The Renaissance and ReformationsThe Renaissance and Reformations

Chapter 14Chapter 14

The Renaissance circa 1350-1600The Renaissance circa 1350-1600

Renaissance- Time of change & Renaissance- Time of change & creativitycreativity Political, social, economic & culturalPolitical, social, economic & cultural More worldly less concern about the More worldly less concern about the

afterlifeafterlife Rebirth of classical culture of Rebirth of classical culture of

Greece & especially RomeGreece & especially Rome Major theme was the idea of Major theme was the idea of

individualismindividualism--pursuit of one’s on ideas as a way of life

New worldview--Spirit of New worldview--Spirit of adventureadventure

HumanismHumanism

Italian city-StatesItalian city-States

Renaissance began in northern ItalyRenaissance began in northern ItalyProsperous city-statesProsperous city-states

Florence, Milan, Genoa & VeniceFlorence, Milan, Genoa & VeniceVery urbanized areaVery urbanized area Wealthy merchant class promoted cultureWealthy merchant class promoted culture Merchants also dominated politicsMerchants also dominated politics These city-states had their own armiesThese city-states had their own armies They became They became patrons of the arts of the arts

FlorenceFlorence

Florence and MediciFlorence and Medici Medici family grew powerful and Medici family grew powerful and

wealthywealthy Gained their wealth through Gained their wealth through

banking, mining and woolbanking, mining and wool Cosimo de Medici – spent a – spent a

fortune beautifying the city—fortune beautifying the city—wealthiest man of his daywealthiest man of his day

Lorenzo – “the Magnificent” – “the Magnificent” represented the Renaissance represented the Renaissance ideal—politician and patronideal—politician and patron

HumanismHumanism Intellectual movement based on study of classical Intellectual movement based on study of classical

culture—culture—study original classical manuscriptsstudy original classical manuscripts Focused on worldly and secular themes and the Focused on worldly and secular themes and the

importance of the individualimportance of the individual Intense study of ancient world – attempt to imitate Intense study of ancient world – attempt to imitate

its great achievementsits great achievements Believed education will stimulate creative powersBelieved education will stimulate creative powers

Stressed study of humanities – grammar, Stressed study of humanities – grammar, rhetoric, history, poetryrhetoric, history, poetry

Emphasized development of body, mind & spiritEmphasized development of body, mind & spirit Most impressive contributions was the recovery Most impressive contributions was the recovery

of ancient textsof ancient texts

Francesco PetrarchFrancesco Petrarch

Father of HumanismFather of Humanism Spent years searching monasteries & Spent years searching monasteries &

cathedrals for lost Roman & Greek manuscriptscathedrals for lost Roman & Greek manuscripts Developed Italian Developed Italian sonnetsonnet - 14 lines - 14 lines Humanism influenced French Humanism influenced French

scholars/writersscholars/writers

Giovanni BoccaccioGiovanni Boccaccio

First writer of prose in a modern language First writer of prose in a modern language (Italian)(Italian)

Decameron witty and sarcastic work set witty and sarcastic work set during the Black Deathduring the Black Death

Renaissance MastersRenaissance MastersThe Big FourThe Big Four

DonatelloDonatello Works with natural postures & expressionsWorks with natural postures & expressions Many works in bronzeMany works in bronze Bronze statue of Bronze statue of DavidDavid—first free-standing —first free-standing

nude since antiquitynude since antiquity

Gattamelata – first equestrian bronze – first equestrian bronze statue by Western European since Roman statue by Western European since Roman timestimes

Leonardo de VinciLeonardo de Vinci True “Renaissance man”True “Renaissance man”

Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientistPainter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Produced 2 of the most famous paintings Produced 2 of the most famous paintings

in history - in history - Mona Lisa & & The Last Supper

Produced Notebooks which contained 13,000 pages of detailed drawings and writings

Machine gun, airplane, submarine, parachute etc

MichelangeloMichelangelo

Greatest sculptor of the RenaissanceGreatest sculptor of the Renaissance Works include:Works include:

