274 GeoJournal 13.3/1986

Report the territorial context, but also take into account the cultural and the economic development of the region. They further contain ex- tensive material on historical topography.

3. Three groups of maps at different scales are represented in the Atlas. The base is constituted by survey maps of the whole region to the scale of 1:8 mil l ion; regional maps to the scale of 1:1 mil l ion up to 1:4 mil l ion focus on special subjects that are not representable on a surveY map which, however, are regionally important. A third group is established by large scale maps that illustrate typical facts by example of small areas. Even though research done in TiJbingen was mainly used in the last map group, survey and regional maps needed more work than just a compil ing of data.

The Tiibingen Atlas of the Middle East

A German multi.disciplinary research project

Kopp, H. Prof. Dr., Universit~it Tiibingen, Geogr. Inst., H61derlinstr. 12, D-7400 Tiibingen, FR Germany

The University of TiJbingen has a great tradit ion in Oriental research. Names like Enno Lit tmann, Rudi Paret or Hermann yon Wissmann stand for the high quality of this field of regional research that is supported by many distinctive divisions.

More and more, Tiibingen scientists felt a demand to produce a comprehensive regional atlas of the Middle East which was still not existing at the end of the sixties. Even though national atlasses of varying quali ty and certain thematical maps were available for a few countries in the area, they rarely represent the latest scientific achievements. The decision to start such a project in Tiibingen was based on the idea that the production of maps helps discovering gaps in regional research and that maps demand exact topographical work which was hoped to stimulate especially historians. Naturally, i t was a long process from idea to realization. Meanwhile, many pragmatic decisions had to be made. The thematic andregional ly heterogeneous scientific development had to be taken into consider- ation, and scientists with special research fields wil l ing to cooperate had to be respected. In addit ion, financial l imits had to be set.

In 1969, the fol lowing conception of the Atlas had to be de- veloped:

I . Regionally, the Atlas covers the area between Egypt and Afgha- nistan as well as between Turkey and Southern Arabia. These bound- aries are only extended for (mainly historical) compelling reasons.

2. Thematically, the Atlas contains two main parts. Part A ("Geography") comprises maps of the present spatial structure in the sense of a "nat ional" atlas. Ten chapters explain the contents:

- Relief, Hydrology and Settlements (i. e. topographical maps) - Geology - Geomorphology - Climate - Hydrogeography - Vegetation/Fauna - Natural Regions - - Population - Settlements -- Economy and Communication.

Part B ("History") is also divided into 10 chapters which fo l low a chronological sequence of historical epochs from Stone Age to the present. The historical maps do not only -- as usually -- represent

4. The Atlas is published in single sheets in the format of 75 x 55 cm. For single chapters as well as for certain general facts uni- formed concepts of map keys (means of cartographical represention) have been realized to ease comparison of different maps. Thus, historical maps, e.g., need only l i t t le topographical support (relief, etc.). The map theme can be dealt wi th very extensively and the corresponding survey or regional topographic map can be used as a supplement.

5. The map keys are in German and English. For the 27 languages that occur in different times and places in the Middle East arid for the sources that were used, a standardized transliteration system was developed.

Soon after the basic conception and a first detailed map program was agreed on, i t became obvious that such a project could not be completed by scientists from TiJbingen alone. This lead to the ques- t ion of how the work should be organized and financed.

The project is organized by a special research division that is f inancially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The staff of the Atlas comprises the fol lowing three groups:

- - Scientists of the University of Tiibingen who produce maps within their own research fields

- Scientists of other German and of foreign universities who con- tr ibute on certain subjects (maps). Among them are also scien- tists from Middle East countries.

- Scientists who are temporari ly employed for the production of single maps.

In total, 15 divisions are cooperating in the Atlas. Scientific and organizational director of the project is the "Speaker" (Prof. Dr. W. R611ig). He is assisted by a "Coordinator" who observes that the conception of the Atlas is respected in the search for material and in its realization in maps.

A main part of the project is a technically well-equipped carto- graphic department where the authors' drafts are further developed for printing. The variety and complexi ty of the different subjects demand for highly qualified cartographers. A constant dialogue be- tween the author and the cartographer is mandatory.

