100 Years War and Black Death

Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church

The Corruption within the Catholic Church

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions

The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VIII

Elizabeth

Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany

Father encouraged him to study law

A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:

IndulgencesJustification

Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy

Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible

He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works

A Papal pardon for sins

A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

Purgatory = a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime

According to Luther, indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory

He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven

He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort

In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.”

Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)

He criticized:

The Power of the Pope

The Extreme Wealth of the Church

Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs

Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.

•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of ExcommunicationPapal Bull = Official document issued by the Pope

Luther was ordered to recant (take back) his teachingsLuther burned the Papal Bull Excommunicated!Excommunicated = to be cut off from the church

This behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Rome

Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of WormsDiet = assembly or meeting of German princes

Luther was asked again to recant – he still refusedCharles V issued the Edict of Worms

Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner

Declared Luther an outlawIt was a crime to give Luther shelter or foodFrederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther

in his castleSpent his time translating the New Testament into

GermanThis spread his beliefs even further Greatly contributed to the development of the

written German language

He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

Pope Leo X with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

“I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we’re about to let go of each other.”

-Luther

Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas

Lutheranism was formed

Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms

The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”

- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

Anti-Catholic

Influenced by Martin Luther

Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”

Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

Calvin believed in:

Salvation through Predestination

At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

Foreknowledge

God knows everything that will happen in your life

Purified approach to life:

No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

Started in Switzerland – Calvinists

England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians

Holland = Dutch Reform

France = Huguenots

Germany = Reform Church

PuritanHugeunots

Presbyterian

Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII: The Anglican Tradition

Henry VIII – King of England

Roman Catholic

Opposed Luther’s beliefs

Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X

Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

Henry VIII Needs a Divorce!

Catholic Church does not permit divorce Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce

male heir only a girl - Mary Tudor Henry needed a male to preserve his throne Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he

could marry someone who could give him a male heir

The Pope denied his request Henry created the Church of England and

established his own supremacy over it

Act of Supremacy - 1534

Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy

Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”

Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason

Sir Thomas More was one of them!

Another Girl for Henry

Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn – there was actually a bit of an overlap!

He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him another girl – Elizabeth

BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533

Henry’s Six Wives!Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.

Catherine of AragonAnnulled

Jane Seymour Diedchildbed fever

Anne of ClevesAnnulled

Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded

Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded

Catherine Parr survived

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I (‘Bloody Mary’) died

Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants

Made England a firmly Protestant nation

Little religious turmoil for decades