errors of The English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008. Skripsi ini merupakan sebuah penelitian tentang ketepatan tata bahasa keterangan- keterangan yang ditulis ke dalam Bahasa Inggris yang terdapat di tiga tempat wisata yang terdapat di Jogjakarata dan Jawa tengah yaitu, Candi Prambanan, Candi Borobudur dan Museum Sonobudoyo. Tata bahasa keterangan- keterangan yang ditulis ke dalam bahasa Inggris di ketiga tempat tersebut tidak begitu tepat. Ada banyak kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat di hampir setiap keterangan. Terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah mengenai apa saja kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat dalam setiap keterangan yang terdapat di ketiga tempat wisata tersebut. Masalah yang kedua yaitu menentukan kesalahan tata bahasa apa yang paling sering didapati di semua data yang diambil dari ketiga tempat wisata tersebut. Karena penelitian ini difokuskan pada aspek tata bahasa, maka pendekatan sintaksis Bahasa Inggrislah yang digunakan. Akan tetapi, pendekatan sintaksis disini hanya dibatasi pada aspek tata bahasa saja. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 157 keterangan yang diperoleh dari ketiga tempat wisata tersebut dengan menggunakan kamera telepon genggam untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat. Karena total populasi data tidaklah begitu banyak maka saya memutuskan untuk menganalisa semua data. Dalam menganalisa data saya menggunakan tabel dan dan daftar kalimat. Teori utama yang digunakan untuk membantu menganalisa data adalah teori Dulay yang membagi kesalahan tata bahasa ke dalam sembilan kategori yang didasrakan pada linguistik. Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian. Mengacu pada permasalahan pertama ada 9 keasalahan tata bahasa yang ditemukan yaitu, kesalahan pada artikel, kata kerja, preposisi, urutan kata, pilihan kata, koordinator, kepemilikan, kata benda, dan kata ganti subjek. Persentase masing –masing kesalahan beragam. Ada dua data yang memiliki kesalahan terbanyak pada tempat yang sama yaitu data yang diambil dari candi Borobudur dan candi Prambanan. Di kedua data ini, kesalahan yang paling banyak terjadi adalah kesalahan pada artilel. Sedangkan pada data terakhir yaitu data yang diambil dari museum Sonobudoyo, kesalahan paling banyak terdapat dalam kata kerja. Dari total kesalahan di semua data, diputuskan bahwa kesalahan yang paling sering terjadi di seluruh data adalah kesalahan di dalam artikel. JOHAN

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is an instrument that people use to communicate both verbally and

non-verbally. People can use both verbal language (spoken language) and non-verbal

language (written language) to express feeling, exchange or deliver information,

news, ideas, and etc to others. Without the existence of language, communication

would unlikely run smoothly. In other words, language is an instrument of

communication (Langackers, 1967:54).

In today’s modern world, communication takes place between people having

different languages. Therefore, a lingua franca is needed to bridge the language

differences. In such cases, the role of English as the international language is very

significant to make the communication run effectively and efficiently.

More and more countries are making English their lingua franca to communicate with the rest of the world- not just the native English speaking world (Smith, 1983:7). Indonesia is one of those non native English speaking count ries that has

adopted English as her second language. One thing that encourages it, is the huge

growth of tourism industry in Indonesia. People around the world visit Indonesia to

see tourist attractions like historical places, museums, beaches, and etc. Therefore,

both spoken and written English have been employed to facilitate the communication.

Spoken English in the industry is usually employed by tourist-services

personnel and craftsellers, while written English is employed to deliver written

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directions, warnings, commentaries, and etc in a tourist destination. In both cases

grammar accuracy is very important to help foreign tourists get the message easily

without being distracted by any grammatical flaws. Bad grammar will distract hearers

or readers attention of what a speaker or a writer has to say (Colburn,1949:274).

Although grammar accuracy is obligatory in both spoken and written English,

it is the written English which demands much more attention on grammar. In writing,

a writer needs to pay attention on organizing sentence structure since she or he is not

present to interpret for the readers if they can not understand what she or he means.

Grammar is the thing that makes writing in English especially for non-native

writers more difficult. It has so many rules that govern how to arrange words in order

to produce sentences acceptable to English speakers. Therefore, mastery of its

grammar is required in order to have a good communication in English. Grammatical

sentences will prevent the occurrence of misunderstanding. If a person having not

enough knowledge of English structure writing something in English, he or she will

definitely make errors. Errors might be the result of his or her mother tongue’s

interference (Corder, 1979:34). An Indonesian writing something in English might

find difficulties in using the English verbs since Indonesian language and English

language have different rules in using verbs.

Native English speakers always rely on the notion of tense and see the

significance of verb inflections to understand message. They usually pay more

attention to the verb signifying the tense than to the adverbs of the time (if there is

any). Indonesian language, on the other hand, has no verb inflections signifying the

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tense. Indonesian people rely on the adverbs of time to see the tense (Saptono,

1994:22).

The main concern of the present research is to investigate the grammatical

quality of the English written commentaries found in some historical places in

Jogjakarta and Central Java. There are many grammatical errors found in the

commentaries like missing articles, incorrect use of tenses, prepositions, nouns, and

so on. The errors have made communication ineffective since they have caused

misunderstanding of the intended message.

B. Problem Formulation

There are two problems formulated below to guide me in conducting the

present research.

1. What are the grammatical errors in English written commentaries found

in historical sites in Yogyakarta and central Java?

2. What is the most frequent error found in the English commentaries?

C. Objective of the Study

Based on the problems above, the objectives of the present research are

1. To figure out the grammatical errors of the English written

commentaries found in historical sites in Yogyakarta and in Central Java.

2. To determine the most frequent error in the commentaries.

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D. Definition of terms

1. Grammar

The rules of a language, concerning the way in which the language learner or

user can put words together in order to make sentences acceptable to the speakers of

the language (Colburn, 1949:275). In this study grammar refers to articles, nouns,

pronouns, verbs, word orders, word choice, preposition, sentence connector and

genitive.

2. Error

Dulay defines error as a systematic deviation due to the learner’s still

developing knowledge of the second language rule system (1982:139). Therefore, it is

not a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip, it is a competence.

3. Mistakes

According to Brown, mistakes refer to a performance error that is either a

random guess or a slip, in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly

(1987:170).

4. Accuracy

It is a freedom from mistakes or errors (Bethel,1981: 8), or the quality of being

accurate (Summers,1992: 8). In this study, it means a freedom from error in the

commentaries.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

One researcher has conducted a quite similar study with the present one.

Hardoyono, in his thesis entitled The Grammaticality and Comprehensibility of

English spoken by the craftsellers in Borobudur, Magelang finds out that the

craftsellers deviate all aspects of English grammar. The deviations are reflected in the

areas of pronunciation, lexicon, and syntax.

The sellers’ English deviations covered all aspects of English grammar. In the area of pronunciation, the deviation was reflected by : spelling pronunciation errors, simplification of certain sounds, substitutions of certain sound, and the interference of their first or native language. They used final rising intonation in almost all of their utterances (1997:78). Furthermore, in the area of lexicon, he explains that the seller’s word mastery

is very limited. They do not know about inflections and how to use them and they

also do direct translation on what they want to say from their native language.

In the area of lexicon, the deviations are the incorrect use of inflection and inappropriate word choices. Besides, they had limited word mastery and limited ability to produce new words, derivational words. They did direct translation and repetitions of certain words and phrases (1997:79).

According to Hardoyono, most deviations occur in the area of syntax. The

deviations are: misplaced of modifiers in noun phrases, omissions of prepositions,

connectors, to be, main verb, to do in questions and negatives, and object pronoun,

substitution of to do with to be in questions, concord violation, inappropriate word

order, and misinformation of passive sentence (1997:78-79).

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If the research above investigates the grammaticality and comprehensibility of

English spoken by the craftsellers in Borobudur, Magelang, the present research is

meant to investigate the grammatical accuracy of the English written commentaries

found in some historical sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. I will examine the

commentaries and then determine which commentaries are correct or incorrect. Then

I will determine the grammatical errors occur in each incorrect commentary.

B. Review of Related Theories

This review consists of three parts. The first part is meant to discuss the

difference between errors and mistakes. The second part presents the classification of

errors, and the last part is a review on the elements of grammar commonly violated

by non native speakers.

1. Review on Error and Mistakes.

Error is a systematic deviation due to the learner’s still developing knowledge

of the second language rule system (Dulay et al,1982:139). Therefore, it is not a

performance error that is either a random guess or a slip, it is a competence. In error

analysis Dulay et al employ the term “goof” to refer to error. “Goof” signifies

deviation from syntactic structures which native adult speakers consider

grammatically acceptable.

Therefore, errors, as Norrish (1983: 7-8) notes, are caused by the learners’

incompetence in processing the knowledge in the second language rule systems. These

errors are due to the limited competence of the learners in the rule systems of the

language they are learning. As a consequence, they are not ready to correct their errors,

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or they may not be aware of making errors. This limited competence is caused by their

knowledge that is still developing. On the other hand, mistakes are errors in performance

that are either a random guess or a slip. They refer to a failure in utilizing a known

system correctly (Brown, 1987:170).

2. Classification of errors

Dulay et al base language errors on linguistic category which consists of

errors in the area of article, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, sentence connector,

lexical error, word order, and genitive (Dulay et al,1982:146).

Below are the types of errors based on linguistic category taxonomy.

a.. Errors in Article

Errors in article include incorrect use of both definite and indefinite articles,

and omission of the article. Incorrect use of article for example the use of the

indefinite article an after consonant. *An house instead of a house.

b. Errors in verb

Errors in verb phrase include omission of verb, incorrect use of progressive

tense, incorrect verb forms for subjects and sentence context, presence of unnecessary

verbs, and also incorrect agreement of subject and verb. Omission of verb covers two

parts which are, omission of main verb; he (sleeps) in the class, and omission of to

be; She beautiful.

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Incorrect use of progressive tense consists of omission of be; she writing,

replacement of –ing by the simple verb form; the beautiful girl was dance, and

substitution of the progressive for the simple past; the man sobbing quietly.

The last type of error in verb phrase is disagreement of subject and verb which

consists of disagreement between subject and verb person; we be kings, between

subject and number; the children was playing, and between subject and tense; I did

not realize what I do.

c. Error in Pronoun

Errors in pronoun are omission of the subject pronoun; (he) pinch the man,

omission of object pronouns; I do not know (it) in English, and the use of pronoun as

redundant element; my brother he go to Mexico.

d. Error in Nouns

Errors in nouns include substitution of singulars for plurals; he got some leaf,

substitution of plurals for singulars; he stab him in the feet , incorrect form of noun

used in a sentence; make a triangular, addition of unnecessary nouns; Prambanan

temple building complex is under construction, and omision of nouns in a sentence;

he is not a famous (person).

e. Lexical Error

Lexical errors are errors in vocabularies. It refers to the incorrect word

choices. For example, she looks at the movie on TV, instead of she watches or she

sees the movie on TV.