PietaPieta MosesMoses DavidDavid Painter—Painter—Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel Architect- designed the dome of Architect- designed the dome of St. Peter’s St. Peter’s

BasilicaBasilica in Rome in Rome Worked for 7 popes—Worked for 7 popes—Pope Julius II Pope Julius II ( Warrior ( Warrior

Pope) was worst taskmasterPope) was worst taskmaster

SISTENE CHAPELSISTENE CHAPEL

Painted 340 human figures (10 to 18 ft. Painted 340 human figures (10 to 18 ft. tall)—representing origin and fall of mantall)—representing origin and fall of man

Most ambitious artistic undertaking of the Most ambitious artistic undertaking of the Ren.Ren.

Accomplished in less than 4 yearsAccomplished in less than 4 years Ceiling was 10,000 square ft.Ceiling was 10,000 square ft. ““Last Judgment” completed 29 years later Last Judgment” completed 29 years later

(entire wall of Sistene Chapel)(entire wall of Sistene Chapel)

RaphaelRaphael

Youngest of the great masters Youngest of the great masters – died at 37– died at 37

Series of frescoes for pope’s Series of frescoes for pope’s private room including the private room including the School of Athens

Also known for portrayals of the Madonna – mother of Christ

WOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCEWOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCE

Main duty was to manage household, servants, Main duty was to manage household, servants, meals, tend the ill, and provide religious meals, tend the ill, and provide religious instruction instruction (autonomy)—(autonomy)—mainmain function was to function was to bear children bear children

Denied any sort of political or legal activity—Denied any sort of political or legal activity—subservient to mensubservient to men

Childbirth painful and deadlyChildbirth painful and deadly Marriages arranged—great age differencesMarriages arranged—great age differences Status of upper class women declined during this Status of upper class women declined during this

periodperiod Focus should be on domestic affairs of family lifeFocus should be on domestic affairs of family life

Women ArtistsWomen Artists

Sofonisba Anguissola Sofonisba Anguissola – Italian – Italian noblewoman – gained fame as a portrait noblewoman – gained fame as a portrait painterpainter

Court painter of Philip II of SpainCourt painter of Philip II of Spain The Artist’s Sisters Playing Chess

Artemisia GentileschiArtemisia Gentileschi

First woman painter widely knownFirst woman painter widely known Created bold paintings of dramatic realism Created bold paintings of dramatic realism

– – Judith and the Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes

Other ArtistsOther Artists

Giotto--known as the first artist of the It. Renaissance Artist who used shading for realism & a sense of Artist who used shading for realism & a sense of

depthdepth Used Used chiaroscurochiaroscuro, light and shade to provide a , light and shade to provide a

sense of depth—most noted works were frescoessense of depth—most noted works were frescoes Famous works include Famous works include Lamentation of the Lamentation of the

Dead ChristDead ChristTommasco Masaccio (Sloppy Tom)

Artist who established Artist who established perspectiveperspective rules— rules—makes paintings look more three-dimensionalmakes paintings look more three-dimensional

Considered the Considered the father of modern paintingfather of modern painting Famous works include Famous works include The Holy Trinity The Holy Trinity and and

TheThe Tribute MoneyTribute Money

TITIANTITIAN

Very prolific painter (painted into his Very prolific painter (painted into his eighties)eighties)Known for his vivid colors like purple and Known for his vivid colors like purple and especially redespecially redAn accomplished portrait painterAn accomplished portrait painterGreatest of the Venetian paintersGreatest of the Venetian paintersBest known works include Best known works include The The Assumption of the VirginAssumption of the Virgin

Renaissance ArchitectureRenaissance Architecture Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi – – father of modern father of modern

engineeringengineering Goldsmith, sculptor, mathematician, architect, Goldsmith, sculptor, mathematician, architect,

clock builderclock builder Discovered mathematical perspectiveDiscovered mathematical perspective

Architect who used raised dome and classical Architect who used raised dome and classical columnscolumns