In the beginning of. the cartographic work an adequate map grid had to be developed for sufficiently detailed "base maps", which the authors could use. As in some cases regionally only in- sufficient maps were available, satellite pictures had to be used. The first maps were published in 1977. Up to the middle of 1986, 120 out of 285 maps were published. The whole project is expected to be completed only in the early 1990's. Then an index of names wil l be published that is successively being built up and presently used as a working register.

It soon became obvious that an extraordinary amount of material could not be used cartographically. For that reason parallel to the Atlas a series of monographies ("Beihefte") is published. They support the scientific evaluation of the maps. So far about 90 "Beihefte" were published, some of them of considerable size.

GeoJournal 13.3/1986 275

Meanwhile this project looks back on 15 years of experience. The scientific ideas that came up in the discussions during the course of the work have tremendously stimulated the Oriental research in Tiibingen. The comprehensive "multi-spectral" views have yielded many new and most rewarding insights. Both, geography and history including their subdivisions have overwhelmingly benefitted from this approach and cooperation. Structures and processes vividly forming this old cultural region are now much better understood.

Maps and monographies are published by Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, FR Germany. Maps can be ordered through GEO-Center ILH, POB 800507, D-7000 Stuttgart 80, FR Germany.

Appendix

Contents of the Tiibingen Atlas of the Middle East (Part A, Geography)

A I Relief and Hydrology Publication date

1 Middle East. Relief and Hydrology 1 : 8 mill (1977) 2 Turkey. Relief and Hydrology (2 sheets) 1 : 2 mill 3 Iran and Afghanistan. Relief and 1 : 4 mill

Hydrology 4 Mesopotamia. Relief and Hydrology I: 2 mill (1985) 5 Levant. Relief and Hydrology 1 : 1 mill 6 Central and Southern Arabia. I: 4 mill

Relief and Hydrology 7 Egypt and Northwestern Arabia. 1 : 4 mill

Relief and Hydrology 8 Nile Delta (Egypt). Relief and Hydrology 1 : 1 mill

A II Geology

1 Middle East. Geology 1 : 8 mill 2 Middle East. Basic Minerals in

1 : 8 mill Prehistoric and Historic Times

3 Middle East. Seismotectonics, Historical Earthquakes 1 : 8 mill (1984)

4 Turkey. Geology (2 sheets) 1 : 2 mill (1985) 5 Turkey. Geotectonics (2 sheets) 1 : 2 mill 6 Western Turkey. Magmatism 1 : 2 mill 7 Middle East. Hydrogeology 1 : 8 mill 8 Middle East. Soils 1 : 8 mill

A HI

1 2 3 4 5

6

Geomorphology

Middle East. Geomorphology Turkey. Geomorphology (2 sheets) Iran and Afghanistan. Geomorphology Levant. Geomorphology Central and Southern Arabia. Geomorphology Geomorphology. Examples 1. Karst Relief (Akseki Ovasi]Turkey) 2. Cuesta Landscape ((~abal Tuwaiq/

Saudi Arabia) 3. Coastal Relief (Southern Turkey) 4. Desert Basin (Baqf Basin]lran) 5. Relief Generations (Basin of A.t-TEr]Yemen ) 6. Glacier Types and Glacial Land Forms

(Hindu Kush/Afghanistan) 7. Volcanic Land Forms (Nemrut Da~i/Turkey) 8. Pleistocene Shorelines and Terraces (Dead Sea)

I : 8 mill I : 2 mill (1981) I : 4 mill 1: I mill (1983)

I : 4 mill (1980}

large-scale (1984)

(1984)

(1984)

A I V

1

2

3

4 5 6

A V

1 2 3 4

A V I

1 2 3

Climate

Middle East. Mean Annual Air 1 : 8 Tern peratu re Middle East. Mean Air Temperature, 1 : 8 January Middle East. Mean Air Temperature, 1 : 8 July Middle East. Annual Rainfall 1 : 8 Middle East. Reliability of Rainfall 1:12 Middle East. Seasonal Pattern of Rainfall 1:12