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f. Error in Sentence Connector.

Errors in sentence connectors refer to the wrong use or the incorrect use of a

sentence connector and omission of it in a sentence requiring it to connect its clauses.

The appearance of a sentence connector is quite vital since it can avoid awkwardness.

An example of an incorrect use of a sentence connector is as follow. She cries and

she is sad. And is not the right choice since it does not show why she cries. Therefore,

it should be replaced with because since it shows the reason why she cries.

g. Error in Preposiitons.

Errors in preposition refer to errors in use of prepositions as well as omission

of prepositions; she bought some milk a grocery store instead of she bought some

milk in a grocery store.

h. Error in word order.

Error in word order is the incorrect arrangement of words to construct a noun

phrase, verb phrase, and etc. For example; Hard trying. The construction of the verb

phrase is not correct. The adjective hard should be placed before the main verb trying

since it is its premodifier. Therefore, the arrangement of the correct verb phrase

is Trying hard.

i. Error in genitive

It refers to the incorrect use of the genitive. For example, Brads wife instead

of Brad’s wife. In another word it refers to the omission of ‘s.

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3. Review on the elements of grammar usually violated.

After looking at the classification of errors, it is also good for us to review the

area in which grammatical errors usually occur since it will show us how to use them

in acceptable way.

1. Nouns

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract

idea. There are many different types of nouns. Grammarians have developed a whole

series of noun types, including the proper noun, the common noun, the concrete noun,

the abstract noun, the countable noun (also called the count noun), the non-countable

noun (also called the mass noun), and the collective noun

(www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/partsp.html-21k).

The regular plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular: day-

days, dog-dogs. Nouns ending in o or ch, sh, ss, x form their plural by adding es:

tomato-tomatoes, church-churches, kiss-kisses, brush-brushes, box-boxes. Nouns

ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies:

baby-babies, country-countries. Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their

plural by adding s: boy-boys, donkey-donkeys. Nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe

and add ves: wife-wives, wolf-wolves, loaf-loaves (Thomson and Martinet, 1995:25).

Irregular plurals are by definition unpredictable (Quirk et al,1973:175). The

particular plurals of the nouns have to be learned as individual lexical units since

there is no indication in the written or spoken forms of, say, ox, goose, mouse, to

suggest that their plural forms are oxen, geese, and mice.

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The complex noun phrase consists of a noun head which may be preceded by

some pre-modification (adjectives, determiners, etc) and it may be followed by some

post modification (adverbs). The word order of modifiers that can be put in front of

the noun head is like the following table (1973:925).

Det General Age Color Participle Provenance Noun Denominal Head

The hectic life The extravagant London social life A crumbling church tower A grey crumbling Gothic church tower Some intricate old interlocking Chinese designs A small green carved jade idol his heavy new moral responsibilities

Table1. The word order of pre-modifiers of noun heads

Adding an apostrophe and an s to most nouns indicates possession or

ownership: the woman’s cat (Stanley, Shimkin and Lanner,1985:425).

2. Articles

English has three articles, namely a, an, and the. The articles a and an are

indefinite, while the article the is definite. Many non native English speakers struggle

with articles. They try so hard to figure out when to use them, which one to use, and

when they are not needed at all. The use of articles mostly depends on the speaker’s

and hearer’s familiarity with the thing or person being talked about (Greene,1971:17).

2.1 The use of the indefinite articles

The indefinite articles a and an are used under the following circumstances as

explained by Leech and Svartvik (1972:90-92). First, when we think that our listeners

do not know which particular thing or person, we are talking about.

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Second, when things or persons are mentioned for the first time, and followed

by another mention: There were a hamster and a dog in the house. The hamster was

named after my grandpa and the dog was named after my uncle.

Third, when we refer to any member of a particular class whose member is

unimportant. In terms of speakers’ and hearers’ familiarity, both of them do not know

yet which particular thing or person is being referred. Please see the examples below.

I need a maid.

The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant or a vowel with

a consonant sound: a university, a one-way street, a man. The form an is used before

words beginning with a vowel or individual letters spoken with a vowel sound:

An apple, an island, an MP, an L-plate (Thomson and Martinet,1995:15).

2.2 The omission of a or an.

There are some circumstances in which the articles a or an should be omitted.

The rules are as follows.

a. Before plural nouns. The plural of a dog is dogs. The plural of wolf is

wolves.

b. Before uncountable noun:

For example; bread not *a bread.

c. Before names of meals, except when they are preceded by an adjective.

We have dinner at seven.

2.3. The use of the definite article the.

a. When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique.

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The earth the sea the moon the stars

b. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or a clause:

The girl in the red jacket. The church where I married him.

The man whom I fall in love with.

c. Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one

particular

thing: Pass me the salt. Mary is in the house.

d. Before superlatives and first, second, and etc, used as adjectives or

pronouns, and only: the first (month) the best song the only way.

2..4 The omission of the definite article the (Thomson and Martinet,1995:21).

Now, we are going to look at the circumstances under which the definite

article is not needed or omitted. Below, are the rules.

a. Before names of places or names of people.

For example; Mary not *the Mary.

b. Before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense.

Men fear death but the death of the Prime minister left his party without a

leader.

c. After a noun in the possessive case, or possessive adjective.

The boy’s uncle it is my blue book (Not* it is my the blue book).

Swann proposes the golden rules of articles (1988:72). He says if the rules for

the use of articles seem too complicated, there are three things to remember first, do

not use the (with plural and uncountable nouns) to talk about things in general. Life is

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beautiful (Not: *The Life is beautiful). Second, do not use singular countable nouns

without articles: *girl but a girl or the girl. And finally, use a/an to say what people’s

professions or jobs are; She is an accountant. (Not: *She is accountant).

3. Prepositions

Prepositions are word connecting a noun or pronoun with a verb, adjective, or

another noun or pronoun by indicating a relationship between the things for which

they stand (Curme,1953:19). Prepositions are normally placed before nouns or

pronouns and can also be followed by verbs in the gerund form (Thomson and

Martinet, 1995:91).

He is talking of moving to France (Thomson and Martinet, 1995:91).

They succeeded in persuading the congress (Thomson and Martinet,

1995:91).

Non native English speakers usually have two problems with prepositions.

They have to know whether in any construction a preposition is required or not, and

which preposition to use when one is required (1995:91).

Prepositions can be simple or complex. Simple prepositions consist of one

word, such as at, in, along, out, with, before, behind, and so on. Complex prepositions

consist of more than one word, such as along with, due to, except for, instead of, and

etc (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, 1973:300).

In the most general terms, a preposition expresses a relation between two

entities, one being that represented by the prepositional complement. Through

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prepositions we can recognize the relation of place, time, instrument and cause

between two entities (Quirk et al,1973:306).

3.1. The relational meaning of prepositions.

Below, are the relations in which a preposition signifies. There are four

relations, place, time, cause-purpose, and instrument.

a. place

The prepositions that can express place are: at, to, in, away, from, off, behind,

under, down and etc (1973:307-316)

Tom went to Cambridge The manager stood at the door

b. Time

The prepositions expressing time are: at, on, in, for, before, after, since, until,

between, up to, by, and etc(1973:317-320).

On Monday on 4th April We camped there for the summer.

I’ll phone you between lunch

and three o’clock.

c. Cause and purpose

The prepositions expressing cause and purpose are because of, for fear, for,

to, at (1973:321-322).

I hid the money for fear of what Because of the rain, I did not get out.

my parents would say. For the journey, they packed much food.

16

d. Instrument

The prepositions expressing instrument are by, with and without (Quirk et al,

1973:323-325). By can express the meaning of ‘by means of’, but with, on the other

hand, expresses instrumental meaning only.

I usually go to work by car.

The thief must have entered and left the house by the back door.

4. Verb

According to Quirk et al (1973:68-69), English verbs are classified into three

classes, namely auxiliary verbs (do, have, be, can , may, shall, will, must, ought to,

need, dare, and etc), semi-auxiliary verbs (have to, be about to, happen to, seem to

turn out to, and etc), and lexical verbs (walk, play, go, love, and etc)

However, Curme classifies English verbs quite different from Quirk et al. He

divides the verbs into three classes, namely transitive, intransitive, and linking verb

(Curme,1953:22-23).

a. Transitive verb

A transitive verb denotes an action passing over from the doer of the action to

its object. In other words a transitive verb is a verb which requires an object: The

oldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Baroes loves Joe.

b. Intransitive verb

All intransitive verbs denote a state or simple action without any reference to

an object. The verbs do not require the presence of objects: They swim.

17

b. Linking verbs

Linking verbs merely function as the real predicate to its subject. Linking

verbs are seem, taste, look, and etc

The normal English verb has five forms: the BASE,the-s FORM, the Past,

the-ING PARTICIPLE, and the-ED Participle (Quirk et al,1973:70-71). The table

below explains more about each form.

FORM SYMBOL EXAMPLE FUNCTIONS

(1) BASE V Call, drink, put, love, and etc.

(a) All the present tense except 3rd person singular: I love him (b) Imperative: Love me. (c) Subjunctive: She demanded that he love her. (d) Infinitive; the bare infinitive: he may drink; and the to infinitive: he wants her to drink.

(2) –s form (3rd person singular present).

V-s Loves, drinks, says, puts, and etc

3rd person singular present tense: he drinks.

(3) past V-ed Called, drank, put Past tense : he called last week..

(4)-ing participle (present participle)

V-ing Calling, drinking, putting

(a) Progressive aspect (BE + v-ing): She is calling you. (b) non-finite –ing clauses: Calling a spade a spade.

(5) –ed participle (past participle).

V-ed Called, drunk, put (a) perfective aspect (HAVE +

18

V-ed2) : he has drunk the water. (b) passive voice (BE+ V-ed2): He is called.

Table 2. Verbs Forms

From the functions of verbs forms above, we can see that verbs can indicate

the time of the action. Time of the action in English is closely related to tense. Tense

is the correspondence between the form of verb and our concept of time (Leech and

Svartvik, 1973:40).

English has two tenses, namely Present tense and Past tense. Present tense

refers to present time and past tense to past time (Quirk et al, 1973:84).

Tenses Positive Negative Interrogative

Present tense He waits. I cry.

He does not wait. I do not cry

Does he wait? Do I cry?

Past tense He waited I waited

He did not wait I did not wait

Did he wait? Did I wait?

Table 3. The patterns of past and present tense in positive , negative, and interrogative sentences.