Gigantic dome on Cathedral of FlorenceGigantic dome on Cathedral of Florence

Renaissance Writers and HandbooksRenaissance Writers and Handbooks

CastiglioneCastiglione – – The Book of the CourtierThe Book of the Courtier ““ideal man” – well-educated in Greek & Latinideal man” – well-educated in Greek & Latin Charming, witty, polite, skilled in literature, Charming, witty, polite, skilled in literature,

music, dancing, painting, physically strong & music, dancing, painting, physically strong & graceful, skilled rider, wrestler, swordsman, and graceful, skilled rider, wrestler, swordsman, and not be not be FAKEFAKE

““ideal woman” – know the classics, write well, ideal woman” – know the classics, write well, paint, make music, dance, be witty, carry on paint, make music, dance, be witty, carry on honest conversation, perform sports suitable for honest conversation, perform sports suitable for women, be charming, modest in behavior, not women, be charming, modest in behavior, not be clumsy, evil tongued, not put up be clumsy, evil tongued, not put up appearances, and not seek fame like a manappearances, and not seek fame like a man

Renaissance WritersRenaissance Writers

MachiavelliMachiavelli – – father of modern political science father of modern political science - - The Prince The Prince

Produced handbook for rulers of It. city-statesProduced handbook for rulers of It. city-states Believed most people selfish, fickle, & corruptBelieved most people selfish, fickle, & corrupt Reject Christian view that states are subject to Reject Christian view that states are subject to

divine law—analyzed politics from standpoint of divine law—analyzed politics from standpoint of reason reason

Total secular view of politicsTotal secular view of politics Leader could obtain & hold power by acting in own Leader could obtain & hold power by acting in own

self-interest “it is safer to be feared than lovedself-interest “it is safer to be feared than loved” ” ““the end justifies the means”the end justifies the means”

Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance

Flemish artists are from Flanders Flemish artists are from Flanders (Belgium)(Belgium) Improved paint—Improved paint—oil basedoil based instead of tempera instead of tempera

paintspaints Did not dry as quicklyDid not dry as quickly Allowed for changesAllowed for changes

Jan & Hubert van EycksJan & Hubert van Eycks – Belgium— – Belgium—creditedcredited with discovering oil paints with discovering oil paints

Hieronymus BoschHieronymus Bosch

Created a fantasy world inhabited by Created a fantasy world inhabited by nightmarish men & monstersnightmarish men & monsters Garden of Earthly DelightsGarden of Earthly Delights

Pieter BruegelPieter Bruegel

Flemish painter who became famous for Flemish painter who became famous for painting ordinary people (peasants)painting ordinary people (peasants)

Best known works include Best known works include Peasant Peasant WeddingWedding

Alberecht DurerAlberecht Durer

The “The “Leonardo of the NorthLeonardo of the North” ” Known for woodcuts & engravingsKnown for woodcuts & engravings Famous works include Famous works include Four Horseman of the Four Horseman of the

ApocalypseApocalypse andand The Knight Death and the The Knight Death and the DevilDevil

Also known for self portraitsAlso known for self portraits

Hans HolbeinHans Holbein

Portrait painter Portrait painter

El GrecoEl Greco

Style most original of the Style most original of the Renaissance paintersRenaissance painters Immensely long bodiesImmensely long bodies harsh lightharsh light strong colorsstrong colors Twisted figuresTwisted figures

Northern Humanism (Christian Northern Humanism (Christian Humanism)Humanism)

Like Italian humanist stressed education and Like Italian humanist stressed education and classical learning but more influenced by religionclassical learning but more influenced by religion

Searched for writings of the early Christian ChurchSearched for writings of the early Christian Church Concerned with providing guidance on personal Concerned with providing guidance on personal

behaviorbehavior Many concerned with reforming the Church—many Many concerned with reforming the Church—many

were critical of Churchwere critical of Church Christian humanist discoveries of traditional Christian humanist discoveries of traditional

