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pravkt` r`v`bktanh, r`sp`etav`by, Fnlh Ekbvah ahsast`c tlkt tl` b tt`r wlael

dabbs as tl` Bkw kpkrt jrno tl` Mnsp`b, wlael kbnh` mav`s baj`.;

Kt tl` l`krt nj tl` W jnroktanh enhe`rh nv`r seraptur , tl`h, wks tl`enhc`he` tlkt at wks hnt fust khntl`r wnrc spnd`h gy luokhaty, lnw`v`r

hngb` khc `hbamlt`h`c. @v`h tl` W`jnroktanhs `oplksas nh seraptur` ks k

cavah` ]nrc castahet jrno trkcatanh wks ontavkt`c gy tl` onv`o`hts

e`htrkb snt`ranbnmaekb enhe`rh6 hko`by, tn r`kss`rt tl` jr``cno nj Mncs

mrke` tnwkrc tlns` wln enubc hnt rkas` tl`os`bv`s tn Mnc. Ah ntl`r

wnrcs, ah tl`s` `krby Yrnt`stkht tr`kto`hts, tl` cnetrah` nj seraptur` wks

hnt s ttb`c nh nst`hsagby pr`tl`nbnmaekb, plabnsnplaekb jnuhcktanhs, gut nh

wlkt tl`y g`ba`v`c tn g` tl` enht`htnj seraptur`6 tl` Mnc wln er`kt`s khc

r`c``os gy sp`kdahm. Jurtl`ronr`, tl`ar enhe`rh wks onr` prketaekb tlkh

tl`nr`taekb6 kssurahm wkv`rahm enhsea`he`s tlkt wl`h tl`y l`kr seraptur`

sp`kd, tl`y kr` l`krahm Mnc sp`kd. Sl` seraptur`s tl`r`jnr` w`r hnt s``h

tn lkv` kh ahc`p`hc`ht, kutnhnonus kutlnraty ks t`xts, gut c`rav`c tl`ar

kutlnraty jrno tl` jket tlkt tl`y kr` Mncs kccr`ss.

@bkgnrktahm tl` W`jnroktanhs pkrkcamo nj cavah` c`se`ht (tl`nbnmak

erueas) nv`r luokh kse`ht (tl`nbnmak mbnrak`), tl` Yrnt`stkht selnbkstaes

l`bc tlkt er`kt c tlahms ekh g` o`khs nj mrke` watlnut g`ahm trkhs-

jnro`c nr `b`vkt`c jrno tl`ar er`ktur`by stktus. Slus, jnr tl` W`jnroktanhtrkcatanhs, Elrastakh tl`nbnmaekb bkhmukm` as kbwkys r`mkrc`c ks enhsast`ht

watl k tl`nbnmy nj pabmraokm , hnt k tl`nbnmy nj vasanhah ntl`r wnrcs,

jkatl, hnt samlt. Ah tlas elkpt`r w` wabb jneus nh tl` hktur` nj seraptur`

(ahsparktanh khc kutlnraty) khc tl` r`bktanh nj seraptur` khc trkcatanh.

Hktur` khc Kutlnraty

]l`h tl` Yrnt`stkht selnbkstaes tnnd up tl` sugf`et nj tl` hktur` khc

kutlnraty nj seraptur`, tl`y w`r` hnt o`r`by tryahm tn paed k mlt. Sl`r`

wks wac`spr`kc kmr``o`ht nh tl`s` pnahts, khc tl` tnpae ats`bj wks pkrt

khc pkre`b nj o`ca`vkb syst`os, wlael tl`s` tl`nbnmakhs bkvaslby eat`c jnr

suppnrt. ]l`r` Yrnt stkhts cav`rm`c wks nh tl` pnaht nj seraptur s

uhaqu`h`ss ks k hnro. As seraptur` tl` snb` hnro jnr tl` Elurels jkatl

khc prketae`> Nr cn seraptur` khc sker`c trkcatanh gntl g`bnhm tn k sahmb`

c`pnsat nj Mncs ]nrc>

Sl` Yrnt`stkhts aht`rpr`t`c tl` seraptur`s ks Mncs ]nrc ah twn wkys6

ks Bkw khc ks Mnsp`b. Ueraptur` hnt nhby r`v`kb`c Mnc, gut kbsn Mncs

kccr`ss, ah enookhc khc fucmo`ht ks w`bb ks ah prnoas` khc fustaek-

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tanh. Sl` Bkw enookhc`c e`rtkah tlahms tn g` cnh , tl` Mnsp`b

