The The WorldWorldat Warat War1914-1914-

19181918

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race European nations began an arms race as they

competed for colonies around the world

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [GER, AUT/HUN, ITA, FRA, GBR,

RUS] in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System European nations began forming military

alliances with one another to maintain a balance of powerbalance of powerTriple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia – Were establishing colonies in Africa and Asia– Were in competition for colonies

4. Aggressive Nationalism4. Aggressive Nationalism4. Aggressive Nationalism4. Aggressive Nationalism Countries proud of their heritage and

culture Similar toSimilar to patriotismpatriotism Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to

free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

TheThe“Powder Keg”“Powder Keg”

of Europeof Europe

TheThe“Powder Keg”“Powder Keg”

of Europeof Europe Austrian-

Hungarian Empire controlled several ethic groups.

Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.

Led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

TheThe“Spark“Spark

””

TheThe“Spark“Spark

””

The Assassination: SarajevoThe Assassination: SarajevoThe Assassination: SarajevoThe Assassination: Sarajevo

Assassin = Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist

trying to gain allowances for fellow Serbs living under Austrian rule

Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire

June 28, 1914 assassination eventually led to WWI.

1. June 28—Assassination at Sarajevo

2. July 28—Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

3. July 30—Russia began mobilization

4. August 1—Germany declared war on Russia

5. August 3—Germany declared war on France

6. August 3—Great Britain declared war on Germany

7. August 6—Russia and Austria/Hungary at war.8. August 12—Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary

The Great War BeginsThe Great War BeginsThe Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

Stalemate Modern Warfare September 1914 Neither side is able

to gain an advantage.

French & British stopped German advance on Paris– Both holed up in

trenches separated by an empty “no “no man’s land.”man’s land.”

– Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

Continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.

Soldiers & officers unprepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WWI– Machine guns, hand

grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas

– killed thousands of soldiers who left trenches to attack the enemy

Lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur– The armies began to

burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

Stalemate & WarfareStalemate & WarfareStalemate & WarfareStalemate & Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

::

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

::

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault TankFrench Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at YpresBritish Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-BoatsU-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-BoatsAllied Ships Sunk by U-BoatsAllied Ships Sunk by U-BoatsAllied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe AirplaneThe AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Curtis-Martin Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft PlantU. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft PlantU. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Looking for the “Red BaronRed Baron?”?”Looking for the “Looking for the “Red BaronRed Baron?”?”

The ZeppelinThe ZeppelinThe ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameFlameThrowersThrowers

FlameFlameThrowersThrowers

GrenadeGrenadeLaunchersLaunchersGrenadeGrenade

LaunchersLaunchers

Poison GasPoison GasPoison GasPoison Gas

Machine GunMachine GunMachine GunMachine Gun

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western FrontThe Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench WarfareTrench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

War Is War Is HELL HELL !!!!War Is War Is HELL HELL !!!!

AmericaAmericaJoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericaAmericaJoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking The Sinking of the Lusitaniaof the Lusitania

The Sinking The Sinking of the Lusitaniaof the Lusitania

The Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksThe YanksAre Coming!Are Coming!The YanksThe Yanks

Are Coming!Are Coming!

May of 1917 President Wilson and Congress

pass into legislation a draft or conscription.

21 to 30 yrs. Later extended to 40 yrs. of

age. Contradiction?Contradiction?

Selective Service ActSelective Service Act

1917—Selective Service Act1917—Selective Service Act 24,000,000 men registered for the 24,000,000 men registered for the

draft by the end of 1918.draft by the end of 1918. 2,810,296 drafted and served in 2,810,296 drafted and served in

WWIWWI 3.7 million men served in WW1 3.7 million men served in WW1

(2,000,000 saw active combat)(2,000,000 saw active combat) Volunteers and drafteesVolunteers and draftees

400,000 African-Americans served 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.in segregated units.

