The The REACTIONARREACTIONAR

Y StageY Stage

THIRD STAGE

1795-1799

Thermidorian reaction

Churches re-opened

Jacobin clubs closed

Politically corrupt / continued instability

Constitution of 1795

Executive branch - Five individuals

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

1795 – inflation / bread riots

“Confidence from below; authority from above” - Sieyès

Identify NAPOLEON - the man, myth, legend

Discuss Napoleon’s paradoxical rise and fall from power

Enlightened? OR Despotic?

Hero? OR Tyrant?

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

(r. 1799-1815)

“Little Corporal”

Island of Corsica

Workaholic, military genius, revolutionary leader, meglomanic

“I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword” – Napoleon I

“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.” - Napoleon

1784 - 85 - École Militaire – French Military School (Second-Lieutenant – artillery)

1789 – French Revolution (Corsica)

1793 – Siege of Toulon - Brigadier general

1796 – Commander of the French Army in Italy

1796-1797 – Italian Campaigns

1798-99 – Egyptian Expedition

November 9, 179918th Brumairecoup d'état – strike against the state – seizure of power3 man executive - ConsulateFirst Consul (1799-1804)Stability and OrderNew Constitution4th since 1789All Power to Napoleon

Universal male suffrage (age 21)Referendum – Plebiscite “Yes” or “No”3 House Legislature (Council, Senate, Tribune)Roman influenceSenate appointed by NapoleonPlebiscite Vote – 3 million to 1500 ?????

Council of StateProposed laws

Tribune Debated laws but did not vote on them

Legislature Voted on laws but did not discuss or propose them

Senate Had the right to veto legislation

1804 – plebiscite People vote to make Napoleon EMPERORCoronation of Napoleon and Empress Josephine Notre Dame CathedralSeized crown from the Pope VII (r. 1800-1823)

Napoleonic Code (1804)Bank of France (1800)Concordat with the Pope (1801)Legion of Honor (1802) Public Education, roads, sewer system, tax structure Careers open to talentReligious tolerationEnds serfdom“Son of the revolution”

Secret Police – surveillance of political dissentersCensorship – 73 newspapers to 13Coins, engravings, histories, paintings, monuments Glorification of France and Napoleon

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)Abolished the Holy Roman EmpireContinental System – blockade British goodsDefeat - Prussian & Austrian ArmiesConquered ItalyThrough treaties and force Napoleon controls ALL of Europe EXCEPT?

1805

Off the coast of Spain

British fleet defeat Spanish and French

British led by Horatio Nelson

1808-1814

Iberian Peninsula

Napoleon invades Portugal

Continental system – forbade British goods

“Spanish Ulcer”

Napoleon’s brother = King Joseph of Spain

1812 Russia breaks Continental System

Trade w/ Great Britain

Tsar Alexander I (r. 1801-1825)

NAPOLEON INVADES RUSSIA

Grande Armée (500,000 – 750,000)

Russia – Scorched Earth Policy

Moscow burns

Napoleon waits 6 weeks – RETREAT

One of the greatest tactical blunders in history

Grande Armée decimated – 10,000 survived?

Charles Joseph Minard

Battle of Nations (1813) Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia defeat Napoleon LeipzigAbdicates throneExiled to the Island of Elba – off the coast of ItalyNapoleon escapes returns to France

BRITISH

DukeDukeofof

WellingtonWellington

BRITISH

DukeDukeofof

WellingtonWellington

PRUSSIAN PRUSSIAN General General BlücherBlücher

PRUSSIAN PRUSSIAN General General BlücherBlücher

March 1, 1815Returns to FranceRaises an army – Louis XVIII fledFINAL DEFEAT – Battle of WaterlooJune 18, 1815Exiled to St. Helena

May 5, 1821

Age 52

Stomach Cancer?

Arsenic Murder?

Buried on St. Helena

Body returned to Paris 1840

Les Invalides (An va lead)6 Coffins – iron, mahogany, lead, lead, ebony, oakCompleted in 1861Surrounded by 12 pillars of victory

“To die is nothing but to live defeated without glory is to die

every day” - Napoleon

Monarchs who incorporate some of the ideas of the Enlightenment as well as enhancing their own power.

Which of Napoleon’s policies and accomplishments were Enlightened and which were Despotic?