4.3 Active and Passive voice

A verb is in active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject,

while a verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its

subject or when the subject is the result of the action (Warriner,1982:153). Most of

transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. The following table summarizes

active and passive voice used in different tenses taken from Thomson and Martinet

(1995:265).

19

Tense/ Verb Form

Active voice Passive Voice

Simple present Keeps Is kept Present Continuous Is keeping Is being kept Simple Past Kept Was kept Past Continuous Was keeping Was being kept Present Perfect Has kept Has been kept Past Perfect Had kept Had been kept Future Will keep Will be kept Conditional Would keep Would be kept Perfect Conditional Would have kept Would have been kept Present Participle Keeping Being kept Perfect Participle Having kept Having been kept

Table 4. Active and Passive voice in different tenses.

The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the

same tense as the active verb and adding past participle of the active verb (Thomson

and Martinet,1995:263).

5. Concord

Quirk et al defines concord as the relationship between two grammatical

elements such that if one of them contains a particular feature then the other should

have the feature. The most important type of concord in English is subject verb

concord (1973:359).

There are three types of concord: grammatical concord, notional concord, and

proximity concord (Quirk et al, 1973:359-361). Below are further explanations about

the three concords.

5.1 Grammatical Concord

The rules of grammatical concord are as follows:

20

a. The verbs match the subject, for example: He likes to swim. They like to

swim.

b. The subject coordinated by both …….and has a verb in plural, for example:

Both your beauty and intelligence have amazed many people.

c. The subject noun + quasi coordinator as well as/ rather than/ more than/ as

much as have grammatical concord, for example: Abby as well as Sheila was invited

to the seminar.

5.2. Notional Concord

The rules for notional concord are as follows:

a. Agreement of verb with subject according to the idea of number rather than

the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that idea, for example: The

government have broken all their promises.

b. Plural nouns without ending in –s: cattle, clergy, gentry, people, police,

vermin, have plural verbs: our people are complaining.

5.3. Proximity concord.

The rules are as follows:

a. Agreement of the verb with whatever noun or pronoun closely precedes it:

No one except his own supporters agree with him.

b. used with subject coordinated with either…or, and with the expressions of

quantity: Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault.

Either your eyesight or your brakes are at fault

All of the students are required to attend the ceremony.

21

The underlining nouns are the real subject of each sentences which determine

the verb form or the to be following them.

c. the subject coordinated by not only…but also uses proximity concord: not

only she, but all of us are worried about the decision.

6. Sentences

Sentences become awkward or confusing for many reasons: a writer may

employ faulty coordination or subordination, may omit necessary sentence elements,

may mix elements that are incompatible, or may make inconsistent shifts in point of

view (Stanley et al,1985:438-441).

Faulty coordination or subordination happens when the logical connector

between two coordinated clauses, phrases, or words is unclear: she likes to drive, but

her teeth hurt. The coordinating conjunction (but) fails to clarify why the writer has

chosen to link the subject’s feeling with her problem.

Incomplete sentences are sentences missing necessary words or phrases.

Incomplete sentences also result when a writer omits a required article or preposition.

Mixed sentences are sentences in which two parts are presented as compatible

either in grammar or in meaning when they actually incompatible. For example, in

the sentence: After driving all night made him feel exhausted. A prepositional phrase

(after driving all night) is being treated ungrammatically as a subject and is linked to

a predicate (made him feel exhausted).

A sentence or paragraphs can become awkward if there are logical

inconsistencies in the verb tense or mood or voice, for example: He drove his car

22

home and parks it in the garage. In that sentence the writer has shifted confusingly

from past to present tense.

C. Theoretical Frame Work.

In order to answer the two problems theoretically, I have employed some

theories to help me answer the two problems. In answering the first problem which is

to determine the grammatical errors in the datum, I used the theory of errors and the

classification of errors based on their linguistics category as proposed by Dulay

(1982). The theories are very important since it gives the clear explanation of errors

and the types of grammatical errors. By using Dulay’s theories I can analyze the

datum scientifically and decide what kind of grammatical errors occur in the datum.

The theories of articles, nouns, verbs, concord, prepositions, and sentence by Quirk et

al (1973), Swan (1987) and etc are important since they become the guidance in

correcting the errors.

The second problem which is to decide the most frequent error in the datum is

solved by referring to the findings of the first problem to decide the most frequent

errors found in the data. After that I drew a conclusion based on my findings.

23

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers three parts namely, the object of the study, the approach of

the study, and the method of the study. The first part, the object of the study,

discusses the data of the present research, and at the end of the part, I give a succinct

statement of what the work is generally about. The approach of the study explains the

approach employed to analyze the data, and finally the method of the study consists

of the procedures taken to conduct the research.

a. Object of the study

The primary data of the present research is the English written commentaries

found in three historical sites, The Prambanan and Borobudur Temples, and

Sonobudoyo Museum. The secondary datum are information taken from books, thesis

and internet used as references.

Generally, the research is aimed to investigate the grammatical errors found in

the commentaries. The analysis will reveal all the grammatical errors and the most

frequent error, and finally I try to correct the errors.

b. Approach of the study

Since my research is aimed to assess the grammatical accuracy of the English

written commentaries, the approach I use to conduct the study is the approach of

Syntax of English language. However, the approach of syntax here merely concerns

with grammar.

24

c. Method of the study

This part consists of six parts, the population of the study, the sampling, the

setting, the research instruments, the data gathering, and the data analysis.

1. The population of the study

The main purpose of my research is to investigate the grammatical errors occur in

the English written commentaries. Therefore, the population of the study is the

English written commentaries found in the three historical sites, Prambanan Temple,

Borobudur Temple, and Sonobudoyo Museum.

The reason why I chose the three sites is because they are quite popular tourist

destinations in Jogjakarta and central Java for foreigners. Since they are often visited

by foreign tourists, English as the international language is employed to communicate

with them both oral and written. I chose to analyze the written English because they

contain many grammatical errors and the errors may lead to confusion among the

foreigners.

The total population of the English written commentaries is 157. The total

population in Prambanan Temple is 63, in Borobudur Temple is 61, and in

Sonobudoyo Museum is 33.

2. The Sampling

Since the total members of the entire population were not quite large and not

much energy and time consuming, I decided to analyze them all and not take any

samples. There were 157 commentaries in the entire data. 63 commentaries came

25

from the Prambanan data, 61 commentaries from the Borobudur data, and the rest or

33 commentaries from the Sonobudoyo data.

3. The Setting

The research was conducted in three different places, in the Prambanan Temple

on March 12th 2007, in the Borobudur temple on March 20th 2007, and in the

Sonobudoyo Museum on April 1st 2007.

4. The Research Instrument

There was only one research instrument used while gathering the data, a mobile

phone camera. The mobile phone camera was very helpful since it eliminated the

probability of misspelling, and saved time. Using the camera, I did not need to write

the commentaries, and I could take the data as it was. This condition led to an

accurate data.

For the analysis, I used checklists and tables. Both of them played significant

roles in conducting the analysis. There were two kinds of checklists used in the

analysis. The first checklist was used to determine whether a commentary from each

data source was correct or incorrect. Below, is an example of correct- incorrect

checklist.

Reference Correct Incorrect

Table 5. Example of correct- incorrect checklist

26

The reference column was for the commentaries number and the commentaries

themselves in each data. They were categorized as correct or incorrect commentaries

by giving a tick (v) in the column “Correct” or “Incorrect”. This categorization

helped me find the incorrect commentaries in each data to ana lyze further.

The other checklist helped me answer the first question stated in the problem

formulation; to investigate what grammatical errors occur in each incorrect

commentary in each data. Therefore, there were two sections in the checklist,

reference and errors categories. The reference was for the incorrect commentaries and

their numbers, while the second was for the grammatical errors checklist. The

grammatical checklist consisted of 9 columns since the categorization of grammatical

errors is subject to the categorization of errors based on linguistic category proposed

by Dulay (1982), errors in articles, verbs, pronouns, nouns, prepositions, lexical

errors, word orders, sentence connectors, and genitives.. An example of Error-Type

Checklist is as follow.

Reference Error

in

Article

Error

in

Verb

Error

in

Noun

Error in

Pronoun

Lexical

Error

Error

in

Word

Order

Error in

S.

Connector

Error in

Preposition

Error in

Genitive

(Sentence

and its

number)

Table.6. Error-Type Checklist

27

I classified the type of errors of each commentary by giving a tick (v ) to the most

relevant type of errors in the next column.

Tables were very important in the analysis since they were used to give the

answers for the two problems. First, tables were used to show how many correct and

incorrect commentaries along with their percentages in each and the entire datum.

Then they were used to show what are the grammatical errors occur in each and entire

datum along with their numbers and percentages in each and finally in the entire

datum. Finally tables were used to reveal the most frequent error and its percentage in

the entire datum.

5. Data Gathering

The present research is a descriptive and qualitative research. The qualitative data

was the English written commentaries taken from Prambanan and Borobudur

Temples, and Sonobudoyo museum. The commentaries act as the primary data

meaning “the original documents or remains, the first witnesses to a fact”

(Good,1935:253). According to Sprinthal, Scmmate and Sioris (1991:98), a

descriptive research is a research trying to describe objectively the states or

characteristics of the phenomena better.." In this research, the phenomena refer to

the grammatical errors of the English written commentaries found in the

Prambanan and Borobudur Temple and the Sonobudoyo Museum.

The data was taken in different time through photographing in order to get an

accurate data. Then, I transcribed the data without adding, reducing, or interpreting it

in order to keep the primary data original.

28

The data taken from the Prambanan Temple only covered the data found in the

area outside the temple itself since the temple was still closed due to the earthquake.

The authority considered the temple was not safe to be visited yet. Therefore, the data

was taken from its museum, and the welcome board. The data from the Borobudur

Temple was taken directly both from the temples and the museum. And the data from

the Sonobudoyo Museum was taken from the museum and the welcome board at the

entrance.

6. Data Analysis

After the datum have been gathered and transcribed, the analysis started. Since

the datum were taken from different sources, the analysis was done three times but

with similar steps. The total commentaries are 157 commentaries. The Prambanan

data has 63 commentaries, the Borobudur data has 61 commentaries, and the

Sonobudoyo data consists of 33 commentaries. There were several steps taken in

conducting each analysis.

The first data analyzed was the data taken from the Prambanan Temple. First of

all its 63 commentaries were examined to find out how many and which one of them

is correct or incorrect. Here I determined the number of correct or incorrect

commentaries along with their percentages. I also marked the incorrect commentaries

After the incorrect commentaries were identified, the second step began. I

determined what kind of grammatical errors occured in them which served as the

answer for the first problem. The errors were subject to the classification of errors

based on linguistic proposed by Dulay.

