THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATION

• ENERGY-RELEASING PROCESS THAT IS FUELED BY OXYGEN

• YOU BREATHE 6 LITERS PER MINUTE

• REMOVES THE WASTE PRODUCT CARBON DIOXIDE

NOSE AND THROAT

• AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSTRILS – OPENINGS IN THE NOSE

• IT FLOWS TO THE NASAL CAVITY– HEATED BY BLOOD VESSELS– MUCUS MOISTENS THE AIR AND TRAPS

DUST PARTICLES AND MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS

                                     

• A FRESH BATCH OF MUCUS IS PRODUCED EVERY 20 MINUTES

• CILIA PUSH OLD MUCUS TOWARD THE ESOPHAGUS AND INTO THE STOMACH

– HYDROCHLORIC ACID DESTROYS MANY BACTERIA TRAPPED IN THE MUCUS

SNEEZE

SOME PARTICLES NEVER MAKE IT PAST THE NOSE BECAUSE THEY ARE SNEEZED OUT

EPIGLOTTIS

SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE THAT CLOSES OVER THE ENTRANCE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WHEN FOOD AND WATER ARE INGESTED

EPIGLOTTIS

TRACHEA

• KNOWN AS THE WINDPIPE

• BUMPS ARE RINGS OF CARTILAGE

– FLEXIBLE SO YOU CAN BEND YOUR NECK

– RIGID TO KEEP THE AIR PASSAGE OPEN

– HELD TOGETHER BY SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT ENABLES THE DIAMETER TO BE CHANGED

• MUCUS TRAPS PARTICLES AND BACTERIA THAT MANAGE TO GET PAST THE NOSE

– SWEPT OUT OF TRACHEA AND UP TO THE MOUTH OR NOSE BY CILIA

– IF PARTICLES COLLECT – YOU COUGH

LARYNX

• VOICE BOX – LOCATED AT TOP OF TRACHEA

• MADE OF CARTILAGE THAT JETS OUT OF THE NECK (ADAM’S APPLE)

– LARGER IN MALES BECAUSE THEY GENERALLY HAVE LESS FAT

MRI OF LARYNX

VOCAL CORDS

• TWO SMALL FOLDS OF TISSUE THAT STRETCH ACROSS THE LARYNX

• MUSCLES TIGHTEN TO NARROW THE SLIT BETWEEN THEM

• RUSHING AIR MAKES THEM VIBRATE

– HIGH VOICE – TIGHTER CORDS-VIBRATE RAPIDLY

– LOW VOICE – MORE RELAXED – VIBRATE MORE SLOWLY

VOCAL CORDS

PITCH IS DETERMINED BY SIZE OF LARYNX AND LENGTH OF VOCAL CORDS

TONGUE, LIPS, AND TEETH PLUS THE VIBRATION IN THE NASAL CAVITY GIVE YOUR VOICE A SPECIAL QUALITY

LUNGS

BRONCHI

TWO TUBES THAT BRANCH OFF OF THE TRACHEA INTO EACH LUNG

LARYNXWINDPIPE

BRONCHI

LUNGS

• MAIN ORGAN OF RESPIRATION

• BRONCHI CONTINUE TO DIVIDE IN THEM

ALVEOLI

• SACS AT ENDS OF THE BRONCHIAL TUBES

• GATEWAYS FOR OXYGEN INTO THE BODY

• 600 MILLION IN LUNGS SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES

• AS AIR ENTERS THE ALVEOLI, OXYGEN SEEPS THROUGH THE THIN WALLS INTO SURROUNDING CAPILLARIES

• BLOOD CARRIES IT THROUGHOUT THE BODY

• CARBON DIOXIDE IS EXCHANGED IN THE SAME WAY

• 2400 KILOMETERS OF AIRWAYS FIT INTO THE CHEST CAVITY

– CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN IS EXCHANGED IN A FEW SECONDS