Christian texts that were different versions proved Christian texts that were different versions proved very unsettling to many believers including Church very unsettling to many believers including Church officialsofficials

Northern HumanismNorthern Humanism

Erasmus – known as the “Prince of – known as the “Prince of the Humanist” the Humanist” Praise of FollyPraise of Folly – – satire – stressed the importance of satire – stressed the importance of reason, tolerance & conduct based reason, tolerance & conduct based on Christian ethicson Christian ethics Criticized Church but was not a Criticized Church but was not a

ProtestantProtestant Also wrote Also wrote AdagesAdages

Thomas More –pushed for social –pushed for social and economic reform in England and economic reform in England UtopiaUtopia – described a perfect society – described a perfect society

Critical of the RCC and clergyCritical of the RCC and clergy

Northern Renaissance LiteratureNorthern Renaissance Literature

Francois Rabelais Francois Rabelais – French– French GargantuaGargantua and and PantagruelPantagruel – –

two satirical works about two two satirical works about two lives of two giants who lived lives of two giants who lived unrestrained livesunrestrained lives Touched on serious issues like Touched on serious issues like

religion, education & philosophyreligion, education & philosophy

Northern Renaissance LiteratureNorthern Renaissance Literature

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare – greatest – greatest playwright everplaywright ever The Taming of the ShrewThe Taming of the Shrew Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet King LearKing Lear MacbethMacbeth

Northern Renaissance LiteratureNorthern Renaissance Literature

Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes – – Don Quixote Don Quixote – – satire of medieval chivalry—groom is satire of medieval chivalry—groom is Sancho PanzaSancho Panza

Printing RevolutionPrinting Revolution

Printing invented in 1400’sPrinting invented in 1400’s Books were scarce before Books were scarce before

printing pressprinting press Paper-making learned from Paper-making learned from

Arabs from ChineseArabs from Chinese Made of wood pulp and ragsMade of wood pulp and rags ParchmentParchment formerly used formerly used

Made from sheep/goat skinMade from sheep/goat skin

1400’s—moveable type developed1400’s—moveable type developed Johann GutenbergJohann Gutenberg

Developed metal for moveable typeDeveloped metal for moveable typeUsed to build printing pressUsed to build printing press

1456—entire Bible printed1456—entire Bible printed Beginning of printed word eraBeginning of printed word era

Rapid growth of printingRapid growth of printing Improvements lead to affordable books, Improvements lead to affordable books,

more readily available, more accurate, more readily available, more accurate, spread ideas and technology, people more spread ideas and technology, people more literateliterate

Prepared way for the religious revolution of Prepared way for the religious revolution of 1500s1500s

RENAISSANCE SCHOLARRENAISSANCE SCHOLAR

Lorenzo Valla Lorenzo Valla was important Renaissance was important Renaissance scholar in the scholar in the field of critical textual field of critical textual analysisanalysis

Proved that the Proved that the Donation of Constantine Donation of Constantine was a forgery because language used in was a forgery because language used in document was not in use in the age of document was not in use in the age of ConstantineConstantine

ARTIST AND SOCIAL STATUSARTIST AND SOCIAL STATUS

Early Renaissance artists seen largely as artisansEarly Renaissance artists seen largely as artisans By the end of the 14By the end of the 14thth century a transformation in century a transformation in

the position of artists occurredthe position of artists occurred Especially talented individuals were no longer Especially talented individuals were no longer

seen as artisans but as artistic geniuses with seen as artisans but as artistic geniuses with creative energies akin to the divinecreative energies akin to the divine

Society excused their eccentricities and valued Society excused their eccentricities and valued their creative geniustheir creative genius

By High Renaissance artists were profiting from By High Renaissance artists were profiting from their work and rising up on the social scaletheir work and rising up on the social scale

Welcomed as equals in the circles of the upper Welcomed as equals in the circles of the upper class—intellectual and political elite in societyclass—intellectual and political elite in society