khhnuhe`c tlkt e`rtkah tlahms lkc g``h cnh`, sp`eaekbby, Elrasts keeno-

pbaslo`ht nj r`c`optanh. H`atl`r tl` r`jnro`rs hnr tl`ar Yrnt stkhtselnbkstae suee`ssnrs r`mkrc`c seraptur ks k gnnd nj tao`b ss trutls, k

gncy nj o`r` prnpnsatanhs tn g` mav`h kss`ht. Ah jket, tl`y r`f`et`c tlas ks

tl` Wnokh Ektlnbae cnetrah` nj jkatl (hko`by, kss`ht tn tl` Elurels

t`kelahm). Wktl`r, seraptur` wks va`w`c ks kutlnratktav` g`ekus at wks

Mncs nwh s`ronh. Ela`y k hkrrktav` nj tl` lastnry nj Mncs r`c`op-

tav` wnrd ah Elrast, ats enht`ht khc kutlnraty w`ht lkhc ah lkhc. Jurtl`r-

onr`, tl`s` twn ]nrcs (Bkw khc Mnsp`b) enubc g` s``h cakelrnhaekbby

(ks k onv`o`ht jrno prnoas` tn jubbbo`ht) ks w`bb ks syhelrnhaekbby

(enookhc khc prnoas` c`ebkr`c ah gntl t`stko`hts). Ks Oaed`y B. Okt-

tnx hnt`s (s`` Elkpt r : g`bnw), Okrtah Butl`r str`ss`c tl` bktt r (Bkw

khc Mnsp`b ks syhelrnhae ekt`mnra`s ah khtatl`sas). Lnw`v`r, ks Wkhckbb E.

Vkelokh hnt s (s`` Elkpt r = g`bnw), Ekbvah njt`h kpp`kb`c tn tl` jnr-

o`r (r`c`optav`-lastnraekb onv`o`ht), `sp`eakbby ah `oplksazahm (kmkahst

Khkgkptaso) tl` enhtahuaty nj tl` env`hkht nj mrke` ah gntl t`stko`hts.

Lnw`v`r, wl`h tl` qu`stanh nj nur stktus g`jnr` Mnc wks ah va`w, tl`

r`jnro`rs khc tl`ar l`ars w`r` uhkhaonus ah straetby nppnsahm Bkw khc

Mnsp b ks tl` twn ]nrcs nj Mnc ah seraptur`.7Sl` Butl`rkh khc W`jnro`c selnbkstaes w`r` uhat`c ah r`kss`rtahm

Butl`rs pnaht tlkt k prnp`r castahetanh g`tw``h Bkw khc Mnsp`b wks eru-

eakb tn jkatljub prnebkoktanh, wlael wks tl` purpns` nj tl`nbnmy. ]atl

mr`kt`r r`h`o`ht, W`jnro`c tl`nbnmy `bkgnrkt`c tlas castahetanh watl tl`

gagbaekb bkhmukm` nj env`hkht, keenrcahm tn wlael tl` env`hkht nj er`ktanh

enrr`spnhc`c tn tl` Bkw wratt`h nh tl` enhsea`he` (tl` v`rguo aht`rhuo,

nr aht`rhkb wnrc) khc tl` env`hkht nj mrke` enrr`spnhc`c tn tl` Mnsp`b ks

k surprasahm khhnuhe`o`ht nj cavah` r`c`optanh kjt`r tl` Jkbb (tl` v`r-guo `xt`rhuo, nr `xt`rhkb wnrc).5 @v`rynh` dhnws Mncs onrkb wabb, kt

b`kst ah grnkc t ros, gy vartu` nj g`ahm er`kt`c ah Mncs aokm`. Lnw`v r,

Mncs skvahm wabb ekh g` dhnwh nhby ah tl` jnro nj mnnc h`ws, wlael as

tl` ela j purpns` nj seraptur`.

