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The Fat Paradox How fat keeps us skinny © 2015 University of Utah

The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

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Page 1: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

The  Fat  Paradox  How  fat  keeps  us  skinny  

©  2015  University  of  Utah  

Page 2: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

The  body  stores  energy  two  ways  

Glycogen   Fat  

Page 3: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Glycogen  can  be  converted  to  glucose  

Glycogen   Fat  

Glucose  

Page 4: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

FaCy  acids  cannot  be  converted  to  glucose  

Glycogen   Fat  

Glucose   Glycerol   FaCy  acids  

Page 5: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Cells  in  the  brain  can  burn  glucose  but  not  faCy  acids  

Glucose   FaCy  acids  

Food  for  the  brain   Brain  cannot  use  

Page 6: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Glucose   FaCy  acids  

Food  for  the  brain   Brain  cannot  use  

The  brain  uses  20%  of  the  body’s  energy  

•  The  body  relies  on  a  steady  blood  glucose  level  (too  much  or  too  liCle  are  both  bad)  

Page 7: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Yet  most  energy  is  stored  as  fat  

Based  on  a  typical  154-­‐pound  man.    Reference:  Cahill,  G.F.  (1976).  J.  Clin.  Endocrinol.  Metab.  5:398.    

 

1,600  calories  stored   135,000  calories  stored  

Page 8: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Fat  stores  more  calories  in  less  space  

Reference:  Berg,  J.M.,  Tymoczko,  J.L.,  Stryer,  L.  (2002).  Biochemistry,  fiQh  ediRon.  New  York:  W.H.  Freeman.    

Dry  weight  =  4  calories/gram  Hydrated  =  1.33  calories/gram  

9  calories/gram  

Page 9: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Fat  stores  more  calories  in  less  space  

135,000  calories    •  Stored  as  fat  =  33  pounds  •  Stored  as  hydrated  glycogen  =  223  pounds  

   

 

Page 10: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

ImplicaZons  for  weight  loss  

•  When  we  restrict  calories,  glycogen  is  depleted  quickly  (1  to  a  few  days)    

1,600  calories  stored  

2.6  pounds  

Page 11: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

ImplicaZons  for  weight  loss  

•  When  we  restrict  calories,  glycogen  is  depleted  quickly  (1  to  a  few  days)    

1,600  calories  stored  

2.6  pounds  

DepleZng  glycogen  alone  can  result  in  a  rapid  2.6-­‐pound  weight  loss.  This  is  why  dieters  o^en  feel  successful  a^er  the  first  week.  

Page 12: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

ImplicaZons  for  weight  loss  2.6  pounds  of  glycogen  is  very  different  from  2.6  pounds  of  fat!  

2.6  pounds  of  glycogen  

1,600  calories  

2.6  pounds  of  fat  

10,600  calories  

Page 13: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Fat  stores  more  calories  in  less  space  

135,000  calories    •  Stored  as  fat  =  33  pounds  •  Stored  as  hydrated  glycogen  =  223  pounds  

   

 

Page 14: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

33  pounds  of  glycogen  vs.  fat  

135,000  calories  •  68  days  

   

20,000  calories  •  10  days  

   

Fat  can  keep  us  alive  for  much  longer    (based  on  2,000  calories  per  day)  

   

 

Page 15: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Chemistry  

Page 16: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Chemistry  

•  The  carbons  in  faCy  acids  have  more  hydrogens  (electrons)  to  lose  during  oxidaZon.  

•  Loss  of  electrons  =  more  energy  transferred.  

Glucose  C6H12O6    

Decanoic  acid  C10H20O2    

Page 17: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

ImplicaZons  for  evoluZon  

•  Fat  allows  us  to  carry  a  large  energy  reserve  

•  Storing  more  energy  as  fat  conveyed  a  selecZve  advantage:  those  with  more  fat  reserves  were  more  likely  to  survive  famine  and  reproduce  

•  Excess  fat  storage  was  good.        

 

Page 18: The$FatParadox$...Glucose Fay$acids$ Food$for$the$brain$ Brain$cannotuse$ The$brain$uses$20%$of$the$body’s$ energy • The$body$relies$on$asteady$blood$glucose$level$

Challenges  for  today  

•  Even  though  food  is  plenZful  in  the  modern  world,  the  body  is  sZll  hard-­‐wired  to  store  extra  energy  as  fat.    

•  Excess  calories  lead  to  excess  fat.  Today,  obesity  and  related  health  problems  are  common