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The Origins of The Origins of the Cold Warthe Cold War
Cold War Cold War began during began during
WWIIWWII
Post-War Differences• USA & Britain want to postpone postwar decisions on
Europe• Russia wants decisions made immediately• 1943-Big 3 at Teheran decide on strategies to invade
Germany• 1945-Yalta Conference– Germany divided into zones - Germany must pay!– Russia will declare war on Japan after Germany done in
• 1945-Postdam Conference– Truman demands free elections in Eastern Europe– Stalin says nyet!
• USA avoids confrontation in Eastern Europe
Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
West vs EastWest vs East
American MovesTruman cuts off aid to Russia
because Stalin does not allow free elections
Marshall Plan established to send aid to EuropeTruman Doctrine-contain communism in
Europe with aidUSA creates alliance in Europe
North Atlantic Treaty Alliance ( N.A.T.O.)
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization rganization (1949)(1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
Russian Moves• Russians blockade access to Berlin• Russians form alliance with
Eastern European countries–Warsaw Pact
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Around the GlobeCommunist Chinese (backed by Russia) defeat
Nationalist Chinese (backed by USA)Communists in North Korea invade South KoreaUnited Nations come to aid of South KoreaUnited Nations gain edge
Gen. MacArthur pushes for invasion of ChinaTruman nixes move, fires the general
1953- truce arranged in Korea
The Korean War: A “Police Action” The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)(1950-1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”
The Western The Western RenaissanceRenaissance
The Postwar The Postwar ChallengeChallenge
Post-War Germany• Food rationed• Russian and Polish borders pushed west-
smaller Germany• USA aid given to West Germany an
advantage• West Germany adopts free market
economy, social welfare, and price controls
Toward Toward European European
UnityUnity
• Democratic republics established in France, Germany and Italy
• Leaders preferred a politically united Europe but settle for economic unity-form Common Market
• Leader of France, DeGaulle, wants his country to lead Common Market
• France vetoes British membership in Common Market
DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian
Crisis.Crisis.
2.2. Made France a Made France a nuclear power.nuclear power.
3.3. Sustained general Sustained general prosperity.prosperity.
4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,
democratic democratic government.government.
5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.
DecolonizationDecolonization
Why imperialism declined• Demands for self-determination• World War I weakened European
countries• How can West consider themselves
morally superior?
Changes in the New WorldIndia granted independence in 1947French give up Syria and LebanonJewish state formed in PalestineFrench defeated in Vietnam in 1954French hold onto Algeria until 1962
Neocolonialism• Definition: European power exits colony
but keeps economic and cultural ties so it still has powerful influence• Ex: French and English leave their African
colonies but the countries still use their European language and government system. Much of the land is retained by white settlers
America’s Civil America’s Civil Rights Rights
RevolutionRevolution
Postwar Postwar Prosperity in Prosperity in
USAUSA
Peacetime USA• Don’t rock the boat• Eisenhower pushes for interstate
highway system for defense purposes• Kennedy elected and country looks
forward to the “New Frontier”
Civil Rights Civil Rights RevolutionRevolution
Johnson administration• Supreme Court declares segregation illegal• Blacks use non-violent protest to bring about
change• Liberal Democrats support civil rights• Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination• Voting Rights Act gives all Americans right to
vote• War on Poverty declared• USA begins road to “welfare state”
Soviet Eastern Soviet Eastern EuropeEurope
Eastern Europe• Stalin begins new purges in the 50s• Five Year plans reintroduced• Military sector improves at cost to
private sector• Stalin purges leaders in Soviet controlled
Eastern Europe• Stalin dies in 1953
Reform and Reform and deStalinizationdeStalinization
Krushchev• DeStalinization begins• Eastern European countries push for
reforms• Poland successful, Hungary crushed in
1956• Krushchev successful with Berlin Wall but
not so with missiles in Cuba• Krushchev falls in 1964 and
ReStalinization begins
The Hungarian Uprising: 1956The Hungarian Uprising: 1956
Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian
Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free
elections.elections.
} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.
Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)(1959)
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over plane was shot down over
Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.
Khruschev Embraces Castro,Khruschev Embraces Castro,19611961
Paris, 1961Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK
is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpoinCheckpointt
CharlieCharlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)(1963)
President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that
the West is the West is with them!with them!
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973
The End of The End of ReformReform
After Fall of Krushchev• New leader, Brezhnev begins arms build-
up• Liberal leader, Dubcek, in Czechoslovakia
crushed• Brezhev Doctrine- Soviets had right to
intervene in any socialist country
Science and Science and TechnologyTechnology
Pure Science + Applied Science• Scientists recruited to help fight wars– ex: atomic bomb
• 1957- Russians put missile in orbit• 1961- Russians put man in orbit• 1969- After Kennedy commitment
USA puts first man on the moon
USA in Vietnam• 50s-Eisenhower begins aid to “free”
South Vietnam fearing “domino theory”• Early 60s-Kennedy sends first “advisors”• 1964- Johnson escalates war• 1968- North Vietnam launches Tet
Offensive and wins by losing• 1968- Johnson decides not to run for re-
election, USA leaves Vietnam in 1974
Detente• Détente-relaxation of Cold War
tensions• 1969-West Germany opens relations
with East Germany• 1970-German reconciliates with rest
of Europe• 1975-Helsinki Conference- no nation
will change borders due to force
The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!
Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the
technological edge!technological edge!
Big ScienceBig Science
Youth and the Youth and the counterculturecounterculture
Conflict and Conflict and uncertainty in uncertainty in
the late cold warthe late cold war
The U.S. and The U.S. and VietnamVietnam
Détente or Détente or Cold WarCold War
Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!
The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957
Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyRadio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Women’s Women’s MovementMovement
The Troubled The Troubled EconomyEconomy
Society in the Society in the time of economic time of economic
uncertaintyuncertainty
