The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

Government Support for Industrialism

The government:o Helped Industries with loanso Maintained laissez faire or a hands off policyo No taxes on personal incomes o No environmental controls

The Rise of IndustrialismThe Rise of Industrialism

o Industrialism, a change in Productions from hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing

o By the turn of the century the U.S. ranked first in the world for Industrial goods.

Key Factors in Industrial Growtho Abundant supply of Natural Resourceso Opening of Industrial marketso Population shifts from rural to urbano Expanded labor supply fueled by Immigration

Invention and Innovation• Spirit of Innovation

– 676,000 of patents between 1860 and 1900– Urban Canters became magnets business entrepreneurs

• Development of Steel production– Henry Bessemer perfected steel production

• Electricity becomes widespread– Inventions fueled by electricity included the telegraph,

telephone, escalators, elevators, and central heat.• Machines Increase Production

– New machines included: sewing machine, bicycle, and automobiles.

Industrial Leaders

• Industrial Giants– John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company

which controlled 90 percent of oil industry.– Attempted to monopolize the oil industry – Andrew Carnegie founded Carnegie Steel.

• Other Industrial Leaders– Cornelius “Commodore” Vanderbilt- railroads– Swift & Armour-Captains of the meatpacking industry– Guggemheim family controlled billions of dollars of

copper

Other Industrial Leaders

– The McCormicks founded International Harvest company and controlled the reaper business

– The Duke family controlled tobacco– J.P. Morgan was the Financier of them all and one

of the builders of Wall street • This period of time was known as the Guilded

Age.

Trusts and Government Corruption

• Trusts influence Government Affairs• City governments were run by political

machines and bosses that catered to industrial interests.

Criticism & Defense of Big Business

• Weathy Americans faced criticism

• Industrialists defended Big business

• Philanthropists supported moral efforts

The Impact of Industrialsim• Industrialism benfited the Middle Class– Techonological advances benefited members of the upper and

middle classes.– New opportunities in clerical, sales, and technology created jobs

for women• Most Americans viewed industrialism as drudgery and

hardship• Laborers faced harsh working conditions• Men and women worked 10 to 12 hour days, 6 days a

week.• Low pay was common in the factories

Changes and Discrimination in the Workforce

• Industrialism and Women– Industrialists recruited women, children, ethnic

minorities, and Immigrants– Young, single women womencarved out new

opportunities• Child Labor was common practice and children

were forced into mostly dangerous positions with low pay

• Managers pitted one group against the other.

Organized Labor

• Worker began organizing into labor or trade unions.• The Knights of Labor aimed to secure an 8 hour work

day, income tax, the elimination of child labor and equal pay.

• The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers focused on higher wages, safer working conditions, and union representation.

• Business resisted unions and strikes often resulted in violence.

Triangle!

Food Contamination and Muckrakers

• Consumers Fraud – Consumers had no safeguards against poor quality

products or misleading advertizing • Meat Packing Industry– The Jungle by Upton Sinclair described conditions in

Chicago’s meatpacking industry– Writiers focused on exposing societies ills rather than

solving them.– Muckraker’s efforts paved the way for future reforms.

The Toll on the Environment

• Environmental concerns– 19th Century businessed used nonrenewable,

polluting fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas.• Deforestation– Clear-Cutting is a method of deforestation used by

logging companies to clear whole sections of land at a time

– Air & Water pollution