The Renaissance

context

Harrowing of Hell

1,000 A.D.

Apocalypse not!

Mosque at Cordoba,

Spain

Greeks versus Christians

The Greeks The Christians

Naturalism Supernaturalism

Reason Faith

Science Dogma

Self-confidence Helplessness

Achievement Renunciation

Thomas Aquinas(1225-74)

Bourges Cathedral

Perspective

Michelangelo

David

MichelangeloBuonarroti

(1475-1564)

Pope Innocent III (1160-

1216) on the human body:

“Impure begetting, disgusting means of nutrition in his mother's womb, baseness of matter out of which man evolves, hideous stink, secretion of saliva, urine, and filth.”

Lorenzo d’Medici

Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527)

Raphael, The School of Athens

Christopher Columbus1451-1506

Martin Luther

Luther on Aristotle: “Aristotle is truly a devil, a

horrid calumniator, a wicked sycophant, a prince

of darkness, a beast, a most horrid imposter on mankind, one in whom there is scarcely any

philosophy, a public and professed liar, a goat, and his followers are locusts, caterpillars, frogs, and

lice.”

Leonardo da Vinci,

Vitruvian Man(c.1492)

Andreas Vesalius

(1514-1564)

Vesalius, base of the

brain

Vesalius, Fabrica(1543)

William Harvey

(1578-1657)

Circulation of the blood announced 1616.

Ptolemy’s model of the

universe

Nicolas Copernicus

d. 1543

Heliocentric

Retrograde motion explained!

Copernicus,De

revolutionibus orbium

celestium(1543)

Giordano Bruno

d. 1600

Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler

Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)

Galileo script

Scholastic methodology and astronomy:"There are seven windows given to animals in the domicile

of the head. … From this and many other similarities in nature, such as the seven metals, etc., which were tedious

to enumerate, we gather that the number of planets is necessarily seven. Moreover these [alleged satellites of Jupiter] are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore can

exercise no influence on the earth, and therefore would be useless, and therefore do not exist. Besides, [from the

earliest times, men] have adopted the division of the week into seven days, and have names them after the seven

planets. Now, if we increase the number of the planets, this whole and beautiful system falls to the ground."

Pope Urban VIII (became Pope in

1623)

Galileo when older

Catholic Church, Codex of 1616

"Propositions to be forbidden:

“that the sun is immovable at the center of the heaven; that the earth is not at the center of the heaven, and is not immovable; but moves by a double motion."

Religion in Europe,

1600

Artist’s rendition of Galileo on trial

Galileo Galilei died 1642,

Italy

Isaac Newton born 1642,

England

Galileo's "Letter to Christina" (1615)Starting premise:God wrote two books: The book of Scripture and the book of Nature

On Scripture: On Nature:

If interpret literally, Scripture written to Scripture says little Scripture is about God created God gave mancontradictions common man's level about nature spiritual matters nature senses & reason

Don't interpret God intends for usliterally to use senses & reason

Sometimes interpret Scripture is not interested to understand natureScripture metaphorically in nature/physical matters

Scripture is not Two truths cannot Science is authoritativeauthoritative on contradict each other on naturenature

Purpose of philosophers Do not censoris to show harmony of scienceScripture and science

Philosophy's methodis investigation and debate

Reason and consent,not faith and force

Gutenberg Bible

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