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Therapeutic ModelsPsychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive
Psychotherapy is “a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained, socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer.” (Frank, 1982)
Psychoanalysis
Started with psychoanalysis (Freudian method)
It is the therapist’s job to bring repressed, unconscious feelings into conscious awareness.
http://www.minddisorders.com/images/gemd_02_img0086.jpg
Psychoanalytic techniques
free association
the patient talks freely until they encounter something painful/embarrassing, etc.
we are constantly editing our thoughts before we speak, those edited out bits are the important ones
when free association is blocked, it indicates resistance
it is the therapist’s job to interpret the meaning
dream interpretation
examines and finds meaning in the latent content of your dreams
transference
not a technique, exactly, but an important phenomenon
as you spend a great deal of time with your analyst, you develop strong feelings (positive or negative) for him
these feelings are supposedly the long-repressed feelings that you have for your parents
enables you to work through those feelings
Lots of people like Freud’s idea that disordered behavior is rooted in unconscious drives and early childhood events, but not everyone totally agrees with Freud
Psychodynamic therapies are rooted in the same ideas, but go in a different direction
Ego Psychology
Object Relations Psychology
Self Psychology
Gestalt Psychology
Psychodynamic Therapy
Gestalt Therapyit’s not that Gestalt therapy is a particularly popular psychodynamic therapy, but it is very unique, and provides good insight into how specific therapeutic techniques work
seeks to unify the “whole self”
argues that we “deceive ourselves” all the time about how we’re feeling, what we’re thinking, etc.
when we are deceiving ourselves, it makes us feel guilty, anxious, and unhappy
becoming aware makes our existence meaningful
Gestalt Techniques
Inclusion
therapist tries to experience the moment from the eyes of the patient, and in so doing, makes the patient more aware of himself
Presence
therapist expresses his feelings about the patient to the patient, so the patient can take in the information and make own assertions about himself
http://www.gestalt.org/yontef.htm
Humanistic Therapyfocuses on potential for self-fulfillment
different from psychodynamic perspective because
focuses on present and future, rather than past
conscious thoughts and feelings, rather than unconscious phenomena
encourages personal responsibility for feelings and actions, instead of blaming unconscious determinants
promotes growth instead of trying to cure illness
Client Centered Therapy
focuses on the person’s conscious self-perceptions rather than the therapist’s interpretations
Carl Roger’s humanistic model
Client-Centered Techniques
the therapist should be
non-directive:
doesn’t judge or interpret client’s feelings
genuine, accepting, and empathetic
this allows clients to express their true feelings, feel unconditionally accepted, and deepen their own understanding of themselves
the client should feel unconditional positive regard
The therapist is able to be non-directive, genuine, accepting, and empathetic by using active listening
echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the person expresses (verbally or non-verbally)
to do this you would:
paraphrase back what the client is saying
reflect feelings expressed in body language
Cognitive Therapyencourages people to question irrational thought patterns that foster unhealthy behavior patters and unhappiness.
Cognitive Techniques
cognitive behavior therapy
alter the way people act while simultaneously altering the way they think
stress inoculation training
specific restructuring of negative self-talk in stressful situations