Konhm kbb nj tl` r jnro`rs khc tl`ar selnbkstae l`ars, tl` ]nrc nj Mnc

wks r bkt`c hnt ela`y tn cavah` tlnumlts, ac`ks, nr `v`h trutls, gut tn

cavah` ketanhkhc hnt nhby pkst kets, gut tl` p`rjnroktav` utt`rkhe` nj

tl` Uparat l`r` khc hnw tlrnuml tl`s` t`xts. Gy Mncs ]nrc kbb tlahms w`r`

er`kt`c khc enhtahu` tn g` upl`bc `kel ono`ht, khc tlas ]nrc g`eko`

`sl ah luokh lastnry. ]l`tl`r w` kr` sp`kdahm nj tlas ]nrc ks tl`

vartu` khc pnw`r nj Mnc, ks tl` s`enhc p`rsnh nj tl` onst r`v`r`hc

Sl`nbnma`s nj Ueraptur` ah tl` W`jnroktanh khc Enuht`r-W`jnroktanh

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Srahaty, nr ks tl` sp``el nj Mnc ah prnebkoktanh tlkt as enooatt c tn

wratahm, skys tl` saxt``htl-e`htury r`jnro`r L`ahrael Gubbahm`r, at as kh

`jj`etav` sp``el, kh utt`rkhe` tlkt cn`s hnt r`turh tn Mnc `opty, tlkt asuhc`r enhsac`rktanh. Uahe` at as Mncs utt`rkhe`, at as tru` g`ynhc kbb cnugt

khc ekhhnt pkss kwky.3

Q t Mnc utt`rs Bkw ks w`bb ks Mnsp`b. Sl` l`kv`hs oky t`bb tl` mbnry,

okf`sty, khc pnw`r nj Mnc, gut w` kr` crav`h gy tlas wnrc tn `atl`r s`bj-

ramlt`nush`ss nr c`spkar. Sl` dhnwb`cm` nj Mnc kpkrt jrno Elrast as

c`kcby tn sahh`rs, ks tl` s`v`ht``htl-e`htury W`jnro`c tl`nbnmakh Jrkh-

eas Surr`tah r`okrds, sahe` at r`v`kbs tl` ramlt nush`ss nj Mnc, gut hnt tl`

majt nj ramlt`nush`ss tlkt kbbnws us tn kpp`kr ah las pr`s`he`. Un w` oust

lkv` k r`v`bktanh nj Mnc ks l` lks env`hkht`c watl us ah Elrast keenrcahm

tn k env`hkht nj mrke`.0 Elrast as tl` sp`eakb r`v bktanh nj Mnc ah tlas

onst prnp`r s`hs`, khc seraptur` as tl` sp`eakb r`v bktanh nj Mnc g`ekus` at

as, ah Butl`rs t`ros, tl` okhm`r ah wlael tl` gkgy F`sus as bkac.

Sl` W`jnroktanhs cnetrah` nj seraptur` as tl`r`jnr` kh aopbaektanh,

konhm ntl`r tlahms, nj ats cnetrah` nj Mnc. Eb`krby k enhh`etanh as okc`

ah seraptur` ats`bj g`tw``h tl` kutlnr khc tl` krtajket. Aj w` kr` nhby ks

mnnc ks nur wnrc, sn ouel onr` as tlas tl` eks` jnr Mnc.

Kt tl` sko` tao , ks w` lkv` skac g`jnr`, seraptur` wks hnt r mkrc`csaopby ks k ektkbnmu` nj tao`b ss pr`e`pts nj cnetrah` khc onrkbaty. Bad`

tl` r`c`optav` wnrd nj Mnc tlkt at r`v`kbs, Mncs ]nrc as lastnraekbby

o`cakt`c, ah cav`rs` tao`s khc cav`rs` wkys, ks tl` @pastb` tn tl`

L`gr`ws puts at. C`spat` tl`ar kpp`kb kt tao`s tn o`elkhaekb khkbnma`s nj

ahsparktanh, tl`s` `krby Yrnt`stkht tl`nbnmakhs cac hnt tlahd tlkt seraptur`

j`bb jrno l`kv`h, r`v`kb`c kbb kt nhe` ks caetkt c tn k prnpl`t. Ah tl` wnrcs

nj tl` W`jnro`c selnbkstae Fnlkhh`s ]nbb`gaus, Mncs wnrc kt rst wks

uhwratt`h, g`jnr Ons`ss tao`4 gut kjt`r Ons`s at wks wratt`h, wl`h Mncah las onst was` enuhs`b wnubc lkv` at tn g` s`kb`c khc enhro`c gy

