The History of American Education 7. EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE TIME EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHYFOCUS OF CURRICULUM 1600s“Two Rs”Secondary education for males only;

The History of American Education

7

EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE

TIMEEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY FOCUS OF CURRICULUM

1600s “Two Rs” Secondary education for males only; reading and religion

1700s Life in the present Reading, religion, morality, writing, and arithmetic; vocational skills; academy open to females

1800s Secular education Secondary education in Latin or English curriculum

Early 1900s Progressive education Creative expression; junior high school developed; secondary education for all students

6.1

EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE (continued)

TIMEEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY FOCUS OF CURRICULUM

1940s-1960s Discipline-oriented Congress funded programs in science, math, languages, and guidance

1960s-1970s Social concern and humanistic education

Gender-based courses; multiethnic curricula

1980s Back to basics Academic subjects emphasized; increased discipline; elimination of electives; competency exams

1990s Widening of the corecurriculum

Expansion of the core curriculum to include more people of color and women

Current _____________ ________________

6.2

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS Middle/High Schools

(1950s-Present)

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Dame Schools(1600)

Local Schools(1600s-1800s)

Tutors(1600-1900)

Itinerant Schools(1700s)

Private Schools(1700s-1800s)

Common Schools(1830-Present)

Latin Grammar Schools(1600s-1700s)

English Grammar Schools(1700s)

Academies(1700s-1800s)

High Schools(1800s-Present)

Junior High Schools(1909-Present)

7.1

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES 1600sInformal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors1635Boston Latin Grammar School1636Harvard College1647Old Deluder Satan Law1687-1890New England Primer published

1700sDevelopment of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education1740South Carolina denies education to blacks1751Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia1783Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book1785, 1787Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance

Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

7.2

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued)1800s

Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation1821Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls1821First public high school opens in Boston1823First (private) normal school opens in Vermont1827Massachusetts requires public high schools1837Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts1839First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts1855First kindergarten (German language) in United States1862Morrill Land Grant College Act1874Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools)1896Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools


7.3

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 1900s

Increasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs1909First junior high school in Berkeley, California1917Smith-Hughes Act1919Progressive education programs1932New Deal education programs1944G.I. Bill of Rights1954Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools1957Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds1958National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs1964-1965Job Corps and Head Start are funded


7.4

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES

1964-1965Job Corps and Head Start are funded

1965

ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA)

1968

BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT

1972Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools

1975, 1991Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed

1979Cabinet-level Department of Education is established

2001No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing

7.5


Cultural Issues in Education

THE DIGITAL DIVIDE ON COMPUTER USE

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (Issued March 2009).

6.7

Figure 6.2

DIVERSITY AND EDUCATION

Group Key Points

African Americans

Arab Americans

Asian/Pacific Americans

European Americans

Hispanics

Native Americans

Women and Girls

Other(s)

7.6

Student Generated Responses

THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. SCHOOL

Year

14 to 17 Year-Olds in School

(Percentage of Total)

1890 6.7

1910 15.4

1930 51.4

1950 76.8

1970 92.7

1980 91.0

1990 94.0

2000 95.7

2010 95.9Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2010, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

7.7

U.S. HISPANIC SUBGROUPS

Figure 7.1

Source: The Hispanic Population in the United States, U.S Census Bureau, June 2008.

7.10

ARAB AMERICANS BY ANCESTRY

Figure 7.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation (www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4,pdf), issued July 2007.

7.11

http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4

Race and Ethnicity Issues

0 Panethnic Membership: based on national origin from a large geographic region that includes numerous countries (Hispanic, Asians, Arabs)

0 Race and Ethnicity (linked but not same)0 Both influence one’s cultural identity and

status in society

Race and Ethnicity

0Race based on physical characteristics

0 White is the norm against which persons of color are classified as other.

0 Most whites unable to see privileges

0 Silence contributes to a racist society

Race and Ethnicity

0 Ethnicity based on national origin0 Ethnic group members share a common history, language,

traditions and experiences in U.S.0 Strong Ethnicity: when members interact and live together 0 Strengthened when members organize to advance the rights

of the group

Ethnic Diversity

Most oppressed groups in U.S.

• indigenous peoples

• groups whose ancestors entered involuntarily

Ethnic DiversityNative American Indian2000-U.S. government admitted to

near genocide of native peoples apologizing for “legacy of racism and inhumanity that included massacres, forced relocations of tribes, and attempts to wipe out Indian languages and cultures”

(Read Alice Walker’s account of Indian schools)

Ethnic DiversityAfrican AmericansNot treated as full humans until well into

the 19th centuryNot until the late 20th century did

Africans choose to immigrate to the U.S.

Mexican AmericansInhabitants of annexed land from

Spanish-American War; did not immigrate

Today they can’t enter the country

Language Issues

0 English is NOT the native language for 47 million Americans.

0 Spanish, Italian and Sign language are most common

0 Children learn native language by age 50 Many immigrant children did not attend school

in native country0 Takes 3-7 years to learn English0 (View ppt on ESOL Current Issues)

Gender IssuesMales and Females in SchoolGirls expected to be quiet, follow the

rules, and help the teacher.Boys are rowdier and less attentive

What are gender bias issues you have observed or experienced in school?

Watch videos on single-sex classrooms/schools.

Gender IssuesTitle IXLegislation that addresses civil rights of

girls and women in educationRequires federally funded colleges and

schools to provide equal educational opportunity to girls

Controversial part-girls participating in athletics

(read three-part rule, page. 62)

Sexual Orientation Issues

Sexual orientation is established early in life. It is not learned in adolescence.

Majority of gay adults report feeling different from other children before they entered kindergarten.

Estimated 10% of population is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender

Sexual Orientation Issues

Gays and LesbiansFace discrimination in housing, employment

and many social institutionsVictims of homophobia (expressed in

harassment and violence) that is tolerated in many areas

Experience isolation and loneliness 70% fear for safety in schools(They feel safer in schools with supportive

staff, portrayals in curriculum, and clubs)

Exceptionalities IssuesDisability: a long-standing physical,

mental, or emotional condition that make it difficult for a person to perform activities such as walking, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, learning, or remembering.

Inclusion: integration of all students, regardless of their background or abilities, in all aspects of the educational process

Watch commercial from Glee

Read page 66 and respond to questions.

Documents

The History of American Education 7. EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE TIME EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHYFOCUS OF CURRICULUM 1600s“Two Rs”Secondary education for males only;