The Wars of Independence

1810-1826

Immediate Influences

Creole Nationalism Frustration at “Institutionalized Discrimination”

Enlightenment Influence How Much Influence Was the French

Revolution? The Specter of Haiti

The Real Catalyst: European Events

The Spanish Crisis, 1808-1810 Background: The Napoleonic Wars Spain as Napoleon’s “Satellite Kingdom”

Charles IV Abdicates Joseph Bonaparte

The 1808 Revolutionary Junta Fernando VII

The Cortes and the Constitution of 1812 The Bourbon Reforms Remain in America

The Movement for Independence in Spanish America Response to the French Invasion of Spain

Peninsulare and Criollo Agendas South American Rebellions

Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Chile—but not Peru The “Liberators”—a Creole Elite

Father Miguel Hidalgo and Mexico: A Case Study September 6, 1810 The Virgin of Guadalupe The Sack of Guanajuato Revolution from Below—And Those Who Fear It Hidalgo’s Martyrdom

The Independence Movements in South America The Influence of Simón Bolívar in the North

Bolívar’s Ideology Venezuela and New Granada

The Llaneros Ferdinand and the 1820 Liberal Revolt in Spain Sucre and Andean Warfare San Martín and the Southern Cone

Bernardo O’Higgins and Chilean Independence The Guayaquil Conference, July 1822

Ayacucho and the Consolidation of Independence

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Postcolonial Blues The Rise of the Caudillo

Caudillismo Latin American Society in the Era of

Independence “The Same Priest on a Different Mule” The Question of Slavery Religion Land Reform—or lack thereof

The Liberal-Conservative Split Federal vs. Central The Roots of Neocolonialism

The Mexican Independence Movement after Hidalgo José María Morelos

A Radical Vision for a New Mexico Guerilla Warfare Congress of Chilpancingo The Spanish Counterinsurgency

A Violent Interlude Once Again, Spanish Events

Intrude

The Consummation of Mexican Independence Agustín de Iturbide & Vicente Guerrero Plan de Iguala The “Three Guarantees” Independence Won

Treaty of Córdoba The Legacy of the Wars of Independence Emperor Agustín I and the Mexican

Empire Economic Crises