The The ReformatiReformati

onon

Why the Why the Reformation?Reformation?Renaissance Popes- too Renaissance Popes- too

concerned with worldly affairsconcerned with worldly affairs

Church abuses:Church abuses:excessive lifestyleexcessive lifestyleclergy and nepotism clergy and nepotism illiteracy and uneducatedilliteracy and uneducatedAlex VI- 5 kids before PapacyAlex VI- 5 kids before Papacy

People expected higher People expected higher standardsstandardsstrict standardsstrict standards

Dissent not Dissent not CrushedCrushedLaity more knowledgeableLaity more knowledgeable

Postal service, printing Postal service, printing press spread informationpress spread information

Literacy increasedLiteracy increasedRome lost control over Rome lost control over

church officeschurch officesCity, regional govt. City, regional govt.

growinggrowing

ProtestantsProtestants““protestersprotesters””

Religious thinkers who Religious thinkers who challenged the authority of the challenged the authority of the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Began the Reformation- Began the Reformation- movement to reform the movement to reform the ChurchChurch

John Wycliffe, John Huss- early John Wycliffe, John Huss- early reformers who believed church reformers who believed church worldly and corruptworldly and corrupt

John Wycliffe

Savonarola Savonarola

1490 Italian friar- preached 1490 Italian friar- preached reformreform

Controlled Florence 1494-1498Controlled Florence 1494-1498

1497 Urged people to burn 1497 Urged people to burn vanitiesvanities

1498 Overthrown & executed1498 Overthrown & executed

**religious passions turned to **religious passions turned to revolutionrevolution

Printing Press Printing Press 14501450’’s invented by Johann s invented by Johann

GutenbergGutenberg

Bible was the first book printedBible was the first book printed

Effects:Effects:Bookmaking cheaper- literacy Bookmaking cheaper- literacy

widespreadwidespreadBookmaking faster- more Bookmaking faster- more

published (vernacular)published (vernacular)Scholars had better access to Scholars had better access to

one anotherone another’’s works (from s works (from past to present)past to present)

Johannes Gutenberg

Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius ErasmusCatholic priest from HollandCatholic priest from Holland

Believed church was greedy, Believed church was greedy, corrupt, narrow-mindedcorrupt, narrow-minded

Translated New Testament to Translated New Testament to LatinLatin

Wrote Wrote The Praise of Folly The Praise of Folly (1509)-(1509)-Satire that criticized scholars, Satire that criticized scholars,

clergy, etc. for narrow-clergy, etc. for narrow-mindednessmindedness

Erasmus

By Holbein

Discontent SpreadsDiscontent SpreadsGerman Grievances:German Grievances:

Resented Italian control of Resented Italian control of churchchurch

Disliked heavy church Disliked heavy church taxestaxes

German Desires:German Desires:Clergy poor but religiousClergy poor but religiousClergy prepare souls for Clergy prepare souls for

heavenheaven

Sale of Indulgences Sale of Indulgences Indulgences= Church Indulgences= Church

pardonspardonsSold for profit (fundraising)Sold for profit (fundraising)Took the place of good Took the place of good

works for forgiveness of sinworks for forgiveness of sinPeople believed they were People believed they were

guaranteed entrance into guaranteed entrance into heavenheaven

Began as reward for Began as reward for service in the Crusadesservice in the Crusades

Martin LutherMartin LutherLeader of protest against Leader of protest against

the Churchthe Church

German monkGerman monk

Challenged Church to Challenged Church to debate in debate in 95 Theses 95 Theses Oct. 31, 1517 nailed to the Oct. 31, 1517 nailed to the

Church in WittenbergChurch in WittenbergTetzel- selling indulgences to Tetzel- selling indulgences to

rebuild St. Peterrebuild St. Peter’’s in Rome s in Rome

LutherLuther’’s Beliefs s Beliefs Salvation by faith aloneSalvation by faith alone

not by good worksnot by good works

Bible as only authority in Christian Bible as only authority in Christian lifelife

Priesthood of all believersPriesthood of all believers

Only 2 sacramentsOnly 2 sacramentsBaptism and Eucharist Baptism and Eucharist

No celibacy for clergyNo celibacy for clergy

Martin Luther

LutherLuther’’s Fates Fate1521 Luther was 1521 Luther was

excommunicated excommunicated Ordered to give up his beliefsOrdered to give up his beliefsLuther burned orderLuther burned order

