The Nation The Nation ExpandsExpandsU.S. HistoryU.S. History

November 21, 2008November 21, 2008

The Election of 1800The Election of 1800

Two political parties were running for Two political parties were running for presidentpresident

Neither Party had established a Neither Party had established a preferred ticket (Presidential Candidate preferred ticket (Presidential Candidate and a Vice-President Candidate)and a Vice-President Candidate)

Political Parties in 1800 Political Parties in 1800 ElectionElection

Republican PartyRepublican Party Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

and Aaron Burrand Aaron Burr

Both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the same number of Burr received the same number of Electoral Votes – in a tie, the House Electoral Votes – in a tie, the House of Representatives decide the of Representatives decide the PresidentPresident

Federalist PartyFederalist Party John Adams and John Adams and

Charles PickneyCharles Pickney

House of Rep. decideHouse of Rep. decide

The first 35 attempts to decide the The first 35 attempts to decide the President ended in a tiePresident ended in a tie

Alexander Hamilton – who didn’t Alexander Hamilton – who didn’t like either candidate, persuaded like either candidate, persuaded several of the Federalist (his party) several of the Federalist (his party) to vote for Jefferson (not their to vote for Jefferson (not their party)party)

Jefferson wins and becomes the Jefferson wins and becomes the third President of the U.S.A.third President of the U.S.A.

Cause and effect of Election Cause and effect of Election of 1800of 1800

To prevent this from happening again, To prevent this from happening again, Congress proposed and passed the 12Congress proposed and passed the 12thth AmendmentAmendment

1212thth Amendment – required electors to Amendment – required electors to vote for presidential and vice presidential vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates on separate ballotscandidates on separate ballots

Burr is upset with Hamilton (for more Burr is upset with Hamilton (for more than just the election) and demands an than just the election) and demands an apologyapology

No apology so Burr challenges Hamilton No apology so Burr challenges Hamilton to a duelto a duel

Republicans in powerRepublicans in power

With a Republican President and With a Republican President and Congress, the Federalist felt like Congress, the Federalist felt like they needed to push their they needed to push their policies through the lame duck policies through the lame duck Congress (changing congress Congress (changing congress with little power) with little power)

Federalist pass the Judiciary act Federalist pass the Judiciary act of 1801of 1801

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801

Created new Federal Judgeships Created new Federal Judgeships and circuit courtsand circuit courts

Outgoing President Adams names Outgoing President Adams names Federalist to all the new judgeships Federalist to all the new judgeships on his last night as presidenton his last night as president

Nicknamed these “midnight judges”Nicknamed these “midnight judges” John Marshall was named Chief John Marshall was named Chief

Justice of Supreme CourtJustice of Supreme Court

John Marshall’s Supreme John Marshall’s Supreme CourtCourt

Marshall was a loose Marshall was a loose constructionist – loose constructionist – loose interpretation of the interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution

Judicial Review- said the Judicial Review- said the courts could declare an act of courts could declare an act of Congress unconstitutionalCongress unconstitutional

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

11stst time act of Congress was declared time act of Congress was declared UnconstitutionalUnconstitutional

William Marbury was selected as a William Marbury was selected as a judge by outgoing Pres. Adamsjudge by outgoing Pres. Adams

New Pres. Jefferson and Sec. of State New Pres. Jefferson and Sec. of State James Madison refused Marbury from James Madison refused Marbury from taking the benchtaking the bench

Marbury appealed his case to the Marbury appealed his case to the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

The Supreme Court ruled that The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had a right to his Marbury had a right to his appointment as a judge but the appointment as a judge but the Supreme Court can only hear a Supreme Court can only hear a case that has been through the case that has been through the lower courts firstlower courts first

Decision from the court case – The Decision from the court case – The Supreme Court is the final Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitutioninterpreter of the U.S. Constitution

Other John Marshall Other John Marshall decisionsdecisions

Alexander Hamilton wanted a Alexander Hamilton wanted a national banknational bank

Thomas Jefferson didn’t want a Thomas Jefferson didn’t want a national banknational bank

John Marshall ruled in McCulloch John Marshall ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that the Federal v. Maryland that the Federal government had the right to government had the right to legally establish a national banklegally establish a national bank

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson PresidencyPresidency

Jefferson allowed some of the Jefferson allowed some of the Federalist programs to remain – Federalist programs to remain – mainly the National Bank and mainly the National Bank and Debt Payment Plan – which he Debt Payment Plan – which he personally opposedpersonally opposed

He also wanted to maintain a He also wanted to maintain a neutral course in foreign affairsneutral course in foreign affairs

Jefferson wanted to expand the Jefferson wanted to expand the land holdings of the countryland holdings of the country

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Spain held the Louisiana Territory Spain held the Louisiana Territory since 1762 (after the French were since 1762 (after the French were defeated in the French and Indian War)defeated in the French and Indian War)