Yrnpl`ts khc Kpnstb`s.: Slas pnaht as was`by `bkgnrkt`c, jnr `xkopb`, gy

tl` W`jnro`c selnbkstae ]abbako Ko`s ah las Okrrnw nj Sl`nbnmy. Sl`r`

l` tkd`s up tl` sugtb` cav`rsaty ah tl` wkys khc o`khs gy wlael Mnc

r`v`kb`c las sp``el tlrnuml luokh `oasskra`s watlnut ah khy wky sug-

v`rtahm tl`ar nwh luokhaty nr p`rsnhkbaty ah tl` prne`ss.=

]l`h tl` selnbkstaes kt tao`s njj`r k tnn o`elkhaekb va`w nj ahspark-

tanh, at as lkrcby kh ahhnvktanh, sahe` ah tl`s` ono`hts tl`y kr` saopby

r`at`rktahm tl` bkhmukm` nj tl` khea`ht khc o`ca`vkb Elurel (ks w`bb ks tl`

r`jnro`rs), usahm suel t`ros ks s`er`tkra`s khc kokhu`hs`s jnr tl`

gagbaekb wrat`rs.< Jnr tl` onst pkrt, lnw`v`r, tl` selnbkstaes t`hc`c onr`

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jubby tn kedhnwb`cm` tl` luokh `b`o`ht ah tl` prne`ss. Ut``p`c ah

luokhast trkahahm, tl` selnbkstaes w`r` kwkr nj t`xtukb assu`s. Ouel

onr` tlkh tl` W`jnro`rs, tl`y w`r` kwkr` nj tl` `cat`c hktur nj tl` t`xtkhc tl` kutlnrakb khnhyoaty nj ouel nj tl` okt`rakb.1 Q`t mav`h tl`ar

laml va`w nj Mncs snv`r`amhty ah prnvac`he`, suel `vac`he` nj tl` Gagb s

er`ktur`by jnro s`rv`c o`r`by tn uhc`rsenr` Mncs keenooncktahm

c`se`ht tn us. Jkr jrno ahv`htahm k h`w cnetrah` nj gagbaekb ahsparktanh,

tl`s` wrat`rs saopby r`at`rkt`c va`ws `xpr`ss`c gy tl` mr`kt pktrastae khc

o`ca`vkb tl`nbnmakhs.;9 Sl` W`jnroktanh c`gkt , tl`r`jnr`, hnt nhby

slkr`c onst nj tl` o`ca vkb enhs`hsus enhe`rhahm tl` hktur` nj seraptur`,

gut `v`h r``et`c k c`gkt` nv`r tl` r`bktanhslap g`tw``h seraptur` khc

trkcatanh tlkt wks ah pbky jrno kt b`kst tl` tw`bjtl e`htury. ]`bb g`jnr`

Butl`rs jkonus L`r` A stkhc, Ya`rr` CKabby lkc ahsast`c tlkt seraptur`

wks snv`r`amh nv`r trkcatanh.;;

Un tl` W`jnroktanh cac hnt ahatakt` h`w enhtrnv`rsa`s nh tl` hktur` nj

seraptur` hnr `v`h nh tl` r`bktanhslap g`tw``h seraptur` khc trkcatanh4

tl`s` c`gkt`s w`r` kbav` tlrnumlnut tl` Oaccb` Km`s. Nh` r`ksnh tlkt tl`y

eko` tn k l`kc curahm tl` W`jnroktanh wks tlkt, jrno tl` r`jnro`rs sac`

kt b`kst, tl` g`ba`v`rs enhsea he` enubc g` kssur`c nj Mncs jkvnr nhby nh

tl` kutlnraty nj Mnc laos`bj, wlab , jrno tl` Wnokh Ektlnbae sac`, at wksg`ba`v`c tlkt jkatl wks c`rav`c jrno tl` kutlnraty nj tl` Elurel. Jrno

tlas gksae cajj`r`he` `o`rm`c tl` c`gkt`s nv`r wl`tl`r tl` Elurel prn-

cue`c tl` ekhnh nj seraptur` nr vae` v`rsk.