Luther called to Imperial Luther called to Imperial Assembly in Worms by the Holy Assembly in Worms by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VRoman Emperor, Charles VLuther declared outlaw and Luther declared outlaw and

heretichereticLuther goes into hiding in Luther goes into hiding in

Germany (Frederick of Saxony) Germany (Frederick of Saxony) where he translates the Biblewhere he translates the Bible

Luther Gains Luther Gains FollowersFollowers Reasons: (political economic social and Reasons: (political economic social and

religious)religious)

People supported attacks on ChurchPeople supported attacks on Church

German princes hoped to gain Church landGerman princes hoped to gain Church land

German princes wanted to show German princes wanted to show independence from Holy Roman Emperorindependence from Holy Roman Emperor

Peasants wanted reform and lower Church Peasants wanted reform and lower Church taxes (wanted Luthertaxes (wanted Luther’’s support in revolting s support in revolting

against princesagainst princes))

Zwingli Zwingli Led Swiss Reformation Led Swiss Reformation

End celibacy, clergy had right to End celibacy, clergy had right to marrymarry

Believe only what has Scriptural Believe only what has Scriptural proofproof

Tradition and practices Tradition and practices questionedquestionedtransubstantiationtransubstantiationpurgatorypurgatorysome sacramentssome sacraments

CalvinismCalvinism

1536 John Calvin, a French 1536 John Calvin, a French religious scholar, joined religious scholar, joined reformers in Geneva, reformers in Geneva, Switzerland and developed Switzerland and developed Protestant belief system Protestant belief system called Calvinismcalled Calvinism

Huguenots- French Huguenots- French CalvinistsCalvinists

John Calvin

CalvinCalvin’’s teachingss teachingsBible is the supreme Bible is the supreme

authority in matters of faithauthority in matters of faith

Men & women sinful by Men & women sinful by naturenature

Predestination- belief Predestination- belief certain people are chosen by certain people are chosen by God for salvation, the God for salvation, the ““electelect””Only way to enter heavenOnly way to enter heaven

Hard work, devotion might Hard work, devotion might be signs of Godbe signs of God’’s graces grace

Calvinism in practiceCalvinism in practiceGeneva was a holy cityGeneva was a holy city

Role of government: TheocracyRole of government: TheocracySupervise peopleSupervise people’’s lives- live s lives- live

strictly and solemnly strictly and solemnly Those who challenged teachings Those who challenged teachings

were persecuted or exiledwere persecuted or exiled

Missionaries usedMissionaries used

Huguenots= French CalvinistsHuguenots= French Calvinists

John KnoxJohn KnoxScottish ProtestantScottish Protestant

Brought CalvinBrought Calvin’’s ideas to s ideas to ScotlandScotland

Laid foundations for Laid foundations for Presbyterian ChurchPresbyterian Church

Presbyters (elders)- laymen who Presbyters (elders)- laymen who governed community churchgoverned community church

PredestinationPredestination

John Knox

Anabaptists Anabaptists Greek Greek ““to rebaptizeto rebaptize””Radical Protestant groupRadical Protestant group

Ancestors of Amish & Ancestors of Amish & MennonitesMennonites

NO infant baptismNO infant baptism

Human freedom reflected Human freedom reflected in adult baptismin adult baptism

Beliefs of ProtestantsBeliefs of ProtestantsBible provided all guidance Bible provided all guidance

People should read Bible to People should read Bible to find path to faithfind path to faith

People shouldnPeople shouldn’’t rely on Pope t rely on Pope for interpretation of Biblefor interpretation of Bible

Changes needed in Church Changes needed in Church servicesservices

Clergy should be allowed to Clergy should be allowed to marrymarry

English English ProtestantismProtestantism

Earliest demands for Earliest demands for reform were in Englandreform were in England

Reform connected with Reform connected with struggle for political struggle for political powerpower

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Act of Supremacy 1534Act of Supremacy 1534

Henry VIII

Henry VIII…Henry VIII…

Devout Catholic when Devout Catholic when young young

Detested LutherDetested Luther““A great limb of the DevilA great limb of the Devil””

