The Industrial AgeThe Industrial Age(1876-1900)(1876-1900)

Social StudiesSocial Studies

Ms. HermannsMs. Hermanns

IntroductionIntroduction

Second Industrial Revolution: Second Industrial Revolution: rapid growth in rapid growth in manufacturing in US in the late 1800s, led to new manufacturing in US in the late 1800s, led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and sources of power and advances in transportation and communication.communication.

Breakthroughs in Breakthroughs in steelsteel processing led to a boom in processing led to a boom in railroad construction. railroad construction.

Advances in the use of Advances in the use of oil and electricity oil and electricity improved improved communications and transportation.communications and transportation.

A rush of A rush of inventions inventions changed Americans’ lives.changed Americans’ lives.

RailroadsRailroads

Transcontinental railroad – from Transcontinental railroad – from the Atlantic to the Pacificthe Atlantic to the Pacific

Improved transportationImproved transportation

Expanded businesses across Expanded businesses across the entire country.the entire country.

Growth ProblemsGrowth Problems

Needed more locomotives, cars, and tracksNeeded more locomotives, cars, and tracks Had to pay workers to lay tracksHad to pay workers to lay tracks Needed capital resources…money $$$Needed capital resources…money $$$

– Money from the governmentMoney from the government– Money from investors Money from investors – invest to buy shares in – invest to buy shares in

the hope of making money. Shares are called the hope of making money. Shares are called stocks.stocks.

– Money from Corporations Money from Corporations – businesses that sell – businesses that sell sharesshares

Railroad was the 1Railroad was the 1stst business to business to become a corporation!become a corporation!

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry

Locomotives became too heavy for Locomotives became too heavy for ironiron

Used steel, but was more Used steel, but was more expensiveexpensive

Inventors found a new way to Inventors found a new way to make steel quicker and cheapermake steel quicker and cheaper– Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer

Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process: blasts hot air : blasts hot air through melted iron to remove impuritiesthrough melted iron to remove impurities

Advances in the use of oil and electricity

•Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into fuel called kerosene in the 1850s.

•Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil.

•A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

Telephone

New telegraph technology connected the United States with Britain by cable in 1866.

Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876.

Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million in 1900.

Morse CodeMorse Code

Samuel Morse developed the Samuel Morse developed the Morse CodeMorse Code

Dots and dashesDots and dashes Used electricity along iron wiresUsed electricity along iron wires

Phonograph and light Phonograph and light bulbbulb Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison (February (February

11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) – American inventor and businessman American inventor and businessman – invented the phonograph and the invented the phonograph and the

long-lasting, electric light bulb.long-lasting, electric light bulb.

AirplanesAirplanes

Big BusinessBig Business

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

Entrepreneur (set up new business Entrepreneur (set up new business and takes risks with money)and takes risks with money)

Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Very successfulVery successful Built many moreBuilt many more Bought coal and iron mines, ships, Bought coal and iron mines, ships,

so he could lower cost of his steelso he could lower cost of his steel

Carnegie Steel Carnegie Steel CompanyCompany Biggest steel business in United Biggest steel business in United

StatesStates He became one of the richest He became one of the richest

people in the worldpeople in the world

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller– 24 years old24 years old– Built an Built an oil refinery oil refinery in Ohioin Ohio

Refinery is a factory that makes crude oil Refinery is a factory that makes crude oil into grease, kerosene, gasoline and other into grease, kerosene, gasoline and other USABLE products.USABLE products.

– Bought other refineriesBought other refineries

Monopoly – almost complete controlMonopoly – almost complete control

Business LeadersBusiness Leaders

Andrew Carnegie

One of most admired businesspeople of the time

Focused on steelmaking

Used vertical integration, owning businesses involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower costs

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company was country’s largest refinery

Developed horizontal integration, owning all businesses in a field

Formed a trust, grouping many companies under a single board

Leland Stanford

Made fortune selling equipment to miners

Governor of California, one of founders of Central Pacific Railroad, and founder of Stanford University

Horizontal vs. Vertical Horizontal vs. Vertical IntegrationIntegration

Vertical Integration: Vertical Integration: Owns all stages of productionOwns all stages of production

Horizontal Integration: Horizontal Integration: Several plants produce Several plants produce similar productssimilar products

Mine Steel factory

Railroads

Dan’s Oil Hank’s Oil

Rick’s Oil

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Many business leaders believed Many business leaders believed in in Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism..