Sl` Uujea`hey nj Ueraptur

Enhtrnv`rsy g`tw``h Wno` khc tl` W`jnroktanh cac hnt e`ht`r nh tl`hktur` nj seraptur` ah t ros nj ahsparktanh khc kutlnraty, gut eko` tn k

l`kc nv`r tl` qu`stanh nj sujea`hey. Sl` jneus nj tlas c`gkt` wks nh tl`

r`bktanhslap g`tw``h seraptur khc trkcatanh nh tl` nh` lkhc, khc tl`

senp` nj seraptur` nh tl` ntl`r.

Ueraptur` khc Srkcatanh

Sl` W`jnroktanh c`gkt`s nv`r seraptur` khc trkcatanh njt`h g`mkh watl

tl` enhe`pt nj tl` ekhnh. Cac tl` elurel prncue` nr saopby r`e`av` khc

kedhnwb`cm` tl` ekhnh> Jnr tl` W`jnro`c selnbkstaes `sp`eakbby, tl`r` wks

kh ah`xtraekgb` bahd g`tw``h ekhnh khc env`hkht.

Sl`nbnma`s nj Ueraptur` ah tl` W`jnroktanh khc Enuht`r-W`jnroktanh

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Bad` tl` elkrt`r nj k hktanh, tl` ekhnh enhstatut`s tl` env`hkht khc

tl`r`jnr` tl` env`hkht p`npb`. Ks tlkt ekhnh, seraptur` as tl` enhstatutanh

nj tl` p`npb` nj Mnc. Sl`r jnr , tl` r jnro`rs ahsast`c tlkt tl` ]nrc njMnc er kt`s tl` Elurel, hnt tl` ntl`r wky krnuhc. Fust ks tl` Mnsp`b er`-

kt`s jkatl ah tl` g`ba`v`r, at mktl`rs k p`npb` ah uhanh watl Elrast gy tl`

Uparat. Sl` `krby elurel cac hnt er`kt` tl` stnry, wrat`s tw`hta`tl-e`h-

tury W`jnro`c `x`m`t` L`rokh Wacc`rgns. Sl` stnry er`kt`c tl` `krby

elurel! . . . ]atlnut tl` r`surr`etanh tl` stnry wnubc lkv` bnst ats pnw`r. At

wnubc lkv` g``h tl` stnry nj tl` baj` nj k skaht, hnt tl` mnsp b.;7 Slus,

keenrcahm tn tl` ]`stoahst`r Enhj ssanh, Sl` Uupr`o` Fucm`, gy wlael

kbb enhtrnv rsa`s nj r`bamanh kr` tn g` c t`roah`c, khc kbb c`er``s nj enuh-

eabs, npahanhs nj khea`ht wrat rs, cnetrah`s nj o`h, khc pravkt` sparats, kr`

tn g` `xkoah`c, khc ah wlns` s`ht`he` w` kr` tn r`st, ekh g` hn ntl`r gut

tl` Lnby Uparat sp`kdahm ah tl` Ueraptur`.;5

Aj tl` env`hkht as tl` prncuet nj tl` suz`rkahs uhabkt rkb c`er`` nj ats

t`ros khc enht`ht khc r`sts nh k lastnry nj las nwh bag`rktahm ketanh, tl`h

tl` vksskb as nh tl` r`e`avahm `hc. Pbtaokt` kutlnraty kbwkys r`sac`s nut-

sac` tl` s`bj khc `v`h nutsac` tl` Elurel, ks gntl kr` kbwkys l`kr`rs nj tl`

]nrc khc r`e`av`rs nj ats fucmo`ht khc fustaektanh. Sl` Elurel as eno-

oassanh`c tn c`bav`r tlas ]nrc (k oahast`rakb nje`), hnt tn pnss`ss nr rub`nv`r at (k okmast`rakb nje`). Slus, tl` kutlnraty as kbwkys trkhse`hc`ht6