SLAVERY DURING RENAISSANCESLAVERY DURING RENAISSANCE

Black slaves were signs of wealth in Renaissance Black slaves were signs of wealth in Renaissance society (like women, used for display)society (like women, used for display)

White slaves were also prevalent in Renaissance White slaves were also prevalent in Renaissance Europe (Slavic peoples from Eastern Europe Europe (Slavic peoples from Eastern Europe mostly)mostly)

Beginning in 15Beginning in 15thth century, sizable numbers of black century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europeslaves entered Europe

Black slaves were very much sought after—a black Black slaves were very much sought after—a black lady’s maid was both a curiosity and a symbol of lady’s maid was both a curiosity and a symbol of wealth—some a source of entertainmentwealth—some a source of entertainment

Slavery in Renaissance Europe was a thriving Slavery in Renaissance Europe was a thriving business and widespreadbusiness and widespread

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Roman Catholic Church ProblemsRoman Catholic Church Problems

Many improprieties in ChurchMany improprieties in ChurchFraudulent sale of “divine” itemsFraudulent sale of “divine” itemsChurch caught up in world affairsChurch caught up in world affairsLower clergy uneducatedLower clergy uneducatedLeaders accused of being corruptLeaders accused of being corrupt

Lost credibility during Babylonian Lost credibility during Babylonian Captivity and Great SchismCaptivity and Great Schism

Money Making ChurchMoney Making Church

Charged taxesCharged taxes Charged fees for baptisms, weddings, Charged fees for baptisms, weddings,

funeralsfunerals Sold Sold indulgences

Reduction of punishment after deathReduction of punishment after deathUsually sold to relatives of deceasedUsually sold to relatives of deceasedMost times used to raise money for building Most times used to raise money for building

projectsprojects Many called for reformMany called for reform

MARTIN LUTHERMARTIN LUTHER

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Taught theology at Taught theology at WittenbergWittenberg University University Upset over corruption & worldliness of the Upset over corruption & worldliness of the

ChurchChurch 1517 – German Dominican priest – 1517 – German Dominican priest – Johann

Tetzel selling indulgences- build St. selling indulgences- build St. Peter’s basilicaPeter’s basilica

Luther enraged over the practiceLuther enraged over the practice Quote “ As soon as the coin in coffer rings/ Quote “ As soon as the coin in coffer rings/

the soul from purgatory springs” the soul from purgatory springs”

Beginning of the ReformationBeginning of the Reformation

October 31, 1517 – October 31, 1517 – Wittenberg Cathedral

Martin Luther will post his Martin Luther will post his 95 Theses

which attacks the sale of indulgences which attacks the sale of indulgences and and calls for debate over the issue—calls for debate over the issue—copied and printed on the printing presscopied and printed on the printing press

Luther’s ReformsLuther’s Reforms

Salvation only by faith in God’s gift of Salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness (forgiveness (Justification by faith aloneJustification by faith alone))

Church teaching should be based on BibleChurch teaching should be based on Bible Pope and traditions of Roman Catholic Pope and traditions of Roman Catholic

Church were false authorities—Church were false authorities—Bible final Bible final authorityauthority

All people in faith were equalAll people in faith were equal Did not need priests to interpret the BibleDid not need priests to interpret the Bible Bible and worship services in language of Bible and worship services in language of

the peoplethe people

Communion ConflictCommunion Conflict

Catholics believe in Catholics believe in transubstantiationtransubstantiation by which the bread and wine actually by which the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christbecome the body and blood of Christ

Luther believed in Luther believed in consubstantiationconsubstantiation by by which the bread and wine are present which the bread and wine are present along with the blood and body of Christalong with the blood and body of Christ

Response to Response to

Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther Jan excommunicated Luther Jan 15211521

Charles V - Holy Roman emperor – issued - Holy Roman emperor – issued the the Edict of Worms after Luther refused to recant Luther an outlawLuther an outlaw No one to aid himNo one to aid him All his books burnedAll his books burned

Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony of Saxony sheltered Luther for almost a yearsheltered Luther for almost a year Translated the New Testament into German Translated the New Testament into German

ProtestantsProtestants

Reject 5 out of 7 sacramentsReject 5 out of 7 sacraments Banned indulgences, confession, Banned indulgences, confession,

pilgrimages, prayers to saintspilgrimages, prayers to saints Abolished elaborate rituals - emphasis on Abolished elaborate rituals - emphasis on

the sermonthe sermon Clergy can marry (Luther married former Clergy can marry (Luther married former

nun)nun) Sermons in German not LatinSermons in German not Latin New religion called LutheranismNew religion called Lutheranism

ProtestantsProtestants

Those who protest papal authorityThose who protest papal authority Name is applied to all Christians who Name is applied to all Christians who

belong to non Catholic churchesbelong to non Catholic churches People supported Luther’s reforms for People supported Luther’s reforms for

religious, political, & economic reasonsreligious, political, & economic reasons Clergy - way to stop corruptionClergy - way to stop corruption German princes – get rid of Church & Holy German princes – get rid of Church & Holy

Roman emperorRoman emperor Other – way to seize church propertyOther – way to seize church property

Peasant Revolt Peasant Revolt - 1524- 1524

Peasants staged major revolt wanting Peasants staged major revolt wanting social and economic changes (abolish social and economic changes (abolish serfdom/manorial)serfdom/manorial)

Luther withdrew support when they Luther withdrew support when they became violent—realized he needs the became violent—realized he needs the support of nobility if his religion will survivesupport of nobility if his religion will survive

Many peasants returned to Roman Catholic Many peasants returned to Roman Catholic ChurchChurch

Conflict in GermanyConflict in Germany

German Rulers split between Luther and German Rulers split between Luther and Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

Charles V tried to force them back to the Charles V tried to force them back to the Roman Catholic Church through warfareRoman Catholic Church through warfare

Peace of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg decided to let each decided to let each ruler choose religion of area (whose ruler choose religion of area (whose region, his religion)region, his religion)

Northern/Eastern princes chose LutherNorthern/Eastern princes chose Luther Southern/Western princes chose Roman Southern/Western princes chose Roman

Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli

Switzerland Switzerland became the became the center of Reformation after center of Reformation after GermanyGermany

Zwingli launched Reformation Zwingli launched Reformation at same time as Lutherat same time as Luther

Believed in good pastor and Believed in good pastor and sense of disciplinesense of discipline

Sermons based on BibleSermons based on Bible Services lacked ritualServices lacked ritual Dispute with Luther over Lord’s Dispute with Luther over Lord’s

Supper--symbolic Supper--symbolic

John CalvinJohn Calvin

Born in France—moved to Born in France—moved to Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland

Beliefs outlined in Beliefs outlined in Institutes of the Christian Religion

Salvation made by God’s decisionSalvation made by God’s decision PredestinationPredestination

God decided who was saved, who God decided who was saved, who was not, and nothing could change itwas not, and nothing could change it

Saved – the Saved – the electelect Condemned – the Condemned – the reprobatereprobate

People should behave in way to People should behave in way to show they were God’s chosenshow they were God’s chosen

Calvin’s Rule of GenevaCalvin’s Rule of Geneva

Believed ideal government was a Believed ideal government was a theocracy EveryoneEveryone must attend religion classesmust attend religion classes No bright colored clothingNo bright colored clothing No card playingNo card playing No dancingNo dancing No swearingNo swearing No laughing in churchNo laughing in church Closed the theatersClosed the theaters No alcohol/prostitution outlawedNo alcohol/prostitution outlawedThe Consistory - church court set up to punish - church court set up to punish

those who failed to follow doctrinesthose who failed to follow doctrines Used stocks, imprison, excommunicate, banish Used stocks, imprison, excommunicate, banish

or death by burningor death by burning

The Spread of CalvinismThe Spread of Calvinism

French Calvinists or French Calvinists or Huguenots were strong in southern Francestrong in southern France