Pope called him Pope called him ““Defender of the FaithDefender of the Faith””

Politics would change Politics would change religious viewsreligious views

The Break…The Break…Catherine of Aragon (brotherCatherine of Aragon (brother’’s s

wife) only had a daughter (5 wife) only had a daughter (5 children had died)children had died)

Henry wanted annulmentHenry wanted annulmentFear: repeat of War of Roses if Fear: repeat of War of Roses if

no heirno heirResult: wanted to marry Anne Result: wanted to marry Anne

Boleyn but Church said no Boleyn but Church said no Pope refused favor: Pope Pope refused favor: Pope

Clement VII had been taken Clement VII had been taken prisoner by HRE Charles V prisoner by HRE Charles V (Catherine(Catherine’’s nephew) s nephew)

Henry VIIIHenry VIII (Tudor 1509-1547)(Tudor 1509-1547)1527 wanted to divorce 1527 wanted to divorce Catherine

of Aragon and marry of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn

Problem: Catholic Church did not Problem: Catholic Church did not allow divorce, allow divorce, Pope Clement VII refused to annul marriagerefused to annul marriage

Result: Henry took steps to Result: Henry took steps to remove England from Poperemove England from Pope’’s s authorityauthorityThomas Cranmer- Protestant, - Protestant,

appointed Archbishop of appointed Archbishop of Canterbury who annulled Canterbury who annulled marriage marriage

Catherine of

Aragon

Why Refuse the Why Refuse the Divorce?Divorce?

Pope Clement prisoner of Pope Clement prisoner of Charles VCharles V

Catherine was Charles VCatherine was Charles V’’s s auntaunt

Anne Boleyn

#2--Anne Boleyn #2--Anne Boleyn [1501-1536][1501-1536]

Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn MiniatureMiniature

Tower of London:Tower of London:The Bloody TowerThe Bloody Tower

Tower of Tower of London:London:

TraitorTraitor’’s Gates Gate

Tower GreenTower Green[Where Anne Boleyn [Where Anne Boleyn

was Executed]was Executed]

Pope Clement VII

Thomas Cranmer

The Archbishop

of Canterbury

Around the Around the Pope…Pope… Ask Parliament to pass law taking away PopeAsk Parliament to pass law taking away Pope’’s s

power in Englandpower in England

Reformation Parliament- met Reformation Parliament- met only when King calledonly when King called

1533 King married Anne (Elizabeth)1533 King married Anne (Elizabeth)

1534 Act of Supremacy makes King head of 1534 Act of Supremacy makes King head of the Church of Englandthe Church of England

King collected Church moneyKing collected Church moneyClergy appointed by kingClergy appointed by king

King and Parliament gain powerKing and Parliament gain power

The Results…The Results…Sir Thomas More refuses to Sir Thomas More refuses to

accept Act of Supremacy accept Act of Supremacy ““I honor my King but I honor my I honor my King but I honor my

God moreGod more””More is beheadedMore is beheaded

Henry closes monasteries, Henry closes monasteries, confiscates land (1/3 of land in confiscates land (1/3 of land in England)England)Catholics are prosecutedCatholics are prosecutedLand is sold to noblesLand is sold to nobles

Sir Thomas More

Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation

Grew as return to Grew as return to Catholicism would take Catholicism would take nobles land awaynobles land away

Henry remained Catholic- Henry remained Catholic- insisted on no changes in insisted on no changes in rituals and doctrines rituals and doctrines (celibacy, ornaments)(celibacy, ornaments)

HenryHenry’’s Wives…s Wives…Catherine of Catherine of

AragonAragonMary I Mary I

(Catholic)(Catholic)Anne Boleyn- Anne Boleyn-

beheadedbeheadedElizabeth Elizabeth

(Protestant)(Protestant)Jane SeymourJane Seymour

Edward VI Edward VI (Protestant)(Protestant)

Anne of Anne of CleavesCleavesLutheran Lutheran

(alliances)(alliances)Divorced Divorced

quicklyquicklyCatherine Catherine

Howard- Howard- beheadedbeheaded

Catherine ParrCatherine ParrOutlives himOutlives him

#3--Jane Seymour #3--Jane Seymour [1508-1537][1508-1537]

