THE GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

D. Tsokos Filiki Etaireia

BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONThe Greek war of independence (1821-1830) was motivated by:

•_________________

•__________________

•_________________

•______________________________________

The movement was an organized effort, with certain objectives

Western influences are largely responsible

Greek intellectual activity played a huge role

•__________________ - secret organization that agitated for peace

THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR

Lipparini: Revolution Vryzakis: Oath

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE- AIMS OF WAR

• __________________ uprising begins.

• Lead uprising in Wallachia and Moldavia• Foment rebellion in the

Morea/Peloponnesos• Ally with _______________ initially• Bring the _________________,

particularly Russia into the conflict• Achieve Independence

SUCCESS EARLY ON• The Greeks rapidly prevail in the __________________,

which had a very small Muslim population.

• Support from the South and North

• Wallachia and Moldavia key spots of independence movements.

WHY 1821 FAILS• _____________________________.

• Miloš Obrenovic refuse to bring the Serbs into the war.

• The Romanian boiers refuse to join after being promised concessions.

• June 19, 1821: battle of Draganitsi River: slaughter.

• ________________________.

• Size of Army – 3000 men much to small

OTTOMAN RESPONSE TO 1821

• The Sultan retaliates with ___________________________ of civilian populations in defenseless islands (Chios, Psara),

Effects of Ottoman Response

• Captures _______________________

• The Great Powers of the time, although instinctively against revolts, change their policy and become ____________________________________________

Delacroix: The Slaughter of Chios

CREATION OF THE GREEK CONSTITUTION

Failure of Ottoman Invasions

•______________________

•Consolidated ideas of 1821 revolution

•Try not to alarm ________,

___________, ____________

Delacroix: Liberty on the Ruins of Messolongi

REACTIONS IN THE EMPIRE• Reprisals against _________________________________of

the empire begins.

• The Orthodox Church was caught in a dilemma: as Millet-bashi it was the ______________________________________.

• Plus, supporting the rebellion could lead to a diminution of his power.

• _______________________excommunicated the leaders of the rebellion.

• Nonetheless, after the news of another massacre of Moslems, he was attacked by mob and murdered

• in spite of the attempts of his janissary guard to save.

STASIS

1822-1824

1822-1824• Success in battles leads to central government

• Greek infighting leads to fractures

• Most battles won because of _________________________

• Lack of regular army proved undoing in winning

_______________________________.

SEA BATTLES 1821-1824• Use of varied styles of Naval Warfare

• Fire Ships and conventional warfare• Supported by ___________________________________

• Constant Greek success until 1824 prevents _________________________________________

• _____________________________________in Greek government ruins readiness of Greek fleets

Reasons for Muhammed Ali’s intervention• Successes:

• ____________– 1802• ____________- 1808• ________________ – 1811-1818• ___________ – 1820• ______________ – 1820-25

• 1822 - Egyptian success by Ali’s sons in Crete and Cyprus

• Muhammad Ali _______________ as early as 1823

• 1824 – Ali sends his oldest son

• In exchange for __________________________________

• Ibrahim Pasha sets out for Greece

Ibrahim Pasha’s Forces25 frigates and sloops

100 supply ships

5000 regular infantry

1000 cavalry

180 field artillery

PASHA LANDS ON THE MAINLAND• Lands on Peloponnese February 1825

• Moves quickly through to center by May

• Moves on to ___________________________– Athens Falls

• Foreign Interests aroused by Ottoman success

WHY FOREIGN SUPPORT• ____________________________

• ____________________________

• ____________________________

FOREIGN INTERVETION• Russian Interest

• 1821 - After Politiking and concessions, Tsar Alexander I __________________________

• Austria, Prussia help persuade Tsar

• Sultan provides Russia _________________________

• 1825 - Nicholas I – rises after Alexander – _____________________________________________

• Persuaded by British to put Russian support behind “Mediation of Conflict”

• Serbia wins autonomy under Ottoman Control

• Pan Slavism – Slavic people controlled by Slavic people.

Foreign Intervention Cont’d• British Intervention

• 1821 - __________________appointed ______________________ of great Britain

• British Public had a growing interest in ________________________• Canning willing to follow ____________________

• Fears Russian control of Greece (Remember large merchant marine force)• Considers Greece _________________– allows for more political and

economic relations• 1824-25 - ___________________________from British Banks

• Canning negotiates Treaty of London (1827) with France and Russia

• Offer __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

CARNERAY: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE EGYPTIAN FLEET AT THE BAY OF NAVARINO, BY THE BRITISH, FRENCH AND RUSSIAN FLEET (1827)

• August 1927 - Muhammad and the Sultan _____________• October 20, a misunderstanding led to the __________

____________________

NAVARINO BY THE NUMBERS• 20 October 1827

• Turks - 89 vessels, 2,240 guns

• Allies - 27 ships 1,324 guns

• Turks, 60 ships sunk, 6000 killed, 4000 wounded

• Allies, 0 ships sunk. 174 killed and 475 wounded.

RUSSO TURKISH WAR 1828 - 1829

As a result of Russian Involvement at Navarino

•Ottomans closed ___________________________________

•Battle between Ottomans and Russians

• _______________________________

•Treaty of ____________________________

• Ceded territory on western edge of Black Sea• _________________________• Russian Control of Moldavia and Wallachia until Ottomans

paid indemnity

LONDON PROTOCOLS:• _________________________________signed as the Second

Treaty of London

• Negotiated by _____________________________• Greece as an independent and sovereign state• Set up preliminary borders of Greek Empire

• Appointed a King from Belgium (he rejected it)

• _________________________– Greek King set by Great Powers

• Greece “monarchical and independent state”• Still pays indemnity to Ottoman Empire• _________________________

FINAL TREATIES GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

• ____________________________________

• Greek boundaries set at the Arta Volos line

TREATY OF UNKIAR SKELESSI• In response to the ________________________________________

• Ibrahim Pasha advanced __________________________________• Great Powers refused to help Mahmud II

• Russia comes to their Aid

• Sends troops – _______________________________________

• Defensive Alliance with Russia

• Alarms _________________________

• Secret Agreement:

• ______________________________________________________

THE INDEPENDENT GREEK STATE

The Sultan was forced to acknowledge the creation of a small Greek State.

King Otto, a German prince, brings with him a Bavarian ensemble, which plays an important role in the organization of the new state according to Western models.

1834: The Bavarians move the capital to Athens.