Religion taken to Scotland by Religion taken to Scotland by John KnoxJohn Knox where it will be known as the PresbyterianPresbyterian Church Church

Known in England as Known in England as Puritans Netherlands – Dutch Reformed ChurchNetherlands – Dutch Reformed Church

Did not get along with Did not get along with each other or Roman each other or Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Saw itself as the true Saw itself as the true religionreligion

People unused to People unused to more than one church more than one church or religionor religion

Each sect based Each sect based beliefs on their beliefs on their interpretation of Bibleinterpretation of Bible

Rejected Rejected infant baptisminfant baptism Infant could not understand Infant could not understand

Christian faithChristian faith Needed a conversion Needed a conversion

experienceexperience Baptism and membership Baptism and membership

restricted to adultsrestricted to adults Rejected taking oaths or bearing Rejected taking oaths or bearing

armsarms Burned by the Catholics, Burned by the Catholics,

drowned by the Protestants—drowned by the Protestants—many were peasantsmany were peasants

Menno SimonsMenno Simons started started MennonitesMennonites

ANABAPTISTANABAPTIST(Radicals of Protestant Reformation)(Radicals of Protestant Reformation)

REFORMATION IN ENGLANDREFORMATION IN ENGLAND

Henry VII will start the Henry VII will start the TudorTudor Dynasty in Dynasty in EnglandEngland

First born son was First born son was ArthurArthur who will marry who will marry Princess Catherine of Spain ( daughter of Princess Catherine of Spain ( daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella)Ferdinand and Isabella)

Arthur dies shortly after marriage (was not Arthur dies shortly after marriage (was not consummated)consummated)

Henry VIII Henry VIII will become king and marry his will become king and marry his brothers widow-RCC will give Henry brothers widow-RCC will give Henry special dispensation to allow marriage to special dispensation to allow marriage to take placetake place

Reformation in EnglandReformation in England

King Henry VIII of England strong of England strong advocate of Catholic Churchadvocate of Catholic Church

Written criticism of LutherWritten criticism of Luther Earned him title Earned him title “Defender of the

Faith” Henry VIII married to Henry VIII married to Catherine

of Aragon – wanted a – wanted a divorce-”Prohibition of Leviticus – divorce-”Prohibition of Leviticus – wanted a male child, had girl – wanted a male child, had girl – Mary Tudor

Pope Clement VII refused to Pope Clement VII refused to Henry’s requestHenry’s request

Reformation Parliament - 1533Reformation Parliament - 1533

Passed Passed Act of Supremacy Act of Supremacy - making - making Henry ruler of the Church in England- Henry ruler of the Church in England- Anglican ChurchAnglican Church

Henry Needed money - Confiscated Henry Needed money - Confiscated convents and monasteries to sellconvents and monasteries to sell

Henry gets his divorce & marries Henry gets his divorce & marries Anne Boleyn Gives birth to Gives birth to Elizabeth Anne convicted of adultery & beheadedAnne convicted of adultery & beheaded

Henry VIII marries Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour Jane Seymour – has a – has a son son Edward VI – she dies at child birth – she dies at child birth

Marries Marries Anne of Cleaves Anne of Cleaves – political – political marriage does not lastmarriage does not last

Marries Marries Catherine Howard Catherine Howard – beheaded – beheaded for adulteryfor adultery

Marries Marries Catherine Parr Catherine Parr – she out lives – she out lives himhim

Edward VIEdward VI

Inherited thrown at age 10 – rules for 6 years Inherited thrown at age 10 – rules for 6 years & dies—adopted & dies—adopted Book of Common PrayerBook of Common Prayer

Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey on throne for nine dayson throne for nine days Mary I becomes queen – Catholic wants becomes queen – Catholic wants

England to rejoin Catholic ChurchEngland to rejoin Catholic Church Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”Nicknamed “Bloody Mary” Married to Philip II of Spain – not popular in Married to Philip II of Spain – not popular in