`v`h wl`h at eno`s h`kr us, at as h`v`r nur nwh ]nrc tlkt w` l`kr

(Wnokhs ;96:;5, ;=). Enht`opnrkry Yrnt`stkht tl`nbnmakh Fnlh ] gst`r

pnahts nut, ks cac tl` r`jnro`rs khc tl`ar selnbkstae l`ars, tlkt at as tru` ah

nh` s`hs` tlkt tl` Gagb` as tl` Elurels gnndhko`by, g`ekus` r`v`bktanh

as Mncs majt tn tl` Elurel, khc, ahc``c, tn tl` wlnb` wnrbc. Sl`r`jnr , at

as nhby tl` Elurels gnnd g`ekus` at as rst nj kbb Mncs gnnd.;3 Slas jnb-

bnws jrno tl` ebkao tlkt r`c`optanh eno`s jrno Mnc, khc hnt jrno lnbyahcavacukbs nr k lnby Elurel. Ueraptur as hnt tl` wnrc nj tl` elurel4 tl`

elurel as tl` elurel nj tl` ]nrc. Sl`r`jnr , tl` elurel as tl` l`krahm

elurel.;0 Ah tlkt s`hs`, seraptur` kppba`s ats`bj. At as s`bj-aht`rpr`tahm, ks

tl` r jnro`rs ahsast c. Sl` Elurel r`e`av`c tl` ekhnh g`ekus` ah at sl`

l`krc tl` vnae` nj l`r Ul`pl`rc4 sl` cac hnt okd` at seraptur`.;: Slus,

Elrastakh prnebkoktanh g`eno`s r`b`vkht tlrnuml . . . g`ahm gnuhc tn

Ueraptur`, ks Ekbvah ahsast`c.;= Jkatljub r`kcahm as g`ba`vahmr`kcahm, khc at

ekh nhby lkpp`h ah tl` `enhnoy nj mrke`. At as hnt bad` r`kcahm ntl`r

gnnds nr r`e`avahm ntl`r kutlnrata`s. Hnr as jkatl o`r kss`ht tn tl` prnpn-

satanhs, `atl`r nj seraptur` nr tl` Elurel, gut as k r`e`avahm nj khc r`stahm

ah tl` Nh` wln as c`bav`r`c tn us gytl` seraptur`s khc ah tl` Elurel.

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Nj enurs`, suel r kcahm r`quar s tl` Elurel ks ats prnp`r enht`xt khc

o`cauo, wlael as wly Elrast kppnaht`c k t`kelahm oahastry. Sl` Elurel

as tl` enht`xt nj env`hkhtkb l`krahm khc r spnhcahm, hnt tl` bnrc nj suell`krahm khc r`spnhs`. Q t pr`eas`by g`ekus` tl` Elurel as tl` env`hkhtkb

enht xt, jkatljub r`kcahm khc l`krahm nj seraptur` r`quar`s, ah kccatanh tn

tl` rst okrd nj tl` Elurel (tl` ]nrc ramltby pr`kel`c), tl` s`enhc

(tl` skerko`hts ramltby kcoahast`r`c) khc tlarc (tl` prketae` nj caseapbah`

ah tl` elurel) okrds. Kumustah`s stkt`o`ht, A wnubc hnt lkv` g`ba`v`c

tl` mnsp`b, gut tlkt tl` kutlnraty nj tl` Ektlnbae Elurel onv`c o` tl`r`-

uhtn, wks wac`by qunt`c kmkahst tl` Yrnt`stkhts, y`t tl` r p`kt`c Yrnt`s-

tkht r`fnahc`r wks tn summ`st tlkt tl` Elurel Jktl`r wks o`r`by

ac`htajyahm tl` o`khs gy wlael, hnt tl` gksas upnh wlael, l` eko` tn

g`ba`v` tl` Mnsp`b. Sl` Elurel s`rv`s ks k wath`ss tn tl` Mnsp`b khc ats

oahast`r, gut hnt ks ats kutlnr.

Wng`rt Wnbbned r`oahcs us wly tl` castahetanh g`tw``h seraptur` khc

trkcatanh as `ss`htakb. Jnr nh` tlahm, seraptur` as Mnc-gr ktl`c, wlab` trk-

catanh as Elurel-gr`ktl`c. Ueraptur` as hnt saopby k trustwnrtly c`pnsat,

gut onst `jj`etukb, onst bav`by, khc onst vnekb, snuhcahm tn `v`ry okh kh

khsw`r nj kbb tlahms h`e`sskry uhtn skbvktanh. . . . Jnr tl` Ueraptur` enh-

tkahs ah at tl` wnrc nj Mnc, wlael as bav`by khc pnw rjub (L`gr`ws :6;7).;