29

The errors based on linguistic category as proposed by Dulay (1982), has 9 sub-

categorizations, error in articles, verbs, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, sentence

connectors, genitives, lexical errors, and word orders. I determined which kind of

error which was the most appropriate error suffered by a commentary by giving a tick

(v). Below is an example of the way I analyzed a commentary in the data. The

commentary below was taken from the Prambanan data, commentary no 1.

On the 27th May 2006, at 05.50 W. Indonesian time, a 5,8 Richter scale

earthquake ran into Prambanan and its environs. The errors occur here are error in

the area of article (addition of the definite article the after the preposition on) and

lexical errors (ran into and environs).

After the whole data have been analyzed, I counted the numbers of errors in

the area of articles, verbs, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, sentence connectors, lexical

errors, word orders, and genitives in the data and made the percentage of each error.

After that, I decided the specific grammatical error occured mostly in the data

analyzed. I conducted the same steps for the other two data.

After the three datum have been analyzed in details, I started to prepare the

answer for the last problem: to reveal the most frequent error in the data. I summed

up the total errors and the total percentage of each error category from the entire

datum. That way I could determine the most frequent error in the whole data gathered

from the three different sites.

The final step that I took, was drawing a conclusion based on the answers of

the problems in the research.

30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is meant to answer the

first problem which is determining the grammatical errors occur in the datum. While,

the second part acts as the answer to second problem which is to reveal the most

frequent error in the datum. The first sub chapter is divided into three parts since the

datum was gathered from three different sites in different times. The first data

analyzed is the data taken from Prambanan temple, then Borobudur temple, and

finally Sonobudoyo museum. This sub chapter discusses the types of grammatical

errors found in the whole datum based on Dulay’s theories discussed in the second

chapter. It includes errors based on linguistics which is divided into error in article,

error in verb, error in preposition, error in pronoun, error in noun, error in word

choice or lexical error, error in word order, error in genitive, and error in sentence

connector. The last sub-chapter will reveal the most frequent error found in the datum

based on the finding.

A. The Accuracy of The Datum.

The data from the Prambanan Temple, the Borobudur Temple, and the

Sonobudoyo Museum contained correct commentaries as well as incorrect

commentaries. The incorrect commentaries were commentaries with errors based on

linguistic category. On the next page there is a table which reveals the percentage of

the incorrect and correct commentaries in the whole datum

31

Total incorrect and correct commentaries

? Source of data

Numbers of correct commentaries

% Numbers of incorrect commentaries

% Numbers of commentaries

%

Prambanan Temple

18 28,57% 45 71,43% 63 100%

Borobudur Temple

8 13,11% 53 86,89% 61 100%

Sonobudoyo Museum

3 9,1% 30 90,9% 33 100%

Table7. The percentage of the correct and incorrect commentaries in the whole datum.

From the table above we can see that the Prambanan data has 63 commentaries

which consist of 18 correct commentaries or 28,57% and 45 incorrect commentaries

or 71,43% of the total percentage. The 45 incorrect commentaries are commentaries

which suffer from errors based on linguistic category proposed by Dulay (1982).

On the other hand, the Borobudur data has 61 commentaries. Among the 61

commentaries, 8 commentaries or 13,11% of the total commentaries are correct. The

other 53 commentaries or 86,89% of the total commentaries remain grammatically

incorrect.

The last data which were gathered from the Sonobudoyo Museum has 33

commentaries. It has only three correct commentaries or 9,1% of the total

commentaries. The rest of the commentaries (30 commentaries) or 90,9% of the total

percentage in the data suffer from grammatical errors.

32

From the three datum above, we can see that the data taken from the Prambanan

Temple has the most correct commentaries. It has 18 correct commentaries, while the

other two only have 8 and 3 correct commentaries. The data having the most errors is

the data taken from the Borobudur temple. It has 53 incorrect commentaries, while

the data having the least correct commentaries is the data taken from the the

Sonobudoyo museum. It only contains three correct commentaries.

The next sub chapter contains discussions on each data in more details. From the

discussion, we will be able to see the types of grammatical errors based on linguistic

category in each data, and the most frequent error found in each data. I will begin

with the first data taken from the Prambanan temple.

A.1. The analysis of the Prambanan data.

The Prambanan data has 63 commentaries. Among the 63 commentaries, 18

commentaries are correct, while the rest of the commentaries suffer from the sub-

categories of the error based on linguistic. The 18 correct commentaries are

commentaries no 8, 14, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 43, 47, 49, 51, 58, 60, 61, and

63. The rest of the commentaries contain grammatical errors.

Some examples of the correct commentaries.

(8) Do not step on the stone.

(39) It is also said to symbolize the wondering soul and the senses.

(59) Rama is the most popular incarnation of Visnu.

33

Those are the examples of the commentaries which have no errors. The word

choices, word orders, and the use of articles are acceptable in English. Briefly, they

have no deviant forms or whatsoever.

Now, we are going to look at the errors based on linguistic category found in the

data. The errors found in the data are error in article, verb, noun, pronoun,

preposition, word order, lexical error, and sentence connector. I will show the number

and the percentage of each error in this data using the table below.

Number Errors Based

on Linguistic

Category

Numbers of

Errors

%

1. Error in

Articles

39 33,3%

2. Error in Verbs 32 27,4%

3. Error in

Pronouns

4 3,4%

4. Error in Nouns 11 9,4%

5. Lexical Errors 6 5,1%

6. Error in Word

Orders

4 3,4%

7. Error in

Sentence

Connectors

9 7,7%

8. Error in

Prepositions

9 7,7%

34

9. Error in

Genitives

3 2,7%

? 117 100%

Table 8. The numbers and The Percentage of Errors Of Prambanan Data. In the table above, we see that there are 117 errors in the Prambanan data. It

consists of 39 errors in articles or 33,3%, 32 errors in verbs or 27,4%, 4 errors in

pronouns or 3,4%, 11 errors in nouns or 9,4%, 6 lexical errors or 5,1%, 4 errors in

word orders or 3,4%, 9 errors in sentence connectors or 7,7%, 9 errors in preposition

or 7,7%, and 3 errors in genitive sor 2,7% of the total percentage.

The most frequent error in the data is error in the area of articles. It occurs for

39 times or 33,3% of the total percentage. Meanwhile, the least error is error in

genitive or possessive case. It only occurs thrice or 2,7% of the total percentage.

There are several errors having the same amount of errors and percentage, which are,

error in word order and pronoun. Each of those errors occur four times or 3,4% of the

whole percentage.

Below are some examples of commentaries having the errors.

(1) On the 27th May 2006, at 05.50 W. Indonesian time, a 5,8 Richter scale

earthquake ran into Prambanan and its environs. The commentary suffers from one

error in article and two lexical errors. The error occurs in the area of article can be

observed in the presence of the article the after the preposition on. That construction

35

is not acceptable in English since English speakers never use any articles after a

preposition to say or to write a date. Therefore, the article the should be omitted.

The lexical errors are the incorrect word choices, ran into and environs. The verb

ran into is preferred instead of shook to show what the earthquake does. Nevertheless,

the correct verb to use in the commentary is shook. English does not recognize the

word environs. Therefore environs should be replaced by the noun surroundings

because from the context we can learn that the writer use the word environs to refer to

the areas near Prambanan also shaken by the earthquake. After identifying the errors,

we can correct the commentary into: On May 27th 2006, at 05.50 a.m, a 5,8 richter

scale earthquake shook Prambanan and its surroundings.

(10) The battle between Rama and Giant Marici, the latter is shot by Rama, so

that his dead body was blown away to the sea. This commentary has some errors. The

errors are errors in the area of verb and sentence connector. The error occurs in the

area of verb is the use of the to be is instead of was which is not acceptable since the

context of the commentary is in past tense. Therefore, is should be replaced with was.

The error in sentence connector can be seen from the use of the wrong sentence

connector in the last clause. The wrong sentence connector used is so that. It should

be replaced with and. If the errors are corrected, the true commentary will be: The

battle between Rama and Giant Marici, the later was shot by Rama and his dead

body was blown away to the sea.

(59) The god elephant headed have four armed, carrying axe in his left backhand.

The commentary suffers from errors in word order, noun, sentence connector, article,

36

and verbs. The construction of the noun head The god elephant headed is not

acceptable in English. The correct structure of the noun phrase in English is the

elephant headed god in which the head, god, is premodified by the noun elephant and

the participle headed. This construction error is classified as error in word order.

The error in the area of noun can be observed in the word armed. The word arm

should not be in the form of participle, but in the form of plural nouns, arms, because

it refers to the god’s four arms.

Error in sentence connector is the missing of a sentence connector in the

beginning of the second clause. A sentence connector should appear to connect the

clauses. We can use the sentence connector and here.

The errors in the area of verbs can be seen in the use of the incorrect forms of

verbs for the noun head. The verb have should be changed into has and the verb in

–ing form should be replaced with the verb attached with –s, carries.

The last error is error in the area of article can be seen in the omission of an

indefinite article an before the noun axe. The noun should be premodified by the

indefinite article an since it is countable and singular. Then, the correct commentary

would be: The elephant headed god has four arms, and carries an axe in his left

backhand.

A.2. The Analysis of Borobudur Data.

The data has 61 commentaries consisting of 8 correct commentaries and 53

incorrect commentaries. The correct commentaries are commentaries no 17, 20, 28,

37

34, 37, 38, 39, and 60. The rest of the commentaries are incorrect since they contain

some errors based on linguistic category.

Below are three examples of the correct commentaries.

(34) Trapping and selling fishes.

(37) A punishment due to malpractices and murder.

(38) A group of holy persons.

Those commentaries above have no grammatical errors. The arrangement and

the word choice of each commentary are not deviant.

Now, we are going to look at the errors found in the data. The errors found here

are all of the errors categories, except error in genitive. I will show the occurrence of

each error along with its percentage in the table below.

Number Errors Based on

Linguistic Category

Numbers of errors %

1 Error in Articles 60 32,8%

2 Error in Verbs 35 19,1%

3 Error in Pronouns 12 6,6%

4 Error in Nouns 30 16,4%

5 Lexical Errors 7 3,8%

6 Error in Word

Orders

7 3,8%

7 Error in

Sentence Connectors

8 4,4%

8 Error in

Prepositions

24 13,1%

38

9 Error in Genitives 0 0%

? 183 100%

Table 9. The numbers and the percentage of the errors in the Borobudur Data

From the table above, we can see that there are 183 errors in the data. The

errors consist of 60 errors in the area of articles or 32,8%, 5 errors in verbs or 19,1%,

12 errors in pronouns or 6,6%, 30 errors in nouns or 16,4%, 7 lexical errors or 3,8%,

7 errors in word orders or 3,8%, 8 errors in sentence connectors or 4,4%, and 24

errors in prepositions or 13,1% of the total percentage. We notice too that there is no

error in genitive.

