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This is three units combined into one rather long slide show. It covers the basics behind France from 1815-1850, as well as German unification and Italian unification movements.
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Revolutions and Unification
Europe from 1815-1850
Revolutions of 1830 & 1848Revolutions break out in many nations
Caused by Liberals wanting changes Industrial Revolution – low wage workers
wanting changes Intellectuals (teachers) wanting changes Nationalism – people want to create new
countries for their ethnic groups / nationalities
Revolutions of 1830 & 1848Almost all of these revolutions are
unsuccessful Liberal Revolutionaries can not agree on
their goals Conservatives are unified / more organized
– thus monarchs stay in power
Lets look at some examples
France – 1815-1850
France After Congress of ViennaLouis XVIII installed as new king of
France Conservative – but also a realist
Agreed to keep French Parliament / Limited Monarchy
Nobody Happy Liberals say he is not liberal enough Conservatives want to go back to an Absolute
Monarch
Charles XTakes over after Louis XVIII dies in 1824Even more conservative than Louis
Wants an Absolute Monarchy again Gets rid of Parliament 1830 Passes the July Ordinances
No freedom of press Restrictions on rights to vote
Liberals revolt against the July Ordinances Charles forced to flee to England
Louis Phillip “The Bourgeoisie Monarch”
Presents himself as more liberal In reality, he must keep the support of
conservatives. Favors the wealthy / Upper middle class
Middle class gets right to vote Against Socialism
1848 – Liberals revolt – Led by Socialists Factory Workers and Intellectuals (Professors)
Louis Blanc 1848 - comes to power
Only lasts a few months Socialist
Establishes “workhouses” Government controlled businesses Everyone guaranteed a job
“Busywork” type of jobs Must raise taxes to pay for these workhouses
Middle Class (conservatives) revolts Louis Flees to England
Louis Napoleon Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
Takes advantage of the family name Elected, sets himself up as Emperor – just like his
old uncle did Passed some reforms
Male suffrage (voting) Promotes railroads and work programs
Cracks down on dissent (disagreement) Censors newspapers, professors, Outlaws other political parties
Louis Napoleon Tries to make France great again
Gains colonies in North and West Africa Builds Suez Canal Tries to gain Mexico
Unsuccessful Gets involved in Crimean War against Russia
Does not get much out of it
Ends up in a war with Prussia in 1870 Franco-Prussian War
Disaster for France Loses Alsace and Lorraine territories
Next Up - Germany
From 1815-1870
green book
p 464-465, 537-540
Germany in 1815There is no Germany in 1815
Just a collection of independent German kingdoms and principalities and baronies
Prussia is the largest and most powerful German kingdom
German states organized into a loose Confederation under the supervision of Austria
Obstacles to German UnityAustria, France and Russia all feared a
unified German would be a powerful threat
Smaller German states feared a unified Germany would mean Prussian control
Catholic German states in the south feared Protestant Lutheran states in the north would dominate
Prussian LeadershipA strong Prussian Army dominated the
German statesJunkers (wealthy German Nobles) and
Capitalists (businessmen) dominated the German Parliament Prussian ownership of the Ruhr and its
coal fields fueled the economic growth of Prussia during the Industrial Revolution
Prussian Leadership continuedPrussia was an authoritarian state.Believed in Militarism
Strong army Army would carry out the needs of the
government
Germany 1848 Liberals demand reforms.
Constitution Workers rights
Revolt suppressed by Fredrick Wilhelm IV – emperor of Prussia
1849 – German Parliament tries to unify German States into one country Offer the crown of the new Germany to Fredrick
Wilhelm IV. He turns them down and disbands Parliament
German unification put on hold
Prussia under Bismarck1860s – Prussia led by
Otto von Bismarck Prime minister of Prussia Unite Germany with “Blood
and Iron” Believed in “Realpolitik”
Politics of reality – not idealism.
Best way to unify people? A good old fashioned war
Franco – Prussian War Both Prussia and France saw war as a great way
of uniting their populations in a common cause
Fought over – of all things- who should be king of Spain. (go figure)
Prussia wins big time Emperor William I named Kaiser of a united Germany –
dominated by Prussia Bismarck turns Germany into an efficient, military and
industrial giant.
Unification of Italy
Italy in early 1800sObstacles to Unity
Italy is a collection of separate kingdoms Most kingdoms ruled by outside powers
Naples – Spain Venice & Lombardy – Austria Papal states – Pope / Church
The Leaders Giuseppe Mazzini
The “soul” of Italian unity Leads a secret nationalistic movement
“Young Italy Society” Wanted unified Italy Wanted Italy to be a democracy / republic
Viktor Emmanuel II and Camillo Cavour Led the “Resorgimento” (revival) Cavour is the “brains” behind the operation King Victor Emmanuel is the “Heart”
1848 RevolutionKingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia
stood up to Austria Fought Austria to aid other Italian states
under control of Austria Lost – but gained the respect of all Italians
King of Piedmont forced out, but his son Viktor Emmanuel II and Cavour step in to take over – good move
1859 Things looking up France and Austria go to war. Piedmont, allies with France. When France wins, Piedmont gets Lombardy
from Austria. Piedmont now seen as most influential Italian
kingdom. People in other kingdoms rise up and join
Piedmont. Tuscany, Modena, Parma
Piedmont
Enter GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi
The “Sword” of Italian unity Formed a volunteer army of
nationalists “1,000 Red Shirts”
Sailed to Sicily and took it over. Sailed to Southern Italy
Moved up through Italy conquering and unifying
Ended up unifying nearly all of Italy
Garibaldi continuedGood general, lousy politician – and he
knew it.After unifying most of Italy, he turned
control over to Viktor Emmanuel. Knew Emmanuel was a better politician
who could lead all of ItalyNot all is perfect – but Italy is beginning
to look like the Italy we know today