Chapter 13The Great War

1914 - 1918

Section 1 – Marching Towards War

The Rise of Nationalism • Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s, but problems lie

below the surface

• Growing __________________ leads to competition among European nations• Competition for ____________ & _________________• ____________________ disputes

• Nationalism in the ______________________ leads many groups to demand their own ________________________ nations

Imperialism & Militarism • Competition for _________________ stirs mistrust among

European nations

• Mutual _________________________ spurs European countries to engage in ________________________

• By 1914, all European great powers had large ________________________, except ____________________

Bismarck Forges Early Pacts• Germany’s _________________________ works to

keep peace in Europe after 1871

• Believes _________________ wants revenge for loss in 1870 __________________________War•His first goal is to _________________ France from having _________________•Formed dual alliance between ________________ & ______________________

•Becomes allies with ________________, but only for a short time

•Forms _____________________: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ________________ joins in 1882

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace

• 1888- ___________________________ becomes German ruler & forces Bismarck to resign

• Foreign policy changes begin in 1890…•Alliance with _______________ dropped & Russia becomes allies w/ ___________________•Effort to strengthen German __________________, which alarms ____________________

• 1907- _________________, France, & _______________ forms the __________________

•Britain not forced to ____________ with France or Russia, but promised NOT to fight ______________ them

A Restless Region • Many groups in __________________ win

independence during early 1900s

• One of the new nations, ________________ which is made up largely of _________________•Wanted all Slavs on the ________________________• ___________________ supported their independence

• ___________________________ annexes Slavic region – ___________________ & Herzegovina in 1908

• ______________________ outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands

• Austria-Hungary vowed to __________________ any _______________________ effort to undermine them

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

• Austro-Hungarian royal heir to the throne, ___________________________& his wife _______________ were killed in their car on June 28, 1914 in __________________, Bosnia• ____________________________, 19 yrs. old Serbian – member of the secret society “____________________________”

• July 28, 1914 - ______________ declares war on ______________

• ___________________(Serbia’s ally) comes to their aid & mobilizes troops

Section 2 –Europe Plunges into War

Armies on the March• Russia moves troops to its borders with

___________________ and _________________________• Aug. 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on _________________• Aug. 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on __________________

• ________________________________ then declares war on Germany to help its allies

Nations Take Sides• By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout

Europe…

• __________________________ – Germany & Austrian-Hungary• _____________________ & Ottoman Empire also join

later

• _______________________ (Allies) – Britain, France, & Russia• U.S., __________________, & Italy joined later

The Conflict Grinds Along

• ____________________ Front – heavy battle zone in northern ________________ that resulted in a deadlock

• Germany fighting a ____________ front war & developed the ___________________________ Plan•German plan to defeat _______________ in the west & then going east to fight __________________

• _____________________ army quickly advances to outskirts of ______________________•Allies quickly regroup •Germany forced to retreat at First Battle of the ________________ after 4 days of fighting• _________________ starts invading Germany

• Schlieffen Plan __________________; Germany has to fight a two-front war

War in the Trenches • Conflict descends into ____________________________ to

protect themselves from _______________________________

• Battles result in many deaths & ________________ land gains• Space between trenches “____________________________”• Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, & ______________________

• New weapons lead to more deaths…

• ____________________________• Introduced by ________________, but used by both

sides• Caused blindness, blisters, & death

• _________________________________• Fires ammunition ______________________________• Wiped out waves of attackers at once

• _______________________• Could cross many types of ____________________• Introduced by _________________________

• ______________________________• Introduced by the _________________________• Primary weapon – the _________________________

• Battle of ______________________…• Germans launched attack against _____________________• Each side lost more than 300,000• __________________ only gained __________ miles

• Battle of _________________ …• _______________________ forces attack Germans• By end of battle each side lost more than _____ million troops• ______________ only gained about _____________ miles

Early Fighting

• ____________________ Front – site of main fighting along the ______________________________ border

• _______________________ push into Austria & _______________, but soon forced to ____________________

Russia Struggles• _________________ war effort suffering by 1916;

many casualties, _______________________________

• ______________________of Russian army keeps it a formidable force•Prevents ______________________ from sending more troops to the _____________________ Front