““BabyBaby”” Edward VI Edward VI

Henry VIIHenry VIIII ’’s Familys Family

#4--Anne of Cleves #4--Anne of Cleves [1515-1557][1515-1557]

Anne of Cleves Anne of Cleves MiniatureMiniature

Thomas CromwellThomas Cromwell

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

#5--Katherine Howard #5--Katherine Howard [1525-1542][1525-1542]

Katherine Katherine HowardHoward

#6--Katherine Parr #6--Katherine Parr [1512-1548][1512-1548]

Katherine Katherine ParrParr

Edward VI

The Heirs…The Heirs…Edward VI- dies shortly after Edward VI- dies shortly after

coronationcoronation

Mary I (had been cloistered= Mary I (had been cloistered= bitter)bitter)Wife of Philip IIWife of Philip IIKing of Spain/ Queen of England- King of Spain/ Queen of England-

children become rulers of bothchildren become rulers of bothBloody Mary executes 300 for Bloody Mary executes 300 for

heresyheresyPope put back, undo reformsPope put back, undo reformsProblem- people did not want to Problem- people did not want to

return to Catholicismreturn to Catholicism

The Heirs…The Heirs…Mary kind to Elizabeth Mary kind to Elizabeth

(not recognized by Church)(not recognized by Church)Thought pregnant (heir) but Thought pregnant (heir) but

dies of tumordies of tumor

Elizabeth becomes Queen Elizabeth becomes Queen England believes in direct England believes in direct

lineage to throne: Catholics lineage to throne: Catholics committed themselves to committed themselves to this when they insisted this when they insisted Mary become queenMary become queen

Mary Queen of

Scots

Edward VIEdward VI

Lady Jane Lady Jane GreyGrey

““RuledRuled”” England England

from from July 10–19, July 10–19,

15531553

Queen Mary I or Queen Mary I or ““Bloody MaryBloody Mary””[r. 1553 – 1558][r. 1553 – 1558]

Philip II & Mary Philip II & Mary TudorTudor

Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I

ElizabetElizabeth I,h I,

QueenQueenat last! at last!

r. 1558 - r. 1558 - 1603 1603

Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I [1533-1603][1533-1603]

Sir Robert DudleySir Robert Dudley

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1592][1592]

Young Mary StuartYoung Mary Stuart

Mary, Queen of Mary, Queen of ScotsScots

Execution of Mary of Execution of Mary of ScotlandScotland

James I [r. 1603 - James I [r. 1603 - 1625]1625]

Counter-Counter-ReformationReformation

Catholic Church began to Catholic Church began to reform and take action to reform and take action to spread Catholicism spread Catholicism

Council of Trent, 1545-Council of Trent, 1545-1563, convened by Pope 1563, convened by Pope Paul III, held in ItalyPaul III, held in Italy

InquisitionInquisition

Pope Paul III

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

Continued beliefs:Continued beliefs:Only Church could explain Only Church could explain

BibleBibleFaith and good works Faith and good works

needed for salvationneeded for salvationPope highest and final Pope highest and final

authorityauthority

Council of TrentCouncil of TrentReforms to correct abuses:Reforms to correct abuses:

Sale of indulgences bannedSale of indulgences bannedTightened discipline for Tightened discipline for

clergyclergyOnly worthy people enter Only worthy people enter

clergyclergySeminaries established to Seminaries established to

train clergytrain clergyEncouraged reform of Encouraged reform of

monasteries and conventsmonasteries and convents

JesuitsJesuitsSociety of JesusSociety of Jesus

Founded by Ignatius of Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540Loyola in 1540

Duties:Duties:Keep Catholics in ChurchKeep Catholics in ChurchPersuade Protestants to Persuade Protestants to

returnreturnWin convertsWin converts

Ignatius of

Loyola

with

Pope Paul III

Effects of Effects of ReformationReformationReligious unity of Europe Religious unity of Europe

gonegoneState strengthened at State strengthened at

expense of Churchexpense of ChurchSpread of educationSpread of education

Jesuits and reading of BibleJesuits and reading of Bible

Middle-class strengthened Middle-class strengthened as work ethic virtue spreadas work ethic virtue spread