EnglandEngland

Elizabeth IElizabeth I-will use compromise to deal with -will use compromise to deal with religious issues-England will be Protestant country religious issues-England will be Protestant country as a result of ruleas a result of rule

Catholic Reformation or Counter Catholic Reformation or Counter ReformationReformation

Effort of the Catholic Church to make Effort of the Catholic Church to make reforms and fight against the spread of reforms and fight against the spread of ProtestantismProtestantism

Leader of the Catholic Reformation was Leader of the Catholic Reformation was Pope Pope Paul III Paul III (longest pontificate of the (longest pontificate of the 1616thth century) century)

Catholic ReformationCatholic ReformationCounter ReformationCounter Reformation

Pope Pope Paul III Paul III – – Council of Trent Council of Trent – 1545-1563– 1545-1563 Simony forbiddenSimony forbidden No selling of indulgencesNo selling of indulgences No charging for administering the sacramentsNo charging for administering the sacraments Educate the clergyEducate the clergy Latin language retained as language of Church but Latin language retained as language of Church but

vernacular should be used regularlyvernacular should be used regularly

Pope Pope Paul IV Paul IV will start will start Roman Inquisition Roman Inquisition and issue and issue the first the first Index of Forbidden BooksIndex of Forbidden Books

Pope Pope Pius IV Pius IV will put the decrees of council into will put the decrees of council into effecteffect

Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola

Society of Jesus or or JesuitsVery well educatedDisciplinedWrote Spiritual Exercises

Dedicated to combating the Dedicated to combating the spread of Protestantismspread of Protestantism

Francis Xavier – spread the – spread the faith to Japan & Indiafaith to Japan & India

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus – – 1543 – 1543 – On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Introduced the Introduced the heliocentric

theory Late 1500s – Late 1500s – Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe

supports Copernicus—built supports Copernicus—built observatory to view the observatory to view the heavensheavens

Johannes Kepler – used – used Brahe’s workBrahe’s work

WroteWrote Three Laws of Planetary Motion – – planet’s planet’s orbits are orbits are ellipse

Galileo Galilei- Galileo Galilei- 16161616

built a telescopebuilt a telescope Observed 4 moons of Jupiter, mountains of the Observed 4 moons of Jupiter, mountains of the

moon, & sun spotsmoon, & sun spots Supported Copernicus’ workSupported Copernicus’ work Taken before the Inquisition & forced to recantTaken before the Inquisition & forced to recant

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Developed in the early 1600sDeveloped in the early 1600s 7 step process7 step process

Propose a hypothesisPropose a hypothesis Test the hypothesisTest the hypothesis

Created the Scientific Revolution = Created the Scientific Revolution = Revolution in thoughtRevolution in thought

Francis Bacon – English - father of – English - father of the Scientific Methodthe Scientific Method Developed the general theory of Developed the general theory of

inductive reasoninginductive reasoning Purpose was to produce highly practical Purpose was to produce highly practical

and useful knowledge to make life better and useful knowledge to make life better for peoplefor people

Rene Descartes – French – – French – developed analytic geometrydeveloped analytic geometry

Wrote Wrote Discourse on MethodDiscourse on Method ““I think, therefore I am” I think, therefore I am”

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Orbits of planets created by a force called Orbits of planets created by a force called

gravity Developed Developed calculus

Other ScientistsOther Scientists

Robert Boyle – father of modern chemistry – father of modern chemistry Distinguished between individual elements & Distinguished between individual elements &

chemical compoundschemical compounds Andreas Vesalius – – On the Structure of

the Human Body First detailed study of human anatomyFirst detailed study of human anatomy

William Harvey – circulation of blood in – circulation of blood in body body

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek – perfected – perfected the microscopethe microscope First to see cells & microorganisms First to see cells & microorganisms

Other ScientistOther Scientist

Ambroise PareAmbroise Pare– developed a new and – developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing more effective ointment for preventing infectionsinfections

Also developed a technique for closing Also developed a technique for closing wounds with stitcheswounds with stitches