15,000 Native-Americans 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, served as scouts, messengers,

and snipers in non-segregated and snipers in non-segregated units.units.

Enlistment PostersEnlistment Posters

Americans in the TrenchesAmericans in the TrenchesAmericans in the TrenchesAmericans in the Trenches

African African AmericanAmericans in WWIs in WWI

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-AmericansAfrican-AmericansOpportunities for Opportunities for African-AmericansAfrican-Americans

“Great Migration”– 1916-1919– 70,000 African Americans more to

northern cities – Wanted to escape poverty,

indebtedness, racism and violence War industries work Enlistment in segregated units

league cartoon1

WomenWomenand theand the

WarWarEffortEffort

WomenWomenand theand the

WarWarEffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the WarFinancing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor RecruitmentFor RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions WorkersMunitions WorkersMunitions Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the FieldsWorking in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

Red Cross NursesRed Cross NursesRed Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Expansion Expansion of the of the

Federal Federal GovernmenGovernmen

tt

Sale of Liberty bonds– $23 billon

New taxes– Excess profits

of corporations– Graduated

income tax– Inheritance

taxes– Nearly $10

billion Series of “war

boards”

Financing the WarFinancing the War

War Industries BoardWar Industries BoardWar Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Led by Bernard Baruch To build weapons for the war US industry would change from a

peacetime industry to a war time industry…..

Set prices and determined what goods should be produced by private industry….

US Govt. controlled the economy

War Industries BoardWar Industries BoardWar Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Food AdministrationFood AdministrationFood AdministrationFood Administration

Led by Herbert Hoover Effort to conserve food and boost

agricultural output US feeds the world from the

farms and ranches in the Great Plains… ”Bread basket of the World”– Liberty and victory gardens– Meatless and wheatless days

U. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food Administration

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

U. S. School Garden ArmyU. S. School Garden ArmyU. S. School Garden ArmyU. S. School Garden Army

U. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping Board

U. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel Administration

National Labor BoardNational Labor Board Headed up by William Howard Taft Resolve labor disputes—pressured

industry to grant concessions to workers:– 8 hour work day– Minimal living standards– Equal pay for women doing equal work– Recognition of the right of unions to

organize and bargain collectively

Insisted workers abstain from all strikes

Insisted employers could not engage in lockouts

Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the

EconomyEconomy Is it a move towards socialism?

1.1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.Unemployment virtually disappeared.

2.2. Expansion of “big government.”Expansion of “big government.”

3.3. Excessive govt. regulations in economyExcessive govt. regulations in economy

4.4. Some gross mismanagement --> Some gross mismanagement --> overlapping jurisdictions.overlapping jurisdictions.

5.5. Close cooperation between public Close cooperation between public and private sectors.and private sectors.

6.6. Unprecedented opportunities for Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.disadvantaged groups.

Committee on Public Committee on Public InformationInformation

Headed by George Headed by George CreelCreel

told Americans what told Americans what the war was about the war was about and and

Publicize the Publicize the American aimsAmerican aims

Created propaganda Created propaganda posters to get posters to get Americans to support Americans to support the war effort.the war effort.

Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information

Attacks on Attacks on Civil Civil

LibertiesLibertiesBill of Bill of RightsRights

National Security vs Civil LibertiesNational Security vs Civil Liberties

Espionage Act—1917

forbade actions that obstructed forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the promote insubordination in the military.military.

ordered the Postmaster General ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials to remove Leftist materials from the mail.from the mail.

fines of up to $10,000 and/or up fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.to 20 years in prison.

Espionage & Sedition Act—Espionage & Sedition Act—19181918

Provided for up to $10,000 in fines and 20 years in prison for interfering with the war effort or using disloyal language.

Intended to promote patriotism, nationalism and protect the National Security of the US during WWI.

At least 1,597 persons were arrested, and 41 received prison sentences; newspapers criticizing the government lost mailing privileges.