Section 3 – A Global Conflict

The Gallipoli Campaign• __________________ move to capture Ottoman’s

_______________________ Strait in February 1915 to capture the capital of _________________________

•Hope to defeat ___________________________, ally of Central Powers•Wants to open a ________________________through region to Russia•Effort ends in costly ___________________defeat

Battles in Africa & Asia• ________________ take control of

__________________ holdings in Asia and Africa

• Britain and France use their _______________________ to help in the war effort

America Joins the Fight• __________________ seeks to control _________________

Ocean to stop supplies to _______________________ • Uses _________________________________________ warfare• Ships near _______________________ sunk without warning • 1915, sunk the ________________________ & angers U.S.• Germany agrees to stop attacking neutral & _________________ ships• Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to _____________ Britain quickly by using _____________________• Attacks 3 U.S. ships

• The _____________________________ Note…• ______________________ foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote letter to ____________________ & the U.S. intercepted it• Letter stated that if Mexico became allies with __________________ they would help Mexico get back their ___________________ from the U.S.

• U.S. declares war against ____________________________ on April 2,1917, joining __________________

Governments Wage Total War

• WWI becomes ______________________ – nations devote all resources to war

• Governments take control of economy to produce ____________________________

• Nations turn to ____________________ – limiting purchases of war-related goods

• ____________________________ – one-sided information to build morale, support for war

Women & the War• At home, thousands of women fill

________________ previously held by men

• Many women also experience the war by working as __________________

Russia Withdraws• Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar

_______________________ to step down from throne in 1917

• Nov. 1917 - Communist leader, ____________________ took control of Russia’s gov’t

• By 1917, _____________ million Russians were either killed, wounded, or taken as __________________

• Russia signs treaty with ____________________ in March 1918 & ______________________________________________

Central Powers Collapse• Germany moves most of their forces to the ____________________

& gets __________ miles outside of __________________

• The 2nd Battle of ____________________ - major fighting & ______________ force ______________________________ to retreat from France

• Nov. 1918- __________________________________ stepped down & Germany declared itself a republic

• WWI Ends - ___________________________ win war• _____________________________ signed on Nov. 11, 1918• The 11th hour, on the 11th day, in the 11th month

A High Price• ________ million soldiers died & ________ million wounded• Countless civilians died due to starvation, disease, & slaughter

• War devastates European ___________________, drains national treasuries• Estimated total cost - $_____________billion (in 1918 dollars)

• Many acres of land & homes, villages, & towns destroyed

• Survivors suffer _______________________________ & despair• Reflected in the arts

Section 4 – A Flawed Peace

Key Leaders Come Together

• Groups of leaders known as the _______________________ dominate peace talks…

• _______________________________ – U.S.• Georges Clemenceau – ________________________________• David Lloyd George – _________________________________• _______________________________ – Italy

Wilson’s Plan for Peace• Proposes ____________ Points – outline for lasting world

peace• Calls for _______________ trade, end to secret ____________________, & military buildups• Promotes _________________________________ – right of people to govern their own nation• Envisions ________________________ peace-keeping body to settle world _____________________

The Treaty of Versailles• Britain & __________________ oppose Wilson’s ideas –

they want to punish ____________________________

• ____________________ & Germany sign treaty in June 1919• Creates ________________________________ – international organization to keep peace• Blames _______________________ for war & forces them to pay damages to nations• League to rule over German ________________________ until deemed ready for independence

The Creation of New Nations• _________________________ treaty, other peace accords

change look of Europe• Austria-Hungary, _______________________, Ottoman Empire all lose ___________________________• Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into __________________________• New countries created in southeastern Europe, ______________________ gives up land

A Peace Built on Quicksand• Treaty of V. – creates feelings of

__________________________ on both sides

• ______________________ people feel bitter & betrayed after taking _________________________ for war

• __________________________ never signs the treaty•Many Americans oppose _____________________________ & involvement w/ ______________________________

• Some former _____________________ express anger over not winning _______________________

• ______________ & ________________ criticize agreement b/c they gain less ________________ than they wanted