100 Years War and Black Death

Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church

The Corruption within the Catholic Church

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions

The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VIII

Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany

Father encouraged him to study law

A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven

He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort

In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.”

Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)

He criticized:

The Power of the Pope

The Extreme Wealth of the Church

Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs

Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.

•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

The Edict of Worms1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefsLuther burned the order and was excommunicatedLuther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas

Lutheranism was formed

Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms

The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”

- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

Anti-Catholic

Influenced by Martin Luther

Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”

Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

Calvin believed in:

Salvation through Predestination

At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

Foreknowledge

God knows everything that will happen in your life

Purified approach to life:

No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

Started in Switzerland – Calvinists

England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians

Holland = Dutch Reform

France = Huguenots

Germany = Reform Church

PuritanHugeunots

Presbyterian

Henry wanted a divorce, but Pope Clement VII wouldn’t invalidate the marriage

Henry tried to get Church to do what he wanted, and appointed Sir Thomas More as English Cardinal

More wouldn’t support the divorce

Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope

ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England

He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn

The Protestant Reformation is sweeping across Central Europe, England, and even Scandinavia! You have been hired by the Pope to develop ideas that the Church can implement in order to stop believers from converting to these heretical faiths. What are your top 3 ideas? Hurry, you must act quickly, or Protestantism may overrun Europe!

The Catholic Church’s Response to the Protestant

Reformation

The Church had two tactics:

Reform the Church from Within

Council of Trent

Stop the Spread of Protestantism

Water Torture during the Inquisition

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)• Purpose: The Church held three meetings to discuss

reform AND define dogma (official teachings)• Some areas were actually reformed

education of priests Improved discipline among the clergy Indulgences got banned

• But many teachings were not changed, and were instead reinforced; the ideas of the Protestants were rejected Faith AND good works = salvation 7 sacraments, not just 2 Bible is written in Latin, not the vernacular language Pope is supreme leader Man has free will (your fate is NOT predestined)

The Church took measures to reassert its authority in the following ways:

1. The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits• A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola

in 1540• Promoted education• Famous for missionary work• Strived to gain political influence• a bit fanatical in their devotion…

2. Index (List) of Banned Books• Created in 1559 by the Pope• Purpose was to prevent heresy (make sure

you know what this word means) and ensure books were morally correct

• Banned both Protestant literature and texts by some intellectuals, like Erasmus

3. The Inquisition

• Why? General purpose was to discover heretics (mostly Jews and Muslims, but also Protestants), reinforce Catholic doctrine, and prove the power of the Church

• When? 1400s-1800s

• Where? Mostly Spain and Italy Different variations took place across Europe, but it was most notorious in Spain

• How? The accused were put on trial and were guilty until proven innocent… Torture was used to elicit confessions

The Church did not win back many of the “lost souls” that had converted to Protestantism…

But, it shed its reputation for corruption and it spread widely through missionary work