Sedition Act – 1918Sedition Act – 1918 It was a crime to speak against the

purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt.,

the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

Schenck v. United StatesSchenck v. United States

He was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917. Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917.

Schenk took his case to the United States Supreme Court arguing that his constitutional right to freedom of speech had been violated.

In 1917 the United States was at War with Germany. WWI

Charles SchenkCharles Schenk, a member of the Socialist Party, handed out leaflets condemning the war and urging young men to resist the military draft.

IssueIssue

Can “free speech”“free speech” be censored or

restricted during war time?

Schenck v. United States, 1919Schenck v. United States, 1919 SC ruling:SC ruling: Disagreed with Schenk

Majority opinionMajority opinion BUTBUT, every act of speech must be judged

according to the circumstances in which it was spoken.

The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.

"Words can be weapons . . .The question "Words can be weapons . . .The question in every case is whether the words used in in every case is whether the words used in such circumstances are of such nature as such circumstances are of such nature as to create a to create a clear and present dangerclear and present danger that that they will bring about the substantive evils they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has the right to prevent."that Congress has the right to prevent."

Schenck v. United States, 1919Schenck v. United States, 1919

From the ruling, the Court established the "clear "clear and present danger"and present danger" principle to decide whether or not certain kinds of speech are protected.

Under normal circumstances,normal circumstances, his actions would have been protected by 1st amendment

The country was at war, Schenk's freedom of speech was not protected.

SC ruling meant there were limits to freedom of speech in war time.

Ending the Ending the War War & &

Making Making PeacePeace

11 a.m., November 11, 191811 a.m., November 11, 191811 a.m., November 11, 191811 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetery, France

The Somme American Cemetery, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I CasualtiesWorld War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

troop buildup

Wilson’s Foreign PolicyWilson’s Foreign PolicyWilson’s Foreign PolicyWilson’s Foreign Policy Wilson was obsessed with

establishing a new world order.

He believed the US should promote democracy around the world in order to insure peace.

Believed that all nations could work together to end war

AND, a country’s foreign policy decisions should be based on honesty and unselfishness…

Events around the world, however, kept him from ever realizing his dream.

President Wilson’s 14 Points14 Points were his ideas to “end all war”.“end all war”. These are a summary of his ideas

for world peace.

Are they realistic or based on idealism?Are they realistic or based on idealism?

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points

Open diplomacy or no secret treaties.

Freedom of the seas.

Free trade. Countries reduce

colonies and weapons

International control of colonies…

Formation of new countries with self-government as a goal.(DemocracyDemocracy)

A “league of league of nationsnations” to guarantee peace among nations.(Collective Collective SecuritySecurity)

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

When President Wilson went to Paris, France, he was welcomed like he was a God.

Countries were convinced that his 14 points could “end all war”

But, the hatred of the Allied nations led to the Treaty of Versailles to be a “Treaty of Revenge” against Germany

•.

David Lloyd George Vitorio Orlando George Clemeneau Woodrow Wilson Great Britain Italy France U.S.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Wilson Forced to Compromise Although Wilson claimed that he was not

interested in the spoils, or rewards, of war, his Allied colleagues were interested in making the Central Powers pay for war damages.

Wilson was forced to compromise on his 14 Points so he could negotiate for the League of Nations.

Wilson warned Allies not to be to harsh on Germany because it could lead to future problems.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesI. Open diplomacy or no secret

treaties.II. Freedom of the seas.III. Removal of tariff and other

economic barriers or free trade.

IV. Reduction of land and weapons

V. International control of colonies, with self-government as the goal.

VI. Self-determination of ethnic groups to decide in which country they wish to live.

VII. A “general association of “general association of nations”nations” to guarantee peace and the independence of all nations.