France’s ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte, France’s ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte, regained this territory in a secret regained this territory in a secret treaty with Spaintreaty with Spain

France was still in financial trouble in France was still in financial trouble in Europe and needed money to support Europe and needed money to support the militarythe military

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Jefferson sends Sec. of State James Jefferson sends Sec. of State James Madison to Paris to try and buy west Madison to Paris to try and buy west Florida and New Orleans (Jefferson wanted Florida and New Orleans (Jefferson wanted ports along the Gulf of Mexico) for $10 ports along the Gulf of Mexico) for $10 millionmillion

As soon as Madison arrives, he is asked As soon as Madison arrives, he is asked how much would they buy the entire how much would they buy the entire Louisiana Territory for?Louisiana Territory for?

Madison offers $15 million – France Madison offers $15 million – France acceptsaccepts

Doubled the size of the United States of Doubled the size of the United States of AmericaAmerica

Why?Why?

France sold the Louisiana Territory for France sold the Louisiana Territory for roughly 4 cents an acre (in Chicago roughly 4 cents an acre (in Chicago today, an acre could sell for $1 million)today, an acre could sell for $1 million)

France realized that they couldn’t have France realized that they couldn’t have a powerful empire in Americaa powerful empire in America

They tried to colonize Haiti but They tried to colonize Haiti but Toussaint-Louverture and African slaves Toussaint-Louverture and African slaves defeated them in 1791defeated them in 1791

Tried again in 1802, captured Tried again in 1802, captured Toussaint-Louverture but couldn’t Toussaint-Louverture but couldn’t sustain the control (illness and sustain the control (illness and uprisings)uprisings)

LEWIS AND CLARKLEWIS AND CLARKPres. Jefferson assigned the Pres. Jefferson assigned the mapping of the new territory to mapping of the new territory to

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark Meriwether Lewis and William Clark – Meriwether Lewis and William Clark – two skilled frontiersmantwo skilled frontiersman

Started in St. Louis in 1804Started in St. Louis in 1804 Kept detailed journals and mapped the Kept detailed journals and mapped the

territory never before exploredterritory never before explored

Lewis and Clark’s Lewis and Clark’s journeyjourney

45 explorers along with 45 explorers along with American Indians explored the American Indians explored the new territory that was acquired new territory that was acquired in the Louisiana Purchasein the Louisiana Purchase

After the first winter, they pair After the first winter, they pair hired new guides and hired new guides and interpreters – Sacagawea and interpreters – Sacagawea and her husbandher husband

SacagaweaSacagawea

Was invaluable to the expeditionWas invaluable to the expedition Showed members of the expedition the Showed members of the expedition the

best places to fish, hunt, and find wild best places to fish, hunt, and find wild veggiesveggies

As an interpreter, she aided the As an interpreter, she aided the expedition in obtaining needed supplies expedition in obtaining needed supplies and materialsand materials

Additional help for Lewis Additional help for Lewis and Clarkand Clark

They also had a slave that assisted, They also had a slave that assisted, named Yorknamed York

York’s presence helped with the York’s presence helped with the relations with the American Indiansrelations with the American Indians

York’s display of strength York’s display of strength impressed the Natives-apparently impressed the Natives-apparently they “never saw a black man they “never saw a black man before” wrote Clark in his journalbefore” wrote Clark in his journal

JourneyJourney They started in St. Louis and They started in St. Louis and

traveled up the Missouri River – traveled up the Missouri River – Crossed the Rocky Mountains – and Crossed the Rocky Mountains – and canoed down the Snake and canoed down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific OceanColumbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean

They then returned 2 and ½ years They then returned 2 and ½ years later and brought with them plants, later and brought with them plants, animals, bones and pelts, and animals, bones and pelts, and various soil and mineral samples as various soil and mineral samples as evidence.evidence.

Another explorerAnother explorer

Zebulon Pike – visted the upper Zebulon Pike – visted the upper Mississippi River Valley in 1805 and Mississippi River Valley in 1805 and traveled as far west as Colorado, traveled as far west as Colorado, where he discovered the high where he discovered the high mountain peak – Pike’s Peakmountain peak – Pike’s Peak

Importance of the Importance of the Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

1.1. Added all or part of 13 new states to the Added all or part of 13 new states to the United StatesUnited States

2.2. Increased the size which made it appear Increased the size which made it appear more important to other countriesmore important to other countries

3.3. Allowed for more creativity with the Allowed for more creativity with the Constitution (loose construction)Constitution (loose construction)

4.4. Removed the French from North AmericaRemoved the French from North America5.5. Opened the interior of the U.S. for Opened the interior of the U.S. for

exploration – increased a sense of exploration – increased a sense of National IdentityNational Identity