Also from the table above, we can see that the most frequent error found in

the data is error in the area of articles. The amount of the errors are 60 or 32,8% of

the total percentages. Meanwhile, the least frequent error is error in the area of word

orders and lexical errors. Each of them only occur seven times which is equal to 3,8%

of the total percentage. The most frequent error found in here is similar to the most

frequent error found in the data gathered from the Prambanan Temple which is error

in article.

Below are some examples of commentaries having the errors.

(1) It is forbidden to bring the dangerous goods, explosive, sticks, etc. This

commentary suffers from error in the area of article. The commentary refers to all

kinds of dangerous goods. Therefore, the noun goods should be premodified by the

quantifier any and not by the definite article the.

39

Another error is the omision of a sentence connector to indicate the kinds of the

dangerous goods. We can use like to point out to the dangerous goods it means. The

correct commentary is as followed: It is forbidden to bring any dangerous goods like,

explosives, sticks, and etc.

(17) Hard working and receiving the guest. The commentary suffers from error

in word order, noun, and article. The incorrect word order is the order of the verb

phrase hard working. The order should not like that. Here, the adjective hard is the

complement of working, so it should modify the verb. Therefore, the correct word

order is working hard.

We only need to omit the definite article the before the noun guest since we have

no idea which guests the sentence means. Moreover, we need to change the singular

form guest into its plural form, guests. Therefore, the correct commentary is: working

hard and receiving guests.

(22) Borobudur temple leave by the community and in 1814 rebuilt by Sir Thomas

Stanford Raffles. The errors of the commentary are errors in verbs. The errors include

omission of to be in passive construction, error in participle. The passive construction

of the commentary is not acceptable in English grammar. As Quirk had explained that

passive sentences in English is constructed by subject followed by a to be and past

participle. The commentary above is considered incorrect since it does not follow the

pattern of passive sentences in English. To make it acceptable, the noun which is

Borobudur temple should be proceeded by a to be and then past participle. The error

in participle can be seen in the form of the verb, leave. It should be changed into left.

40

Therefore the correct commentary is: Borobudur temple was left by the community

and was rebuilt by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814.

(34) Although its world fame, Borobudur, one of the greatest and largest Buddhist

monuments, has very limited textual information concerning its builders, intentions,

and context. The commentary suffers from, error in pronoun, and lexical error. The

error in pronoun is the use of its instead of it is. Its is a possessive pronoun and

should not be followed by an adjective, while it is can be followed by an adjective.

Lexical error is the use of the noun fame instead of the adjective famous. Fame

should be replaced by famous since the commentary refers to the state of Borobudur

in the world. Therefore the correct commentary is: Although it is world famous,

Borobudur, one of the greatest and largest Buddhist monuments, has very limited

textual information concerning its builders, intentions, and context.

(8) Of the reconstruction of the borobudur stone seen from the southside. The

commentary suffers from error in preposition, article and noun. Error in preposition

can be observed in the appearance and misuse of the preposition of in the beginning

of the sentence. The preposition of should not appear and not be used in the

commentary since it is unnecessary.

Error in noun is marked by the singular form of the noun stone and the incorrect

noun southside. South is enough to refer to the direction in which the reconstruction

was seen from. Stone should be in its plural form, stones, since it refers to all stones

of Borobudur constructed.

41

The last error is error in article. We do not need an article to point to the direction,

south. Therefore, the correct commentary is: The reconstruction of the Borobudur

stones seen from south.

A.3. The Analysis of The Sonobudoyo Data.

The data has 33 commentaries consisting of three correct commentaries and

30 incorrect commentaries. The correct commentaries are commentaries no1, 6, and

29. The rest of the commentaries are incorrect since they contain some errors.

Below are the three correct commentaries.

(1) This inscription marks the opening of the Sonobudoyo museum on

November 6, 1935, by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono.

(6) For taking photographs a permit for it is to be asked first from the officials

in charge.

(29) In all the basic needs of mankind you’ll find the philosophy of Hindu

Balinese culture

The commentaries above have no grammatical errors. The arrangement and

the word choice of the commentaries are not deviant in English grammar.

Now, we are going to look at the errors found in the data. I will show the

occurrence of errors of all categories in the table below.

Number Errors based on

Linguistic

Category

Numbers of Errors %

1 Error in Articles 17 18,9%

42

2 Error in Verbs 24 26,7%

3 Error in Pronouns 6 6,7%

4 Error in Nouns 16 17,8%

5 Lexical Errors 6 6,7%

6 Error in Word

Orders

4 4,4%

7 Error in Sentence

Connectors

4 4,4%

8 Error in

Prepositions

10 11,1%

9 Error in Genitives 3 3,3%

? 90 100%

Table 10. The Number and the percentage of the Errors in Sonobudoyo Data

From the table above, we can see that there are 90 errors in the data. The

errors consist of 17 errors in article or 18,9%, 24 errors in verbs or 26,7%, 6 errors in

pronoun or equal to 6,7%, 16 errors in nouns or 17,8%, 6 lexical errors or 6,7%, 4

errors in word order or 4,4%, 4 errors in sentence connectors or 4,4%, 10 errors in

prepositions or 11,1% and finally 3 errors in genitive or equal to 3,3% of the total

percentage.

Also, from the table above, we can see that the most frequent errors found in

the data is errors in the area of verbs. The total amount of the errors is 24 which is

equal to 26,7% of the total percentage. On the other hand the least frequent error in

this data is error in the area of genitive. It only occurs thrice or is equal to 3,3% of the

43

total percentage. From the data we also notice that there two errors having the same

amount of number and percentage which are errors in the area of word order and

sentence connector. Both of them occur for four times or is equal to 4,4% of the total

percentage. The most frequent error found in the data is not the same with the most

frequent errors found in the other two data. In the two previous datum, the most

frequent error is error in articles.

Below, are some examples of commentaries having the errors.

(2) Eating, drinking, or smoking, in the exhibition rooms are strictly forbidden.

The commentary has error in verb which is the disagreement between the verb with

the noun closely precedes it. The disagreement between the verb and the noun closely

precedes it, is a violation toward proximity concord. Proximity concord is used with

subject coordinated with or, either, and etc. Therefore, in order to follow the rule of

proximity concord, the verb are should be replaced by is. Then, the correct

commentary would be: Eating, drinking, or smoking, in the exhibition rooms is

strictly forbidden.

(15) Windows or ventilation on traditional house having motif of Lion with the

wing. The commentary suffers from errors in article, preposition, verb, noun and

word order. The error in article is the omission of the definite article the before the

head windows or ventilations.. The noun should be premodified by the definite article

the because they are made definite by the prepositional phrase following them.

Another error in article is the omission of the indefinite article a before the noun

phrase traditional house.

44

Error in preposition refers to the use of the preposition on instead of the

preposition of. The preposition of is more convenient to use since it shows that the

windows or ventilations belong to traditional houses.

The verb phrase error can be corrected by changing the verb in -ing form,

having, into the verb for a third singular subject, have.

Error in noun is the sustitution of the plural form houses with its singular form

house.

Error in word order refers to the incorrect placement of a group of morpheme

in a sentence. The misordering error in the commentary can be found in the

arrangement of the noun phrase after the main verb (have). The arrangement of the

noun phrase should be: a winged lion motif in which the head is premodified by a

determiner, participle and noun: The windows or ventilation of traditional houses

have a winged lion motif.

(24) According to believe originating from”atma prasangsa” manuscript, a

woman did not live a perfect life if she had married before she was able to weave a

sheet of cloth. The commentary suffers from error in article, and noun. Error in article

occurs due to the omission of the definite article the before the noun belief. The error

in the area of noun is the alternating form of believe for belief. The correct one is

belief since it is a noun that should become a subject not a verb. Therefore, the correct

commentary: According to the belief originating from”atma prasangsa” manuscript,

a woman did not live a perfect life if she had married before she was able to weave a

sheet of cloth.

45

B. Revealing the most frequent error in the whole datum.

This sub chapter will reveal the most frequent error in the datum which will

also serve as the answer for the last problem in the present research. The most

frequent error will be determined based on the findings of the previous sub-chapter.

Again, table(s) is used to show the most frequent error.

DATA SOURCE TOTAL ERRORS %

PRAMBANAN

TEMPLE

117 30%

BOROBUDUR

TEMPLE

183 46,9%

SONOBUDOYO

MUSEUM

90 23,1%

? 390 100%

TABLE 11. The total numbers of errors and percentage of the entire datum.

From the table above, we can see that the data containing the most errors is

the data taken from Borobudur temple. It contains 183 errors or 46,9% of the total

errors in the whole datum. The data having the least error is the data taken from

Sonobudoyo museum which only has 90 or about 23,1% of the total percentage.

Finally, the data gathered from Prambanan temple has 117 errors which is equal to

30% of the total percentage.

46

The next table reveals the most frequent error occurs in the whole datum.

Here, we will see the total numbers and the percentage of each error categorized.

Data Source Errors

Categorization Prambanan

Temple

% Borobudur

Temple

% Sonobudoyo

Museum

% Total

Numbers

%

Error in

Article

38 9,74% 60 15,4% 17 4,4% 115 29,5%

Error in Verb 32 8,2% 35 9% 24 6,3% 91 23,3%

Error in

Pronoun

4 1% 12 3,1% 6 1,5% 22 5,6%

Error in Noun 11 2,8% 30 7,7% 16 4,1% 57 14,6%

Lexical Error 6 1,5% 7 1,8% 6 1,5% 19 4,9%

Error in Word

Order

4 1% 7 1,8% 4 1% 15 3,8%

Error in

Sentence

Connector

9 2,3% 8 2,1% 4 1% 21 5,4%

Error in

Prepositions

9 2,3% 24 6,2% 10 2,7% 45 11,5%

Error in

Genitive

3 0,8% 0 0% 3 0,8% 6 1,5%

? 117 29,6% 183 47,1% 90 23,1% 390 100%

Table.12. The total numbers and percentages of all the errors in the whole datum.

47

From the table above, we can see that the total numbers of errors in the whole

datum is 390 which consist of 117 errors from the data taken from the Prambanan

Temple, 183 errors from the Borobudur Temple and finally 90 errors from the data

taken from Sonobudoyo Museum. We also notice that the data taken from Borobudur

temple has the most errors out of the whole datum. On the other hand, the data having

the least errors is the data gathered from Sonobudoyo Museum.

