The United States of AmericanA historic overview 1946-1960• The Cold war• US Civil Rights Movement

Yeji & Shuyao

Cold War (1947-1991)•The ideological conflict after World War Ⅱ = Communist nations vs. Democratic na-

tions▫political

Communist vs. Democratic ▫economical

Communist vs. Capitalism ▫USSR vs. NATO

USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics = Soviet Union + all eastern and cen-tral EuropeNATO : The North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-tion = Western Europe + United States

•The cause of Cold War ▫Ideological, economic and political differ-

ences between the Soviet Union and U.S. •The end of Cold War

▫after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.▫Factors

Declined ideology of the Soviet Union Failure of the Soviet Union’s economy

▫Results The United States = the dominant military

power Russia = possessed most of the Soviet Union’s

nuclear arsenal

Senator McCarthy•Joseph Raymond McCarthy

(11.14.1908~5.3.2957) ▫An American politician▫Republican U.S. Senator from the state of

Wisconsin•Claim

▫Hundreds of Communists had infiltrated the State Department and other federal agencies.

•Anticommunist campaign▫Investigating fraud and waste in the execu-

tive branch▫Hunting for Communists▫Attacking a number of politicians and other

individuals inside and outside of govern-ment Using charges of communism, communist

sympathies, or disloyalty•McCarthyism

▫Describing the making of accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.

Space Race•Mid-to-late twentieth century competition

between USSR and USA(1957~1975)▫For supremacy in outer space exploration

• Beginning ▫The Soviet launch of the Sputnik1

artificial satellite (4. 10 1957)• Conclusion

▫The co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project human spaceflight mission (7. 1975)= Symbolizing détente between the USA and USSR

•Role▫the ideological and technological rivalry

between the two nation▫Causing extraordinary increases in spend-

ing on education and research Resulted in scientific

advancement spin-off technologies

▫The birth of the envi-ronmental movement The first time to see a

full circular earth

Brown v. Board of Education •A landmark decision of the United States Supreme

Court in 1954•Role

▫Motivation

Integration Civil rights movement

•The plaintiffs ▫Oliver L. Brown and thirteen Topeka par-

ents On behalf of their twenty children Parents and African American

▫Calling for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation

•Background▫Race relation Race Segregation▫Separate but equal treatment for both

white and black ▫BUT! Inferior accommodations, services,

and treatment for black Americans ▫Racial segregation in education was differ-

ent on each states.

Approved by Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896

•Root of the case ▫Brown’s daughter, Linda, a third grader

Segregated black school = six blocks to school bus stop, one mile away Segregated white school = seven blocks to the

school▫The parents including Brown

Trial to enter their children in the closest neighborhood school

•District Court ▫Ruled in favor of the Board of Education

Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 = The U.S. Supreme Court precedent set

Stood by a state law •ordering “separate but equal” segregated facilities for blacks and whites in rail-way cars

•Conclusion of Supreme Court ▫State laws

establishing separate public schools for black and white students

denying black children equal educational op-portunities

•Social Outcome ▫Integration of the Topeka middle schools

since 1941▫Integration of the Topeka elementary

schools since 1953

UNCONSTITU-TIONAL

Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957After “Brown v. Board of Education ” • In 1957, nine African-

American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School ,a all-white school by NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People )

• Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent them from entering school.

Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957•The nine students were harassed by

white protesters on first few days

Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957•President

Eisenhower warned the governor not to interfere with the Supreme Court's ruling.

•The nine students had to be protected by U.S Army to school.

Only one of the Little Rock Nine, Ernest Green, got the chance to graduate.

Rosa Parks• Rosa Louise McCauley Parks• (February 4, 1913 – October

24, 2005)▫an African American civil

rights activist.

•On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger which was illegal according to Montgomery’s law.

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955• Parks was arrested and her

action sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Demand▫oppose the city's policy of

racial segregation on its public transit system

• Result▫a heavy financial blow for

the Montgomery public transit system.

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955•On November 13, 1956, the United

States Supreme Court declared racial segregation on buses operating unconstitutional.

•The boycott lasted for 381 days until the local ordinance segregating African-Americans and whites on public buses was lifted.

Martin Luther King, Jr.•Martin Luther King, Jr. •(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)

▫An American clergyman, activist▫A prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement.

•Claim▫Ending racial discrimination through civil

disobedience and other nonviolent means.

March on Washington,1963

•March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom▫a large political rally in support

of civil and economic rights for African-Americans

▫King delivered " I Have a Dream " speech which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination .

King’s key Event•Montgomery Bus Boycott,

1955 •March on Washington,1963•the Nobel Peace Prize,1964•Opposition to the Vietnam

War,1965•Assassination on April 4,

1968, at the age of 39

Credits• o Senator McCarthy• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism• o Space Race• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race• o Brown v. Board of Education• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education• o Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas• http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detai

l.aspx?entryID=718• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine• o Rosa Parks• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks• o Martin Luther King, Jr.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.

Thanks for watching : )