The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Begins in England

• In the 1700s, the I.R. began in England

• Agricultural Revolution spurred industrialization.– Enclosure Movement

• Industrialization-process of developing machine production of goods.

• England had the 3 Factors of Production:– Land (resources, land,

waterways)– Labor (workers)– Capital (wealth)

New Inventions• A population boom

caused people to invent new technology.

• More food and cloth needed to be produced faster and easier.

• Inventions:– Seed Drill, Cotton Gin,

Steam Engine, Water Frame, telephone

– Railroads-made transportation cheap and quick, provided new jobs

Urbanization• Cities in the 1800s began to

grow• Urbanization-more people

started to move to the cities• Worked in factories-first near

rivers, then fueled by coal-mass produced goods

• Factory owners wanted to make as much profit as possible

• Businessmen, merchants, factory owners created a wealthy middle class

• Working and living conditions were not good

• This would lead to social class tensions and the rise of Socialism

The Rise of Socialism• Capitalism spurred the Industrial

Revolution• Capitalism

– Economic System– Factors of Production privately

owned– Businesses want profit– Government interferes very little

• Socialism developed in the mid 1800s from French reformer Charles Fourier:– Factors of Production are publicly

owned– Operate for the welfare of all

according to people’s needs– Government should plan economy– End poverty and promote equality,

protect workers

Marxism/Communism

• A German named Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a radical form of Socialism in 1848.

• The Communist Manifesto described how it would work.

• Social Class War:– Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) v.

Working Class (Proletariat)• Workers would revolt around the

world against the Bourgeoisie• Workers then would share the

profits equally for all people• Government would whither away• A classless society would develop

(Communism)• No private property, all goods

shared equally by the people

Industrialization Fuels Nationalism• Industrialization gave many

countries increased wealth, technology, and confidence.

• It caused these countries to unite politically into nation-states.

• Nationalism-loyalty to a people, not a king.

• Italy (1870): Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi help unite it.

• Germany (1871): Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, helped unify it.– Used Realpolitik to unify

Industrialization Fuels Imperialism (Late 1800s-Early 1900s)

• Industrialization gave many countries wealth and power.

• European countries began to feel superior to others.

• Imperialism-Stronger countries seek to dominate weaker ones.

• They also needed raw materials and resources from Africa and Asia to fuel industrialization.

• The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)-European countries met to decide how to divide up Africa amongst themselves.

Imperialism in Africa• David Livingstone-explored

Africa’s interior opening the door for others.

• By the early 1900s, Europeans dominated Africa

• Social Darwinism-those societies that are fittest will have the most wealth and success.

• Cecil Rhodes, a British diamond businessman, supported this in South Africa.

• The British also took control of the Suez Canal to gain fast passage to its colonies.

British Imperialism in India

• Britain controlled India economically through the East India Company.

• India had to buy British goods and produce raw materials for them (tea, cotton, indigo).

• The British army in India included Sepoys, or Indian soldiers.

• The Sepoy Mutiny (1857): Sepoys found out that their rifle cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat.

• Sepoys rebelled, fighting the British for over a year before being defeated.

• Britain took full control over India after this.

Imperialism in China• Many countries wanted to

control China economically.• The British started trading

Opium in the early 1800s.• Opium War (1839-1842)-

Chinese were defeated by British.

• Spheres of Influence were set up; areas of economic control.

• Open Door Policy-created by Americans that stated that China must remain open to all foreign trade in all ports.

• The Boxer Rebellion (1900)-Chinese rebelled against foreign influence

The Meiji Era in Japan (1867-1912)• Japan’s ports had been closed for

centuries under the Tokugawa Shoguns.

• In 1853, American war ships were led by Commodore Matthew Perry into Tokyo’s harbor.

• Japan was forced to open its ports to foreign trade.

• In 1867, the Shogun stepped down and the Meiji Emperor took over.

• Meiji industrialized and modernized Japan

• Japan became an imperial power taking over Korea and parts of China.

American Imperialism• Like European countries, the U.S.

looked to obtain colonies in Asia for resources.

• Spanish-American War (1898): The U.S. freed Cuba and acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

• White Man’s Burden-idea that it was America/Europe’s responsibility to civilize and develop inferior nations.

• Filipino-American War (1899-1902)-Filipino nationalists fought American control.

• Hawaii was annexed by the U.S. in 1898.

• The Panama Canal-President Teddy Roosevelt had America build a canal that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1904.