Also from the table above, we learn that in the Prambanan data, the most

frequent errors are errors in articles which are 38 or equal to 9,74% of the total

percentage of the errors in the whole data. The same thing is also found in the data

taken from the Borobudur temple in which the amount of the errors in articles is

higher than the rest of the errors found in the data. The percentage of error in article

in this data is the highest percentage compared to the other percentage of each error

which is 15,4% of the total percentage. This might signify that the writers of both

data do not really master the use of both definite as well as indefinite articles.

However, the data gathered from the Sonobudoyo Museum shows different result.

Here, the most frequent error is not in the area of articles, but in the area of verbs. The

amount of error in the area of verbs is 24 or equal to 6,3% of the total percentage.

Now, let us determine what error occurs mostly in the entire datum. From the

table we can see that the number of errors in the area of article s is 115 which is equal

to 29,5% of the total percentage. The total numbers of errors occur in the area of

verbs is 91 or equal to 23,3% of the whole percentage. The total amount of errors in

pronouns is 22 or is equal to 5,6% of the total percentage. The total numbers of errors

48

in nouns is 57 or equal to 14,6% of the total percentage. Lexical errors in the entire

datum occur for 19 times or equal to 4,9% of the whole percentage. The error in

sentence connectors occur for 21 times or equal to 5,4% of the entire percentage. The

total errors in the area of prepositions is 45 which is equal to 11,5% of the total

percentage. Finally, the total error in genitive is 6 which is equal to only 1,6% of the

whole percentage.

From the whole finding, I decide that most frequent error in the entire datum

is error in the area of articles which occur for 115 times or 29,5% of the total

percentage. Meanwhile, the least frequent error is error in genitive or possessive case

which is only 6 or 1,6% of the total percentage.

The fact that errors in articles occur mostly in the entire datum shows that the

three writers lack of mastery of the definite and indefinite articles. What Green has

said before that, “non native speakers found a lot of difficulties in using the English

articles” matches the finding of the present research. It is true that articles still

become problems for non na tive speakers of English. They do not really understand

when an article should be used or omitted, or when the definite article is employed

instead of the indefinite articles.

49

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The following chapter is the final section of the whole study. This chapter

consists of two parts, Research and Suggestion. The research part serves as the

summary of the findings of the present research. On the other hand, the suggestion

part consists of a recommendation for next researchers willing to conduct similar

study.

A. Research

English language is spoken anywhere in the world. It is a lingua franca

serving as the language which enables people from different languages to

communicate to each other. In Indonesia, many people have been familiar with the

language, bur that does not mean that they do master the language.

The present research investigates the grammatical accuracy of the English

written commentaries found in some historical sites in Jogjakarta and central Java:

the Prambanan and Borobudur Temples, as well as the Sonobudoyo Museum. Those

sites are quite popular for foreign tourists.

Referring to the first problem, I found that there were a lot of grammatical

errors in the entire datum. The errors occured in the datum were errors in the area of

articles, nouns, verbs, pronouns, prepositions, genitives, word orders, sentence

connectors, and lexical errors.

The first data analyzed was the data taken from the Prambanan Temple. It had

all the errors based on linguistic category proposed by Dulay. In this data, the most

50

errors occured was the errors in the area of articles, while the least frequent error was

error in genitive. From 117 errors found in the data, errors in articles occur for 38

times, while error in genitive only occured thrice.

The second data analyzed was the data taken from the Borobudur Temple.

There were 183 errors found in the data. The most errors also occured in the area of

articles (60), while the least errors occured, were lexical errors and error in word

orders which had the same amount (7). Different from the data taken from the

Prambanan Temple, the data taken from the Borobudur Temple had no error in

genitive.

The last data analyzed was the data gathered from the Sonobudoyo Museum.

Compared with the other two datum, this data had the least amount of errors. It had

only 90 errors. Moreover, the most frequent errors found in this data were not errors

in articles but in verbs. The amount of errors in the area of verb was 24, while in the

area of article was 17. The least frequent errors found in this data were errors in

pronouns genitive. This data also had all errors based on linguistic category proposed

by Dulay (1982).

Based on the whole finding there were 390 errors in the whole datum. From

the total errors, the data having the most errors was the data gathered from Borobudur

temple with 183 errors. Finally, the most frequent errors in the entire datum were

errors in the area of articles. The total amount of errors in the area of articles in the

whole data was 115. It was the accumulation of the 38 errors in the Prambanan data,

plus 60 errors in the Borobudur data, and 17 errors in the Sonobudoyo data.

51

Meanwhile, the least frequent errors were errors in genitive. The accumulation of

errors in genitive was only 6.

The result of the present research reveals that the rules of English grammar

were not well applied in the commentaries. The writers of the whole data still have

many problems with the grammar especially in the use of articles. Had their mastery

of English grammar been well, they would not produce any errors in their written

commentaries.

B. Suggestion

For further study, the next researcher can focus on the translation accuracy of

the data. He or she can examine and analyze the data by examining the translation

accuracy of the English written commentaries. In brief, the research of the data is not

only limited to the grammatical accuracy.

52

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bethel, John P. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: G&C Merriam Co., 1981.

Brown, H Douglas. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Englewood

Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1972.

Colburn, Dorothy J. Language Skills. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, Inc,. 1949.

Corder, S. Pit. An Intermediate English Practice Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd,. 1979.

Curme, George O. Syntax. Boston: D.C. Heath Company, 1953. Dulay, Heidi. Marina Burt and Stephen Krashen. Language Two. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1982. Good, Carter V, A. S. Barr and Douglas E. Scates. The Methodology of Educational

Research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,Inc,. 1941. Hardoyono, R. Heru. “The Grammaticality and Comprehensibility of English Spoken

By The Craftsellers in Borobudur, Magelang.” Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 1997.

Langakers, Ronald. W. Language and Its Structures: Some Fundmental Linguistic

Concept. New York: Harcourt, Bruce and world, Inc,. 1967. Leech, Gefrey. and Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English. London:

Longman Group Limited, 1973.

Mc Fayden, Heather. The Parts of Speech. <www.arts.uottawa.ca/written/hyper

Grammar/parts.html-21> (11th March07). Norrish, John. Language Learners and Their Mistakes. London: Macmillan Press,

1983. Saptono, Rahardjo. “The Grammatical Errors Made By The Indonesian Advanced

EFL Learners in Writing at Sanata Dharma University.” Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 1994.

53

Smith, Larry E. Reading English as an International Language, Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1983. Sprinthall, Richards. Understanding Educational Research. New Jersey: Prentice

11all Inc, 1991. Stanley, Linda C. David Shimkin and Allen H. Lanner. Ways To Writing. 2nd ed.

New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985. Summers, Della. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. London:

Longman, 1992. Swann, Michael. Practical English Usage. Hongkong: The English Language Book

Society and Oxford University Press, 1988. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar

of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group, 1973. Warriner, John E. English Grammar and Composition. London: Harcourt Brace and

WO, 1982.

54

APPENDIX

1.a The list of errors in the Prambanan data.

Sentence Number

Sentence Errors Correction

1. On the 27th May 2006, at 05.50 W. Indonesian time, a 5,8 Richter scale earthquake ran into Prambanan and its environs.

Errors in article, and lexical errors.

On May 27th 2006, at 05.50 a,m, a 5,8 Richter scale earthquake shook Prambanan and its surroundings.

2 The natural disaster has caused a lot of damage, among others The Prambanan Temple building complex having been seriously damaged and still dangerous.

Error in verb, sentence connector, and noun.

The natural disaster has caused a lot of damage, such as, the Prambanan temple complex having been seriously damaged and therefore is still dangerous.

3 For the safety’s sake, the visitor may visit the temple complex only within the bounds of fixed safe area.

Error in articles, and noun.

For safety’s sake, visitors may visit the temple complex only within the bounds of fixed safe area.

4 Thus, we thank you for the your attention.

Error in article Thus, we thank you for your attention.

5 By visiting the Prambanan Temple Tourist Park means you participate in the effort of preserving a world cultural heritage

Error in verb. By visiting the Prambanan temple tourist park you participate in the effort of preserving a world cultural heritage.

6 Protected under armed conflict

Error in pronoun, verb and preposition.

Prambanan temple is protected from armed conflict.

7 World heritage list number 642

Error in pronoun, article, error in verbs

Prambanan temple is a world heritage listed number 642.

8 Don’t pass here Lexical error No trespassing 10 The fight between two Missing of sentence The fight between two

55

brothers, Sugiwa and Subali , finally Subali was killed by Rama’s arrow.

connector, and error in preposition.

brothers, Sugiwa and Subali in which finally Subali was killed with Rama’s arrow.

11. The battle between Rama and Giant Marici, the latter is shot by Rama, so that his dead body was blown away to the sea.

Error in sentence connector, verb and article.

The battle between Rama and giant Maricci in which the latter was shot by Rama, and his dead body was blown away to sea.

12 Statues in the room of the Brahma temple and wisnu temple.

Error in articles, and in noun.

The statues in the rooms of Brahma and wisnu temples.

14. The basic structure of a Siva temple in java showing the division into three vertical parts.

Error in article, error in verb.

The basic structure of the siva temple in java is devided into three vertical parts.

15. Ramayana ballet at Prambanan open stage

Lexical error, error in articles.

A Ramayana dance at the Prambanan open stage.

16 Makara is a kind of mythological sea-monster, often confounded with the crocodile although represented with a fish tail and an elephant’s trunk

Error in article, and noun.

Makara is a kind of mythological sea monster often confounded with crocodiles although represented with a fish tail and an elephant’s trunk.

17 It is an emblem of water it represented at the two ends of the arch of the temple, whereas the top of arch is Kirtimukha.

Error in genitive, word order, verb, pronoun and preposition.

The two ends of the temple’s arch represent an emblem of water, whereas the top of the arch represents Kirthimukha.

18 Monk chiseling the story title of the relief panel.

Error in article and verb.

A monk chisels the story title of the relief panel.

19. Master using a piece of charcoal to draw the scene of the panel.

Error in verb and article.

A master is using a piece of charcoal to draw the scene of the panel

20 An apprentice chiseled out the characters and figures.

Error in verb and article.

An apprentice chisels out characters and figures.

21. The master carved the finer Error in article, The master carves finer

56

details on the figures such as their jewelleries and clothing.

verb, noun and preposition.

details of the figures such as their jewelry and clothing.

23. Deity carved in high relief an once part of a wall of a candi (temple), represents either a god or a Bodhisattva.

Error in articles, preposition, and noun.

The deity carved in high relief at one part of a wall in a temple represents either a god or a Bodhisattva.

24. The architectural fragment with a stylized free like triangular element, appears above vegetal motifs called antefik or simbar, represented especially at the roof of the temple.

Error in word order, article, verb, noun and lexical error.