BREATHE

YOU BREATHE ABOUT 1 LITER OF AIR EVERY 10 SECONDS AT REST

DIAPHRAGM

• DOME-SHAPED MUSCLE

• CONTRACTS TO BREATHE IN– ALLOWS CHEST TO EXPAND

– EXPANSION ALLOWS MORE ROOM FOR AIR IN YOUR LUNGS

– AIR PRESSURE INSIDE DECREASES ALLOWING AIR TO RUSH IN FROM OUTSIDE

• EXHALE – DIAPHRAGM RETURNS TO NORMAL

– SPACE DECREASES IN CHEST CAVITY

– AIR PRESSURE INCREASES

– AIR IS FORCED OUT

THE DIAPHRAGM CAN BE CONTROLLED OR WORK AUTOMATICALLY

HICCUP

• DIAPHRAGM BECOMES IRRITATED – THE VOCAL CORDS SNAP SHUT

• INCREASED LEVELS OF CARBON DIOXIDE WILL CAUSE INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS TO STOP– STOPS THE HICCUPS

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

EXCRETION

PROCESS IN WHICH WASTE IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY

THE KIDNEYS

• ACT AS BODY’S FILTER – REMOVES WASTE AND POISONS FROM THE BLOOD

• REDDISH BROWN AND SHAPED LIKE KIDNEY BEANS

• ONE KIDNEY ON EACH SIDE OF SPINAL COLUMN JUST ABOVE THE WAIST

• 1 LITER OF BLOOD IS RECEIVED EACH MINUTE

UREA

NITROGEN WASTE FILTERED OUT OF THE BLOOD BY THE KIDNEYS

PARTS OF THE KIDNEY

•

NEPHRON

• WHERE ACTUAL FILTERING TAKES PLACE

• MILLIONS OF CHEMICAL FILTERING FACTORIES

CAPSULE

CAPSULE

• CUP-SHAPED PART OF THE NEPHRON

• CARRIES FILTERED MATERIALS TO TINY TWISTING TUBE

– MOST NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER ARE REABSORBED

– LIQUID REMAINING IS URINE

– URINE IS 90% WATER

IF THE BODY DID NOT REABSORB MOST OF THE NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER IT WOULD DIE

URETER

• THE NARROW TUBE THAT CONNECTS THE KIDNEYS TO THE URINARY BLADDER

• YOU HAVE TWO URETERS – ONE FROM EACH KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER

URINARY BLADDER

MUSCULAR SAC THAT STORES URINE BEFORE IT IS RELEASED

URINARY BLADDER

BLADDER STONE

URETHRA

CONNECTS URINARY BLADDER TO THE BODY EXIT

OTHER EXCRETORY ORGANS

LIVER

• REMOVES WASTE FROM THE BODY

• REMOVES EXCESS AMINO ACIDS – FORMS UREA

• CONVERTS HEMOGLOBIN FROM WORN-OUT RED BLOOD CELLS INTO BILE

– BILE REMOVES AND DIGESTS MOST BACTERIA THAT ENTER FROM THE LARGE INTESTINE

SKIN

• 1.5 TO 2 SQUARE METERS – IT IS THE LARGEST ORGAN

• 0.5 TO 6 MILLIMETERS IN THICKNESS

EPIDERMIS

• TOP LAYER

• DEAD, FLATTENED CELLS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY SHED

• INNERMOST LAYER CONTAINS LIVING, ACTIVE CELLS THAT PRODUCE MORE CELLS

• NO NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS

DERMIS

• BOTTOM LAYER

• CONTAINS NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS

• THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS

• CONTAINS SMALL FINGERLIKE STRUCTURES – EPIDERMIS ON TOP CREATES RIDGES– RIDGES ARE FINGERPRINTS

• SKIN ALSO CONTAINS HAIR, NAILS, SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS

– HAIR AND NAILS ARE FORMED FROM SKIN CELLS THAT ARE FILLED WITH A TOUGH, FIBER-LIKE PROTEIN AND THEN DIE

SWEAT OR PERSPIRATION

WASTE EXCRETED THROUGH THE SKIN

SWEAT GLANDS

• COILED TUBES CONNECTED TO PORES

– HELP BODY GET RID OF EXCESS SALT, UREA AND ABOUT 0.5 LITERS OF WATER EVERY DAY

• THIS COMBINATION IS KNOWN AS SWEAT OR PERSPIRATION

• SWEAT NOT ONLY RIDS THE BODY OF WASTES, IT HELPS REGULATE THE BODY TEMPERATURE

– EVAPORATES FROM THE BODY’S SURFACE

• STRENUOUS EXERCISE – 10 LITERS IN 24 HOURS