I. Not included

II. Not includedIII. Not included

IV. Germany disarmed and forced to pay reparations of $53 billion

V. Germany looses colonies were given to Allied victors.

VI. New countries form democracies based on ethnic groups

VII.VII. League of NationsLeague of Nations Organization of larger nations to maintain world peace

New New CountriesCountriesCzechoslovakiaAustriaHungaryYugoslaviaPolandLithuania FinlandLatvia Estonia Turkey Iraq

The ShowdownThe Showdown

President of Princeton Democrat Believed in the League

of Nations as the only way to end all war

Would only accept his ideas and not Congress’s

Graduate of Harvard Republican Believed League of

Nations would take away Congress’s power to declare war

Made additions to the League of Nations, Wilson would not accept them

League of NationsLeague of NationsArticle 10Article 10

The Members of the League undertake to respect and The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, the Council shall advise upon the means by whichthe Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Problems Senator Lodge Had With LoNProblems Senator Lodge Had With LoN– Power of Congress to declare war– Get US involved in a war with no self-interest– How would it effect the Monroe Doctrine Policy?– Will the LON guarantee a just and lasting peace?– Goes against our policy of no “foreign alliances”

•Without the assistance of

the of the United

States the League of

Nations was doomed to

failure.

League of NationsLeague of Nations

league

Post War Post War AdjustmentAdjustment

ss

Postwar AdjustmentsPostwar Adjustments Return to a peacetime industry and

economy War boosted American economy and

industry. United States became a world power,

largest creditor and wealthy nation. Soldiers were hero’s but found that jobs

were scarce. African American soldiers, despite their

service returned to find continued discrimination.

The Lost Generation of men who were killed in WWI.

US returned to neutrality and isolation. Did not accept the responsibility of a

world power that President Wilson believed the US should take on.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems High inflationHigh inflation

Abandon wartime pricesAbandon wartime prices 1919-1920 = 15%+ price increase 1919-1920 = 15%+ price increase

Economic Bubble BurstsEconomic Bubble Bursts 1920-1921 = gross national product declined 1920-1921 = gross national product declined

10%10% 100,000 business go bankrupt100,000 business go bankrupt 453,000 farmers lost their land453,000 farmers lost their land 5 million Americans lose jobs5 million Americans lose jobs

Organized laborOrganized labor Want to keep wartime advancesWant to keep wartime advances Inflation hurt wage gainsInflation hurt wage gains Worried about job securityWorried about job security 1919 = more than 3, 600 strikes 1919 = more than 3, 600 strikes

Race RelationsRace Relations WWI Black soldiersWWI Black soldiers

– Inspirational to thousands of African-AmericansInspirational to thousands of African-Americans– No impact on white attitudes toward blacksNo impact on white attitudes toward blacks

New Black AttitudesNew Black Attitudes– Heighten bitternessHeighten bitterness– Increased determination for their rightsIncreased determination for their rights– Soldiers expected social reward for serviceSoldiers expected social reward for service

Great MigrationGreat Migration– Move to northern cities to work industrial jobsMove to northern cities to work industrial jobs

Seen as escape from racial prejudice and economic Seen as escape from racial prejudice and economic opportunityopportunity

– Race Riots : St. Louis, ChicagoRace Riots : St. Louis, Chicago

Black NationalismBlack Nationalism Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey Encouraged African-Americans Encouraged African-Americans

to take pride in achievementsto take pride in achievements Develop awareness of heritageDevelop awareness of heritage United Negro Improvement United Negro Improvement

Association (UNIA)Association (UNIA)– Chain of black-owned grocery Chain of black-owned grocery

storesstores– Encouraged black-owned Encouraged black-owned

businessbusiness Urge supporters to return to Urge supporters to return to

Africa to create their own Africa to create their own societysociety

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI and the Russian Revolution.

6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S.

No due process was followed

Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits".

"Reds”"Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists).(Communists).

The trial lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

In this time period, anti-foreignismanti-foreignism was high as well. Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but

they would be executed.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian Italian immigrantsimmigrants charged with murderingmurdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass.

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans

to vote for the Republican, Warren

Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that

was European…

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans

to vote for the Republican, Warren

Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that

was European…