The architectural fragment shaped like a free stylized triangle and appearing above the floral motifs is called an antefik or simbar and found especially at the roof of the temple.

26. Nandisvara is guarding the entrance to a shrine, represented either side of the door of a siva temple, as the dvarapata (door-keeper).

Error in verb, and article.

Nandisvara guarding the entrance to a shrine represents either side of the door of Siva temple as the dvarapata (the door keeper).

28. In hindu mythology he is said to be the son of Kasyapa and Vinata.

Error in pronoun. In Hindu mythology it is said to be the son of Kasyapa and Vinata.

31. Durga Mahisasuramardini (the buffalo demon conqueror), usually represented with 8 hands standing on the buffalo and seizing the hairs of the synoptically imaged buffalo demon

Error in verb, noun, and article.

Durga Mahisasuramardini (the buffalo demon conqueror), usually represented with 8 hands is standing on a buffalo and seizing the hair of a synoptically imaged buffalo demon.

33. In the upmost back hands she wields the sun wheel and the couch shell, attributes of Vishnu.

Error in article. In her upmost back hands, she wields a sun wheel and a couch shell, the attributes of Vishnu.

35. Founded of the bowl of the wahana temple

Error in word order, and preposition.

The bowl founded in the Wahana temple.

36. Rama sitting on the throne Error in verb. Rama is sitting on the throne

57

with Sinta with Sinta. 37. Sinta’s pregnancy arouses

Rama suspicion and doubt concerning her chastity during her stay in Alengka.

Error in genitive. Sinta’s pregnancy arouses Rama’s suspicion and doubt concerning her chastity during her stay in Alengka.

38. Hamsa is a wild goose, vahana (vehicle) of Brahma.

Error in article. Hamsa is a wild goose, the vahana (vehicle) of Brahma.

40. The bodhisattva is one who has become enlightened, acquired knowledge, but who refuses to enter nirvana since he desired to guide all mankind to the true path of the budha.

Error in article, and verb.

Bodhisattva is the one who has become enlightened, acquired knowledge, but refused to enter nirvana since he desired to guide all mankind to the true path of Budha.

41. The bodhisattva originated from the fire of buddhas of meditation.

Error in article, verb, and genitive.

Bodhisattva is originated from the fire of Budha’s meditation.

42. Kaumari is a wife of skandha, the war god, the son of siva and parvati.

Error in sentence connector and article.

Kaumari is the wife of Skandha, the war god who is also the son of Siva and Parvati.

44. The bull nandi is the vehicle of Siva

Error in word order. Nandi the bull is the vehicle of Siva.

45. Nandi is represented lying in an outer room, facing the of where the chief icon of Siva or Lingga is situated.

Error in verb, and preposition, article, and sentence connector.

Nandi is represented lying in an outer room, and facing the chief icon of Siva or Lingga.

46. Camunda is a form of Durga, is said to originate in a construction of two words, canda and munda (names of demons killed by Camunda) symbolizing delusion or malignity.

Error in verb. Camunda is a form of Durga said to originate in a construction of two words, canda and munda (names of demons killed by Camunda) symbolizing delusion or malignity.

50. Ratnasambhava, the third of the Dhyani buddhas as the originator of the Ratna (jewel) family.

Error in verb, preposition and article.

Ratnasambhava, the third Dhyani Buddhas is the originator of the Ratna (jewel) family.

58

52. The pot-bellied god of wealth, worshipped by sivaltas and Buddhist are virtually indistinguishable.

Error in verb, and article.

The pot bellied god of wealth, worshipped by the Sivaltas and Budhists is virtually indistinguishable.

53. The money bags usually found at the foot of the pedestal.

Error in verb. The money bags are usually found at the foot of the pedestal.

54. He is also a dikpalaka of the northerly direction.

Error in article and noun.

He is also the Dikpalaka of the northern direction.

55. Ganeca is the son Siva (the hindu god) and parvati.

Error in preposition and article.

Ganeca is the son of Siva (a Hindu God) and Parvati.

56. His consort is the elephant faced god, and is also called Gajanama.

Error in sentence connector.

His consort is the elephant faced god who is also called Gajanama.

57. Worshipped as the god refuse of dangers, his image is usually found near dangerous places as such as river crossing and ravines.

Error in noun and lexical errors.

Worshipped as the god of protection, his image is usually found near dangerous places such as river crossings and ravines.

59 The god elephant headed have four armed, carrying axe in his left backhand.

Error in word order, verbs, article, and noun.

The elephant headed god has four arms and carries an axe in his left backhand.

62. He is regarded as the 7th Avatara (incarnation) of Visnu and also said to be the manifestation of the planet Surya.

Lexical error. He is regarded as the 7th Avatara (incarnation) of Visnu and also said to be the manifestation of the sun planet.

B. The list of errors in the Borobudur data.

Sentence Number

Sentence Errors Correction

1. It is forbidden to bring the dangerous goods, explosive, sticks, etc.

Error in article, and sentence connector.

It is forbidden to bring any dangerous goods like, explosive, sticks, and etc.

2. Damaged stone destroyed on explosion on January 21,

Error in preposition, article,

The stone was damaged due to an explosion on January 21st, 1985.

59

1985.

verb and sentence connector.

3. Salted on the stone of the temple.

Error in noun Salting on the stone of the temple.

4. Destruction cultural

Error in word order and article.

A cultural destruction

5. Destruction natural.

Error in word order and article.

A natural destruction.

6. Pesticide which used to maintain the stone of the stone on the temple.

Error in article, noun, and verb, and preposition.

The pesticides used to maintain the stones of the temple.

7. Growth of some varieties of fungus which were found on the temple stones.

Error in article and noun.

The growth of some varieties of fungi which were found on the temple stones.

8. Of the reconstruction of the borobudur stone seen from the southside

Error in preposition, article, and noun.

The reconstruction of the Borobudur stones seen from the south.

9. Method of the reconstruction of borobudur monument.

Error in article. The method of the reconstruction of the Borobudur monument.

10. Cleaning of the temple stones.

Error in article. The cleaning of the temple stones.

11. Condition of the borobudur temple after having been restored.

Error in article, pronoun, and verb.

The condition of Borobudur temple after it has been restored.

12. Condition of the first gallery section of the north after it having been restored.

Error in article, preposition, and verb.

The condition of the first gallery section in the north after it has been restored.

13. Rubbing stone and its pounder found in the vicinity of the Borobudur temple

Error in article and verb.

The rubbing stone and its pounder were found in the vicinity of Borobudur temple complex.

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complex.

14. Teaching given by the hermit.

Error in article. A teaching given by a hermit.

15. Offering the alms for the beggar.

Error in articles and noun.

Offering alms for beggars.

16. Listening to the instruction and the noble family.

Error in articles and noun.

Listening to an instruction and noble families.

19. Requesting for the nobleman.

Error in article and noun.

Requesting for noblemen.

22. Preparing fruits for the nobleman and situation in the market.

Error in article, and noun.

Preparing fruits for noblemen and situation in a market.

23. Discussion and the musician.

Error in article and nouns.

Discussions and musicians.

24. Teaching for the students and offering the alms.

Error in articles. A teaching for students and offering alms.

25. Suggestion for the visitors.

Error in article and noun.

A suggestion for visitors.

26. Representing the discussion and teaching activities for the villagers.

Error in articles Representing a discussion and teaching activities for villagers.

27. Hard-working and receiving the guest

Error in word order, article and noun.

Working hard and receiving guests.

29. Catching a condemned and meeting between the authority.

Error in article and lexical error and nouns.

Arresting a condemned person and a meeting between authorities.

30. Illustration of war dancing and dead situation.

Error in articles, word order and noun.

An illustration of a dance war and a death situation.

31. Teaching for the followers Error in article. A teaching for followers.

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32. Execution of dead punishment and its cemetery.

Error in articles, pronoun, noun and lexical error,

The execution of a death sentence and a cemetery

33. Bad effect of killing fishes.

Error in article A bad effect of killing fishes.

35. A punishment in hells Error in noun A punishment in hell. 36. A punishment due to make a

gossip about others.

Error in article, verb, and noun.

A punishment due to gossiping about others.

40. Worshipping the sanctuary monument and its flags.

Error in article. Worshipping a sanctuary monument and its flags.

41. Borobudur temple was built about VIII-IX Century and used by community 150 years approximately.

Error in preposition, noun, and article.

Borobudur temple was built from VIII-IX Centuries and used by the community for 150 years approximately.

42. Borobudur temple leave by community and in 1814 rebuilt by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.

Error in verb, article.

Borobudur temple was left by the community and was rebuilt by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814.

43. Borobudur temple when it was found by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814 as a rained which covered by undergrowth.

Lexical error, and error in verb, pronoun.

Borobudur temple when found by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814 was a ruin which was covered by undergrowth.

44. There is no interesting if the temple did not cleaned and restored by Dutch engineer in 1907-1911.

Error in verbs and article, word order, and preposition.

The temple would not be interesting if it was not cleaned and restored by a Dutch engineer from 1907-1911.

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45. The first restoration of Van Erp just restored stupas of circular terraces/ Arrundhatu.

Error in preposition, article, and verb.

The first restoration done by Van Erp was only in the stupas of the circular terraces.

46. The restoration of the lower part done only in several parts to made gallery are planed.

Error in verb and article.

The restoration of the lower part was done only in several parts to make the gallery planned.

47. The walls were restored without dismantling so that it seen still leaning.

Error in pronoun, and verb

The walls were restored without dismantling them so that they were seen still leaning.

48. The climated and environment factors had caused Borobudur damages.

Errors in noun, and article.

Climate and environmental factors had caused Borobudur damages.

49. So in 1973 up to 1983 Indonesian government supported by UNESCO found carried out the total restoration of the Rupadhatu.

Error in preposition, verb and articles.

So from 1973 up to 1983 the Indonesian government supported by the UNESCO carried out the total restoration of Rupadhatu.

50. There were three kind of methods e.g. dismantling of the Rupadahatu followed by the construction of its foundation using reinforced concrete slab of each stage, application of water resistance and the drainage system .

Error in nouns, preposition, verb, sentene connector and article.

There were kinds of methods e.g. dismantling the Rupadahtu followed by the construction of its foundation using reinforced concrete slab in each stage, and applying the water resistance, and drainage system.

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51. Cleaning the stones as well as its repairing treated by chemical conservant, and reconstructing to its place in the condition of organism free.

Error in sentence connectors, pronouns, preposition, verb, word order and lexical error.

Second, cleaning the stones as well as repairing them using chemical materials and third, reconstructing them in an organism free condition.

52. In the inauguration of second restoration 1983, Prof. Dr. Soekmono said that the restoration had done expected the Borobudur Temple will exist more than 1000 years.

