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The role of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) in DRR Julius N. Kabubi Kenya Meteorological Department

The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

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Page 1: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

The role of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) in DRR

Julius N. Kabubi

Kenya Meteorological Department

Page 2: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Some recent observations on disasters

• There  is  a  Global  increasing  trend  in the number of disasters and  their  total economic impacts 

• 90% of  these natural disasters are  caused by severe weather and extreme climate events 

A  number  of  severe  weather  and  extreme climate‐related events in recent years have led to disasters  of  devastating  consequences  to many societies,  thus  arousing  even  keener  interest  of the general public and policy makers 

Page 3: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

The role of NMHS

• Weather Monitoring • Weather Forecasting• Climate prediction• Early warnings• Weather and climate Advisories • Food security• Climate Change Detection and attribution• Research and outreach programmes 

Page 4: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Other duties and responsibly NMHS

1. Establishment and maintenance of a national meteorological observation network mandatory for weather and climate observations  

2. Monitoring, detection and prediction of weather and climate phenomena and dissemination of relevant products and early warnings;

3. Monitoring environmental pollution and Greenhouse Gases, including ozone

4. Exchange and transmission of meteorological data nationally, regional and internationally;

5. Carrying out meteorological training and research to improve the quality of meteorological services

6. Archival of long‐term reliable national climatologically records

Page 5: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Regional and international• Fulfillment of the national, regional and international obligations of the 

Government under the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

• Fulfillment of the national, regional and international obligations of the Government under the Convention of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and others

• Carrying out a Scientific assessment on Climate Agenda under the IPCC which supports country positions on the resolutions, protocols and conventions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

• Fulfillment of such other climate and weather related national, regional and international obligations as may be directed. 

Page 6: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Other duties  

Analysis of weather variables • Trends and patterns in wind regimes

• Trends and patterns in Pressure systems 

• Intensities of rainfall and durations 

• Trends in temperature regimes

• Local modification of weather systems 

• Regional influences by meso‐scale weather systems 

• Seasonality 

Page 7: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Generate weather products

• Nowcasting (6 hrs ahead)• Weather Forecasts• 24 hrs,4 days,7 days,14 days,1 month & Seasonal• Specialized forecasts;

– Aviation – Marine– Agriculture– Food security – Water resources – Energy – Disaster management – Health and other sectors 

Page 8: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Some products –Long‐term distribution of RF

201.20

1962.201071.40

1379.30

2101.70

782.20

919.30

760.10

959.60

1341.30

281.80

329.10

816.90

393.40

731.70

602.00

568.50 1074.20

1105.00

943.10

2005.50

33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

LODWAR

KAKAMELDORET

KISUMU

KISII

NAROK

NAKURU

DAGORETTI

NYERI

MERU

MANDERA

WAJIR

MARSABIT

GARISSA

MOYALE

MAKINDU

VOI MALINDI

MOMBASA

LAMU

KERICHO

201.20

1962.201071.40

1379.30

2101.70

782.20

919.30

760.10

959.60

1341.30

281.80

329.10

816.90

393.40

731.70

602.00

568.50 1074.20

1105.00

943.10

2005.50

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

900.00

1000.00

1100.00

1200.00

1300.00

1400.00

1500.00

1600.00

1700.00

1800.00

1900.00

2000.00

Page 9: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Trends in Temperature at Dagoretti (Nairobi)

MINIMUM MAXIMUM

Page 10: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

TEMPERATURE RANGE AT DAGORETTI

Page 11: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

OBSERVED CLIMATE CHANGE  SIGNALS IN KENYA : Increases in temperature

Local maximum temperature trends for Lodwar(Left)  and Dagoretti(Right) 

Annual Max Temp: Lodwar

y = 0.0317x + 34.322

33.0

33.5

34.0

34.5

35.0

35.5

36.0

36.5

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

Year

Tem

pera

ture

( C

)

Annual Max Temp: Dagoretti

y = 0.0186x + 23.244

22.0

22.5

23.0

23.5

24.0

24.5

25.0

25.5

26.0

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

Year

Tem

pera

ture

( C)

Page 12: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Observed Climate Change Signals in Kenya:  Decreasing October – November –December (OND) Seasonal Rainfall Trends

Nyahururu OND rainfall trend

y = -1.393x + 221.61

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

900.0

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

Year

Rai

nfal

l (O

ND

)

y = -1.3197x + 336.22

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

Narok OND rainfall trend

y = - 0.2835x + 187.34

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

Year

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Narok

MarsabitNyahururu

Page 13: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Finally – Early warning Information for DRR 

Weather warnings and alertsWeather advisories Climate forecasts and predictionsClimate advisories Stream flow ModelingExtreme Weather and severe climate events 

Droughts Early warning  (La‐nina conditions)Floods Early warning (El Nino conditions )Real time flood forecasting Extreme temperatures (heat waves) Fog and frost 

NB/ Early warning is applied throughout the disaster cycle (Preparedness, response, relief and reconstruction)

Page 14: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Initiatives to improve on EWS for DRR

• A awareness campaign with partners (Nile IWRM‐Net, UNISDR, UNOCHA, MOSSP, NDOC and Universities)

• Real time monitoring of hazards 

• Timely  communication of information 

• Research work for thresh‐holding of hazards

• Campaign to reach the politicians 

Page 15: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Main bottlenecks in NMHS??

• Little funding from national governments 

• Inadequate  data observational networks  and data gaps

• Old equipments in some countries 

• Human capacity and succession management problems 

• Lack of awareness and poor perception by communities 

Page 16: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

General Challenges of EWS

Climate change impacts 1. Immergence of  disease  like Rift Valley Fever (RVF) – floods2. Highland malaria cases ‐ extreme temperaturesLack of knowledge by public to interpret disaster indicators andthresholdsChanging societal demands and expectation of EWSs over timeCommunication problemsHazard characteristics that can change over timeDomestication of EW tools (Models that are home grown)Lack of deterministic EW models rather than probabilistic onesLow level of appreciation  and response by community Numerical Weather prediction and use of Radar systems is still  low

Page 17: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

EWS will not work where there is; 

• Lack of (poorly implemented) climate‐change policies (A national climate change master plan) 

• Lack of awareness/preparedness • A well developed disaster management systems and policies• Unsustainable exploitation (over‐reliance) of natural resources• Lack of relocation opportunities and procedures • Unfavourable Topography and climate• Land subdivision and poor land policies • Adverse socio‐economic attributes of risk prone communities (Primary?)

– Poverty– Conflicts– High population densities– Poor traditions and customs– Unwillingness to live with risks (unwillingness to change with 

changing environment)

Page 18: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic

Conclusions

• NMHS play major roles in DRR through provision of EW information throughout the disaster cycle

• There is need therefore to strength NMHS capacities in order to improve on their role in DRR activities

• National DRR platforms should incorporate NMHS in their planning and execution of their national agenda

Page 19: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic
Page 20: The role of the Kenya Meteorological Department in …...Some recent observations on disasters • There is a Global increasing trend in the number of disasters and their total economic