–Darwin’s Darwin’s “survival of fittest” “survival of fittest” applied to which human applied to which human beings would succeed in beings would succeed in business and in life in general. business and in life in general.

Sherman Antitrust Sherman Antitrust MovementMovementSome people were concerned when a trust

gained a monopoly, or total ownership of a product or service.

The Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890 made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade.

–The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, so it was hard to enforce.

–Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size and power.

Industrial Industrial WorkersWorkers

New Industrial CitiesNew Industrial Cities

Inland citiesInland cities Close to resources needed by mills Close to resources needed by mills

and refineriesand refineries Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Ohio,

MichiganMichigan Railroad hubs…cities where trains Railroad hubs…cities where trains

make stops on their way to other make stops on their way to other places.places.

Building RailroadsBuilding Railroads

Needed 1000’s of workersNeeded 1000’s of workers Most immigrants were from Most immigrants were from

Ireland and ChinaIreland and China Civil War VeteransCivil War Veterans African AmericansAfrican Americans Mexican AmericansMexican Americans

Dangerous WorkDangerous Work

400 rails per mile400 rails per mile Pickaxes, shovels, and dynamitePickaxes, shovels, and dynamite Built bridges across canyonsBuilt bridges across canyons Blasted through rock for tunnelsBlasted through rock for tunnels Chinese usually did the explosivesChinese usually did the explosives

– Lowered by basketLowered by basket– Drilled holeDrilled hole– Lit dynamiteLit dynamite– Pulled up…in time…USUALLY!!!!Pulled up…in time…USUALLY!!!!– Worked year round in all kinds of weatherWorked year round in all kinds of weather– Avalanches, snowdrifts, and attacksAvalanches, snowdrifts, and attacks

Work in FactoriesWork in Factories

Small, crowded roomsSmall, crowded rooms So many workers….low wagesSo many workers….low wages Didn’t make enough to support familyDidn’t make enough to support family Kids had to work, tooKids had to work, too 1910 made up 1/5 of all workers1910 made up 1/5 of all workers 60 cents for 8 hrs. work60 cents for 8 hrs. work Walked 22 miles a day carrying glassWalked 22 miles a day carrying glass Unsafe machines so many accidents Unsafe machines so many accidents

happenedhappened

Poor Working Poor Working ConditionsConditions

Owners against Owners against WorkersWorkers Workers spoke out about Workers spoke out about

problemsproblems Some went on strikeSome went on strike

– Usually just got Usually just got FIRED!FIRED!– Formed labor union – group of Formed labor union – group of

workers who join togetherworkers who join together

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Early labor union leaderEarly labor union leader 13 years old worked as a cigar maker13 years old worked as a cigar maker Federation – made up of many Federation – made up of many

member groupsmember groups AFL American Federation of LaborAFL American Federation of Labor

– Wanted 8 hr. daysWanted 8 hr. days– Better working conditionsBetter working conditions– End to child laborEnd to child labor– Accident insuranceAccident insurance

Labor Unions and Labor Unions and StrikesStrikes Going on strike was the most Going on strike was the most

important way unions had to get important way unions had to get the owners’ attentionthe owners’ attention

Sometimes became violentSometimes became violent– Harvesting Machine Company strikeHarvesting Machine Company strike– Bomb killed seven policeBomb killed seven police

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

Carnegie steel millCarnegie steel mill– Announced a pay cutAnnounced a pay cut– Workers went on strike to protestWorkers went on strike to protest– Detectives hired to protect the millDetectives hired to protect the mill– Angry union workers and detectives Angry union workers and detectives

got in a fight killing people from got in a fight killing people from both sidesboth sides

Homestead Steel MillHomestead Steel Mill

Pullman Strike Pullman Strike

• Began with workers who made Pullman train cars Began with workers who made Pullman train cars

• Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping carssleeping cars

• Federal troops stopped strike.Federal troops stopped strike.

Government and Government and BusinessBusiness Wanted government to help Wanted government to help

improve working conditionsimprove working conditions Factory owners did not want the Factory owners did not want the

government to get involved.government to get involved. Government did not want to get Government did not want to get

involved.involved.– Thought businesses would grow best Thought businesses would grow best

if they left them alone to make if they left them alone to make decisions.decisions.