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SEPTEMBER 2017 |
THE RISE AND FALL OF
LITHIUM+60 MILLION TONS OF OPPORTUNITY
Dr. David DeakLithium Americas Corp.
SEPTEMBER 2017
The views, estimates, and opinions expressed in this presentation are those of
the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of Lithium Americas Corp.
SEPTEMBER 2017 |
WHY ARE WE HERE?
SEPTEMBER 2017 | 3
SEPTEMBER 2017 |
WHAT IS THE OPPORTUNITY?
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 5
THE EV: A BETTER USER EXPERIENCE
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 6
LITHIUM: COST PARITY
Source: McKinsey, EIA
TODAY
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 7
LITHIUM: IT’S LIGHT
3
Li
Lithium
Cathode
Anode
Periodic table
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 8
LITHIUM: IT’S HIGH ENERGY
3
Li
Lithium
F2 + 2e- ⇄ 2F. +2.87
Pb4+ + 2e- ⇄ Pb2+ +1.67
Cl2 + 2e- ⇄ 2Cl- +1.36
O2 = 4H+ + 4e- ⇄ 2H2O +1.23
Ag+ + 1e- ⇄ Ag +0.80
Fe3+ + 1e- ⇄ Fe2+ +0.77
Cu2+ + 2e- ⇄ Cu +0.34
2H+ + 2e- ⇄ H2 0.00
Pb2+ + 2e- ⇄ Pb -0.13
Fe2+ + 2e- ⇄ Fe -0.44
Zn2+ + 2e- ⇄ Zn -0.76
Al3+ + 3e- ⇄ Al -1.66
Mg2+ + 2e- ⇄ Mg -2.36
Li+ + 1e- ⇄ Li -3.05
stro
ng
er re
du
cin
g a
ge
nt
str
onger
oxid
izin
g a
gent
Electrochemical series
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 9
LITHIUM MARKET: TODAY
Li
Lithium carbonate
equivalent (LCE)
$1.5 billion in
sales
3-4
gigafactories
Source: USGS
182 kt LCEmarket
40%
Li-ion
60% other
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 10
GIGAFACTORY MATHEMATICS
1 GIGAFACTORY
70 GWh / year
x 0.7 kg LCE per kWh
~ 50,000 t of LCE per year
70 GWh
/ 70 kWh per EV
~ 1 million EVs per year
= 25% of today’s Li market
4 GIGAFACTORIES
~ 200,000 t of LCE per year
~ 4 million EVs per year
= 100% of today’s Li market
1 million
tonnes
LCE
To meet some oncoming demand (e.g. Tesla, VW) in 5 years:
SEPTEMBER 2017 |
70 GWh
x 0.7 kg LCE per kWh
~ 50,000 t of LCE per year
70 GWh
/ 70 kWh per EV
~ 1 million EVs per year
Over 20 years:
= 1 million tonnes LCE
= 20 million EVs
| TSX: LAC
GIGAFACTORY MATHEMATICS (CONT.)
1 GIGAFACTORY 62 GIGAFACTORIES
~ 3.1 million tonnes of LCE per year
~ 62 million EVs per year
Over 20 years:
= 62 million tonnes LCE
= 1.25 billion EVs
To electrify the world’s fleet of vehicles:
11
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 12
RAPID TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
Source: BlackRock, Interpreting Innovation, September 2014
Computer
Color Television
Clothes WasherDish Washer
Electricity
Range
Telephone
VCR
Electricity Refrigerator
AutomobileAir Conditioning
Cell Phone
RadioMicrowaveClothes Dryer
Internet
75
0
25
50
100
Pe
rce
nt
of
ho
use
ho
lds
1950 20101930 19701910 1990
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LITHIUM MARKET: TOMORROW
….
3.1 million
tonnes
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 14
LITHIUM MARKET: TOMORROW
Lithium carbonate
equivalent (LCE)
EV market
needs 20x
growth
3.1 million
tpa LCE
Over 60
gigafactories
Excludes:
▪ Utility storage
▪ Semi trucks
SEPTEMBER 2017 |
WHERE ARE
THE OPPORTUNITIES?
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 16
LITHIUM SOURCES
BRINE
HARD ROCK
CLAY
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 17
LITHIUM PRODUCTION COSTS
Difficult to
escape
physics
Plenty of
room for
optimization
Innovate to
lower cost
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 18
INNOVATE: STREAMLINE PROCESS
ore/brine Li2CO LiOH⋅H2O
ore/brine LiOH⋅H2O
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 19
INNOVATE: REVAMP ENERGY SYSTEMS
Build on first
principles
$0.35/kWh
<$0.05/kWh
Vertical
integration
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 20
INNOVATE: ALTERNATIVE BRINE TECH
Increase yield
recovery
Process for all
circumstances
Optimize
water
management
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 21
INNOVATE: ALTERNATIVE ROCK TECH
Vertical
integration
$0.35/kWh
<$0.05/kWh
Recycle
consumables
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 22
INNOVATE: CLAY OPPORTUNITY
Robust process
exists*
Favorable
thermodynamics
Goal:
optimizing
mass-energy
balance
*Not yet commercialized
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 23
HOW TO BEST INVEST IN LITHIUM?
$40 BILLION
SEPTEMBER 2017 || TSX: LAC 24
TAKE-AWAYS
Electrification of transport is a reality
• Better user experience
• Cost parity today
Lithium market must grow by a
factor of +20
• For EV market needs
• More for utilities, semi-trucks et al.
Unprecedented high-impact
investment opportunity
• Enabler of sustainable future
• Legacy of clean air and planet
Investable projects are:
• Scalable and risk-manageable
• Built on collaborative talent
1 2
3 4
SEPTEMBER 2017 |
THE FUTURE IS CLEAR
Hong Kong
CONTACT INFORMATION
1100 – 355 Burrard Street
Vancouver, BC V6C 2G8
Canada
