Desiderius Erasmus was the best known Christian Humanist.He wanted to reform the Catholic Church.He did not wish to break away from the Catholic Church.

100 Years War and Black Death

Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church

The Corruption within the Catholic Church

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions

The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VIII

Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany

Father encouraged him to study law

A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven

He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort

In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.”

Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)

He criticized:

The Power of the Pope

The Extreme Wealth of the Church

Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs

Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.

•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

The Edict of Worms1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefsLuther burned the order and was excommunicatedLuther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas

Lutheranism was formed

Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms

The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”

- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

Anti-Catholic

Influenced by Martin Luther

Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”

Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

Calvin believed in:

Salvation through Predestination

At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

Foreknowledge

God knows everything that will happen in your life

Purified approach to life:

No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

Started in Switzerland – Calvinists

England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians

Holland = Dutch Reform

France = Huguenots

Germany = Reform Church

PuritanHugeunots

Presbyterian

Henry VIII and the Reformation in England

Catherine of Aragon

Henry given permission from Pope to marry his brother’s widow

Catherine failed to produce a male heir, only had one surviving child – Mary I

Henry wanted a divorce, but Pope Clement VII wouldn’t invalidate the marriage

Henry tried to get Church to do what he wanted, and appointed Sir Thomas More as English Cardinal

More wouldn’t support the divorce

Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope

ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England

He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn

ANNE BOLEYN

Only had 1 surviving child – a daughter, Elizabeth I

Henry upset at not having a son, accused Anne of incest and adultery

Anne was brought to the Tower of London and executed

Legend had it she had a sixth finger and a large mole or goiter on her neck

Anne’s sister Mary had been one of Henry’s earlier mistresses

Just prior to her execution, Anne’s marriage to Henry was dissolved and considered invalid

JANE SEYMOUR

First came to the court in the service of Queen Catherine, later she waited on Anne Boleyn as she rose to Queen

Henry felt she was his first “true wife”

She died 2 weeks after giving birth to Henry’s only legitimate son – Edward

Only one of the 6 wives buried with him.

ANNE OF CLEVES

Henry was single for 2 years after Jane died

Henry wanted a marriage for political reasons, to form an Alliance between English Protestants and German Protestants

Hired a painter to find him a potential ally and paint the women who could make it possible – He chose Anne of Cleves

She was so unattractive however, Henry divorced her – he called her “Flanders Mare”

KATHRYN HOWARD (cousin of Anne Boleyn)

Married her only 16 days after his divorce to Anne – he was 49, she was 19

They were ill-matched, he was gaining a lot of weight, and had an ulcerated leg – she was his “rose without a thorn”

Executed because he believed she had relations with another man before their marriage, which continued after their marriage

KATHERINE PARR

Widowed twice before marrying Henry

Became a stabilizing mother figure in home – to Mary, Elizabeth and Edward

She outlived Henry – who died January 28, 1547

She married Jane Seymour’s bother Thomas after Henry’s death