Errors in article, preposition, and verbs.

In the inauguration of the second restoration in 1983, Prof. Dr. Soekmono said that the restoration done was expected to make Borobudur temple exist for more than 1000 years.

53. Profitable for knowledges and the people will love it’s the great world heritage and preserve its ancient values of architectural, historical, as well as the messages which are content of the relief stories at least its expected some guidance for the community.

Errors in sentence connector, noun, pronoun, article, verb, and preposition,

Since Borobudur temple is profitable for knowledge, people will love it as one of the world’s greatest heritages and preserve its ancient architectural, and historical values, as well as the messages found in the relief stories at least expected to give some guidance for the community.

54.

This is gives some information concerning the ruler he is Rake Warak Dyah Manara Known in Karangtengah Inscription as King Samaratungga reigning from 803-807 AD, the father of ri Kahulunnan.

Error in verbs, pronoun, and sentence conector.

This gives some information concerning the ruler Rake Warak Dyah Manara known in Karang tengah inscription as King Samaratungga reigning from 803-807 AD, and also the father of ri Kahulunnan.

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55. Although its world fame, Borobudur, one of the greatest and largest Buddhist monuments, has very limited textual information concerning, its builders, intentions, and context.

Lexical errors and error in pronoun, and verb.

Although it is world famous, Borobudur one of the greatest and largest Buddhist monuments, has very limited textual information concerning its builders, purpose, and context.

56. An inscription bearing the name of ri Kahulunnan issued 842AD, and context mentions her name as the figure bestowing land in the village of Tri Tepusan to sustain a holy place named Kamul n i Bumisambara.

Error in preposition, article, verbs.

An inscription bearing the name of ri Kahulunnan issued in 842 AD, and a context mentioning her name as the figure bestowing a land in the village of Tri Tepusan had sustained a holy place named Kamul n I Bumisambara.

57. The name has strong association the contemporary name of Borobudur.

Error in preposition.

The name has strong association with the contemporary name of Borobudur.

58. Furthermore, in the inscription appears another appellation of the building as da avidham, a ten level building which perfectly matches the number of terrace of Borobudur.

Error in noun, preposition and lexical error.

Furthermore, in the inscription appears another appellation of the building as da avidham, a ten storey building which perfectly matches the number of terraces in Borobudur.

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59. The title of the lady ri Kahulunnan has been associated Dyah Pramodawardani, the daughter of Rake Warak Dyah Manara also known as King Smaratungga of ailendra dynasty.

Error in article, and preposition.

The title of Lady ri Kahulunnan has been associated with Dyah Pramodawardani, the daughter of Rake Warak Dyah Manara also known as King Samaratungga of the Ailendra Dynasty.

60. It is possible, therefore, that this ruler was the founder of the holy place of origin Bhumisambara.

Error in word order and noun.

It is possible, therefore, that this ruler was the founder of the original holy place, Bhumisambara.

61. Several attitudes of the Budha statue in Borobudur.

Error in noun. Several attitudes of the Buddha statues in Borobudur.

C. The list of errors in the Sonobudoyo data.

Sentence Number

Sentence Errors Correction

1. Inscribe first at the official’s place.

Error in genitive Inscribe first at the official place.

2. It is not allowed to bring about any weapons (fire as well as white arms) except by official’s charge.

Error in prepositions, genitive and lexical error.

It is not allowed to bring any weapons (fire as well as sharp weapons) except by the official permission.

3. Place deposit bags and the like at the official’s.

Error in noun, genitive and verb.

Deposit bags and the likes at the official place.

4. Eating, drinking, or smoking in the exhibition rooms are strictly forbidden.

Error in verb. Eating, drinking or smoking in the exhibition rooms is strictly forbidden.

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6. Parked the vehicle tidily at the parking area.

Error in verb and article.

Park vehicles tidily at the parking area.

7. Take very good care cleanliness everywhere: in the yards, the parks, and surely in the exhibition rooms.

Error in preposition. Take very good care of cleanliness everywhere: in the yards, parks, and surely in the exhibition rooms.

8. Thank you very much for your due attention and cooperation.

Error in noun. Thank you very much for your attention and cooperation.

9. Made of wood, functioning as a living room decoration from Lombok.

Errors in pronoun, verbs and sentence connector.

It is made of wood and functions as a living room decoration from Lombok.

10. Sendi, made of carved wood, this is a column based of Balinese traditional buildings.

Errors in word order, article, pronoun, and noun.

Sendi, made of wood is the base column of Balinese traditional buildings.

11. Dore, a carved decoration made of rock, functioning as cornice.

Error in verb, article and sentence.

Dore, a carved decoration made of rock functions as a cornice.

12. Alas tugeh, made of carved wood, this is in an upper column based of a Balinese traditional building

Error in article, preposition, word order, pronoun and noun.

Alas tugeh made of carved wood is the upper base column of a Balinese traditional building.

13. Arjuna wiwaha, water color on paper, batuan (southern bali) style, functioning as a wall decoration.

Error in verbs, article, and lexical error.

Arjuna wiwaha is a water painting having batuan style and functions as a wall decoration.

14. Bima Swarga, oil on canvas, Lamasan style, Klungkung, Bali, functioning as a wall decoration.

Error in verbs, article, preposition, and lexical error.

Bima Swarga is an oil painting having a lamas an style from Klunkung and functions as a wall decoration.

15. Windows or ventilation on tradsitional house having

Error in preposition, noun, verb, article

Windows or ventilations of traditional houses have a

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motif of Lion with the wing.

and word order. winged lion motif.

16. The image of Buddhist monk, made of wood functioning as a decoration from lombok.

Error in article and verb.

The image of the buddhist monk made of wood functions as a decoration from Lombok.

17. Human image, depicting a man who was stabbed at his anus.

Error in pronoun, and verb.

This human image depicts a man who was stabbed at his anus.

18. A women image, depicting a women who was doing the religious ceremony.

Error in noun and article and verb.

A woman image depicts a woman who was doing a religious ceremony.

19. Brayut Image, depicting a women who was giving suck for two children.

Error in noun, pronoun, and lexical error.

This Brayut imge depicts a woman who was breastfeeding two children.

20. This image was considered as vertile symbol.

Error in article and noun

This image was considered as a fertility symbol.

21. Dwa rapala, is a guard of the heaven door (the holy place).

Error in article. Dwa Rapala is the guard of the heaven door (the holy place).

22. Batara wisnu was protector god in Hindu.

Error in article, preposition and noun.

Batara Wisnu was the god of protection in Hindu.

23. The words of Balinese painter living in the past are mostly inspired by the stories of tantri, Mahabarata, Ramayana, and by daily social life, and certain philosophical significance the way mankind lives in accordance to the teaching of truth.

Error in noun, verb prepoition, sentence connector and article.

The words of the Balinese painters living in the past were mostly inspired by the stories of Tantri, Mahabrata, Ramayana, daily social life, and certain philosophical significance showing the way mankind lived in accordance to the teaching of truth.

24. In the past the ability to weave cloth was significant to.

Error in preposition In the past the ability to weave cloth was significant.

25. According to believe originating from”atma

Error in article, noun.

According to the belief originating from the “Atma

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prasangsa” manuscript, a women did not live a perfect life if she had married before she was able to weave a sheet of cloth.

Prangsa” manuscript, a woman did not live a perfect life if she had married before she was able to weave a sheet of cloth.

26. Kadutan /keris, a piece of equipment used in Balinese religius ceremony, part of Balinese dress, consisting of a blade, and ivory handle adorned with jewels, and carved wooden sheath.

Error in verb, article, noun, and sentence connector.

A Kadutan or keris is a piece of equipment used in Balinese religious ceremonies, and also a part of balinese dress consisting of a blade and ivory handle adorned with jewels, and a carved wooden sheath.

27. Religion is manifest in every aspect of daily life in Bali

Error in verb Religion is manifested in every aspect of daily life in Bali.

29. This exhibition shows only one aspect: “the Balinese people worshipping their God.

Lexical error. This painting shows only one aspect: “The Balinese people are worshipping their god.

30. Various kind of equipment used by mothers to keep healthy after delivery.

Error in noun. Various kinds of equipments used by mothers to keep healthy after delivery.

31. Batik Shawl, used for carrying and /or covering a baby.

Error in article, and verb.

A batik shawl is used for carrying and / or covering a baby.

32. Dancer in trance condition doing ngureg (stabbing the body wieh in his chest while moving around).

Error in noun, verb, pronoun.

Dancers in trance condition are doing “ngureg” (a dance movement done by stabbing their chests while moving around)

33. This dance was done after the workship and went out from the inside part of the gate temple (jeroan) in to “jaba tengah” (the center of the outside part of the temple and was done in “pengider” ghuwana ceremony move

Error in article, noun, verb, preposition, sentence connector and word order.

This dance done after work and going out from the inside part of the gate temple (jeroan) in to “jaba tengah” (the center of the outside part of the temple) was done in a ceremony called pengider ghuwana (a ceremony

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around the “wantilan” (place for fighting cock).

performed by circling wantilan or a place for cock fighting).

D. The Correct Commentaries in The Prambanan Data. (8) Don’t step on the stone.

(14) Note also, the pit beneath the statue or lingga where the Peripih or the foundation

deposit would be laid.

(22) The relief was finally done.

(27) Nandisvara is depicted as a prince in a royal attire, the manifestation of the god

Siva.

(28) Garuda, the sun bird is a mythical being.

(30) Garuda is the vehicle of Visnu.

(32) She is the wife of Siva in a terrific aspect.

(34) The ruin of Prambanan temple in 1814.

(37) The Picture depicts Rama and Sinta.

(39) It is also said to symbolize the wondering souls and the senses.

(43) The vehicle of Kaumari is mayura (a peacock).

(47) Camunda may sit upon mrtaka (a corpse).

(51) He embodies the cosmic element of Vedana (sensation).

(58). He is also considered as the god of wisdom and art.

(60) Rama is the most popular incarnation of Vishnu.

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(61) Rama, the king of Ayodya is the hero of the Indian epic, Ramayana.

(63) His special attribute is Dhanus (a bow).

E. The Correct Commentaries in The Borobudur Data.

(17) On the way meeting.

(20) The road musician

(28) Giving a suggestion.

(34) Trapping and selling fishes.

(37) A punishment due to malpractices and murders.

(38) A group of holy persons.

(39) The universal Monarchs.

F. The Correct Commentaries in the Sonobudoyo Data.

(1) This inscription marks the opening of the Sonobudoyo museum on November 6,

1935, by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono.

(6) For taking photographs a permit for it is to be asked first from the officials in

charge.

(29) In all the basic needs of mankind you’ll find the philosophy of Hindu Balinese

culture