Hydrogeography

Middle East. Hydrogeography Jordan River. Hydrogeography Lower Nile. Hydrogeography Mesopotamia. Hydrogeography

1 : 8 1 :1 1 : 2 1 : 2

mill (1983)

mill (1983)

mill (1983)

mill (1984) mill (1985) mill (1985)

mill mill mill (1985) mill

Vegetation/Zoology

Middle East. Vegetation 1 : 8 mill Middle East. Natural Vegetation 1 : 8 mill Middle East. Vegetation Zones in the

1 : 8 mill Early Holocene

4 Central Taurus Mountains (Turkey). Vegetation 1:500,000 (1983)

5 Southern Caspian Lowland and the Alborz Mountains (Iran). Vegetation 1:500,000 (1985)

6 Central Zagros (Iran). Vegetation 1:500,000 (1984) 7 Central Hindu Kush (Afghanistan).

Vegetation 1:600,000 (1979)

8 Southern Levant. Vegetation 1:600,000 (1981) 9 Central Saudi Arabia. Vegetation 1 : 1 mill (1985)

10 Vegetation. Examples large-scale 1. Central Anatolia (Turkey). (1982)

Vegetation around Tuz G61ii 2. Mah~rl~ Basin near .~iraz (Iran). (1982)

Central area. Vegetation 3. Alada~lari (Turkey). Vegetation (1983)

of High Regions 4. Central Hindu Kush (Afghanistan).

(1983) Alpine Vegetation of Darra-yi Ggh~m 5. Alborz Mountains (Iran). Eastern

Border of the Caspian Forests (1983) 6. Hindu Kush Southeastern Slopes

(Afghanistan). Western Border of (1983) Monsoon Forests

7. Persian Gulf Coast (Iran). Mangrove (1986) 8. Dead Sea, Azraq, Sinai. Halophytes (1986)

11 Middle East. Terrestrial Zoogeography 1 : 8 mill 12 Levant. Origins and Development of 1 : 1 mill

the Hydrofauna 13 Levant and Mesopotamia. Man-caused

Changes affecting the Fauna in 1 : 2 mill Historical Times

14 Middle East. Venomous Animals 1:16 mill 1. Snakes (1983) 2. Scorpions (1985)

15 Middle East. Animal Raw Materials 1 : 8 mill 16 Middle East. Breed of Animal and

1:16 mill Early Domestication 1. Goat 2. Sheep 3. Bovines 4. Pig 5. Horse

276 GeoJournal 13.3/1986

6. Donkey 7. Camel 8. Dog

A VII Natural Regions

1 Middle East. Natural Regions 1 : 8 mill 2 Turkey. Natural Regions (2 sheets) 1 : 2 mill (1982) 3 Western Iran. Natural Regions 1 : 2 mill 4 Levant. Natural Regions 1 : 1 mill (1985} 5 Middle East. Natural Environment and

1 : 8 mill Economic Utilization in Prehistoric Time

A VIII Population 1 Middle East, Political and I : 8 mill (1979)

Administrative Divisions 2 Middle East. Population Distribution I : 8 mill (1977) 3 Middle East. Population Density I : 8 mill (1978) 4 Middle East. Urban and Rural Population I : 8 mill (1978) 5 Middle East. Population Mobility

I. Turkey. Internal Migration I : 4 mill (1986) 2. Cyprus. Population and Settlement 1:500,000 (1986)

Development 3. Iran. Internal Migration I : 4 mill (1983) 4. Southern Lebanon. I: 2 mill

Population Mobility 5. israel..immigration, Emigration and 1:500,000

Internal Migration 6 Middle East. Religions I : 8 mill 7 Lebanon. Religions 1:350,000 (1979) 8 Middle East. Christianity I : 8 mill (1978) 9 Lebanon. Christianity 1:350,000 (1979)

I0 Middle East. Languages and I : 8 mill Dialect Groups

11 Afghanistan. Dialects I : 2,5 mill (1984) 12 Egypt. Arabic Dialects I : I mill (1983) 13 Middle East. Ethnic Groups I : 8 mill 14 Turkey. Ethnic Groups I : 4 mill 15 Israel. Ethnis Groups I : I mill (1984) 16 Afghanistan. Ethnic Groups 1:2,5 mill (1983) 17 Gulf States. Foreign Workers 1 : 4 mill (1986)

A IX

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Settlement

Middle East. Evolution of Settlement 1 : 8 mill Types of Rural Settlements large-scale Middle East. Rural House Types 1 : 8 mill Rural House Types. Examples Middle East. Types of Tents 1 : 8 mill Middle East. Towns and Urban Growth 1 : 8 mill (1982) Afghanistan. Towns and market places 1 : 4 mill (1981) at the end of the 19th Century Afghanistan. Towns and market places 1 : 4 mill (198I) around 1973 Exam pies of Oriental Cities large-scale 1. Tehran/Tehr~n (Iran) (1981) 2. Damascus/Dima~q (Syria) (1984) 3. Mecca/Makka (Saudi Arabia) (1984) 4. Esfahan/Esfah~n Bazar (Iran) (1977) 5. Taif /at-~' i f (Saudi Arabia) 6. Herat/Harat (Afghanistan)

A X

10

7. Sana'a/San~a ' (Yemen) 8. Cairo/Al-Q~hira (Egypt) Examples of Small and Medium-sized Oriental Cities. Urban Structure 1. Antakya (Turkey) 2. Tripoli/Tar~blus (Lebanon) 3. S~r'i (Iran) 4..SaCda (Yemen) 5. Rad~ c (Yemen) 6. A~dod (Israel) 7. Mi~'h~b (Iraq) 8. Erdek (Turkey) 9. GhaznT (Afghanistan) 10. aI-BuraymT/AI CAin (Oman, UAE)

large-scale

(1982) (1982) (1982) (1982) (1984) (1984) (1984)

Economy and Communications

1 Middle East. Land Utilization 1 : 8 mill 2 Turkey. Land Utilization {2 sheets) 1 : 2 mill 3 Western Iran. Land Utilization 1 : 2 mill (1984) 4 Mesopotamia. Land Utilization 1 : 2 mill (1985) 5 Egypt. Land Utilization 1 : 2 mill 6 Northern Levant. Land Utilization 1 :1 mill 7 Southern Levant. Land Utilization 1:500,000 (1981) 8 Southern Levant. Land Utilization in the

1:400,000 (1980) 2nd Half of the 16th Century

9 Southern Levant. Land Utilization 1:500,000 (1981) ca. 1880

I0 Land Utilization. Examples large-scale 1. Pontus (Turkey) (1985) 2. AI-Q~sim (Yemen) (1985) 3. Mediterranean Coastal Plain (Lebanon) (1985) 4. Central Zagros (Iran) (1986) 5. Kharga Oasis (Egypt) (1986) 6. Western ~,zarb~yff~n (Iran) 7. Sharqiya (Oman) 8. AI-Fayy5m (Egypt)

11 Middle East. Nomadism and Other I : 8 mill Pastoral Migration Systems

12 Pastoral Migration Systems. Examples large-scale 1. Zagros (Iran). Mountain Nomadism (1980)

and Sedentarization of the Bahtiy~rT 2. Zagros (Iran). Mountain Nomadism (1980)

and Sedentarization of the Qa~q~i- 3. Al-(~azTra (iraq). Nomadism and

Sedentarization 4. Pontus Mountains (Turkey). Alpine

Pasture Economy 5. South East Arabia. Nomadism 6. Ghab (Syria). Nomadism and

Semi-Nomadism 13 Middle East. industry and Mining 1 : 8 mill 14 Gulf States. industry 1 :1 mill 15 Iran. lndustry 1 : 4 mill (1979) 16 Arabian-Persian Gulf. Oil industry 1 : 2 mill (1977) 17 Saudi Arabia. Oil Industry large-scale (1980) 18 Middle East. Roadsand Railways 1 : 8 mill (1984) 19 Middle East. Tourism and Air Transport 1 : 8 mill (1985) 20 Middle East. Foreign Trade 1 : 8 mill (1986)