Thoroughbred (Horse) Breed Information

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Information on the Thoroughbred horse, the breed commonly used for racing

Citation preview

  • Thoroughbred

    Thoroughbred race horseDistinguishingfeatures

    Tall, slim, athletic horse, used for racing and many equestrian sports

    Country of England

    Commonnicknames

    Tb (abbreviation); Bloodhorse

    Breed standardsThe Jockey Breed standards (http://www.jockeyclub.com/registry.asp?section=3)

    AustralianStud Book

    Breed standards (http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES)

    General Stud Breed standards(http://www.weatherbys.co.uk/sites/default/files/Conditions%20of%20Entry%20to%20General%20Stud%20Book.pdf)

    Equus ferus caballus

    ThoroughbredFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    For other uses, see Thoroughbred (disambiguation).

    The Thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Although the word thoroughbred issometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed.Thoroughbreds are considered "hot-blooded" horses, known for their agility, speed and spirit.

    The Thoroughbred as it is known today was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native mareswere crossbred with imported Oriental stallions of Arabian, Barb, and Turkoman breeding. All modernThoroughbreds can trace their pedigrees to three stallions originally imported into England in the 17th centuryand 18th century, and to a larger number of foundation mares of mostly English breeding. During the 18th and

  • 19th centuries, the Thoroughbred breed spread throughout the world; they were imported into North Americastarting in 1730 and into Australia, Europe, Japan and South America during the 19th century. Millions ofThoroughbreds exist today, and more than 118,000 foals are registered each year worldwide.

    Thoroughbreds are used mainly for racing, but are also bred for other riding disciplines such as show jumping,combined training, dressage, polo, and fox hunting. They are also commonly crossbred to create new breeds orto improve existing ones, and have been influential in the creation of the Quarter Horse, Standardbred, Anglo-Arabian, and various warmblood breeds.

    Thoroughbred racehorses perform with maximum exertion, which has resulted in high accident rates and healthproblems such as bleeding from the lungs. Other health concerns include low fertility, abnormally small heartsand a small hoof-to-body-mass ratio. There are several theories for the reasons behind the prevalence ofaccidents and health problems in the Thoroughbred breed, and research is ongoing.

    Contents

    1 Breed characteristics

    2 Terminology3 History

    3.1 Beginnings in England

    3.1.1 Early racing

    3.1.2 Foundation stallions

    3.1.3 Foundation mares

    3.2 Later development in Britain

    3.3 In America

    3.4 In Europe

    3.5 In Australia and New Zealand

    3.6 In other areas

    4 Registration, breeding, and population

    5 Value6 Uses

    6.1 Horse racing

    6.2 Other disciplines

  • Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head.

    6.3 Crossbreeding7 Health issues

    7.1 Selective breeding

    7.2 Excess stress

    7.3 Medical challenges

    8 See also

    9 Notes

    10 Footnotes

    11 References

    12 External links

    Breed characteristicsThe typical Thoroughbred ranges from 15.2 to 17.0 hands (62 to 68 inches, 157to 173 cm) high, averaging 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). They are most oftenbay, dark bay or brown, chestnut, black, or gray.[1] Less common colorsrecognized in the United States include roan and palomino. White is very rare,but is a recognized color separate from gray.[2] The face and lower legs may bemarked with white,[3] but white will generally not appear on the body. Coatpatterns that have more than one color on the body, such as Pinto or Appaloosa,are not recognized by mainstream breed registries.[2][4] Good-qualityThoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high withers, a deepchest, a short back, good depth of hindquarters, a lean body, and long legs.[3][5]Thoroughbreds are classified among the "hot-blooded" breeds, which are

    animals bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited and bold.[6]

    Thoroughbreds born in the Northern Hemisphere are officially considered a year older on the first of Januaryeach year;[7] those born in the Southern Hemisphere officially are one year older on the first of August.[8] Theseartificial dates have been set to enable the standardization of races and other competitions for horses in certainage groups.[9]

    Terminology

  • The Darley Arabian, one of the threetraditional foundation sires of theThoroughbred

    The Thoroughbred is a distinct breed of horse, although people sometimes refer to a purebred horse of anybreed as a thoroughbred. The term for any horse or other animal derived from a single breed line ispurebred.[10][11] While the term probably came into general use because the English Thoroughbred's GeneralStud Book was one of the first breed registries created, in modern usage horse breeders consider it incorrect torefer to any animal as a thoroughbred except for horses belonging to the Thoroughbred breed.[10] Nonetheless,breeders of other species of purebred animals may use the two terms interchangeably,[11] though thoroughbredis less often used for describing purebred animals of other species.[10][11] The term is a proper noun referring tothis specific breed,[12] though often not capitalized, especially in non-specialist publications, and outside theUS. For example, the Australian Stud Book,[13] The New York Times,[14] and the BBC do not capitalize theword.[15]

    HistoryBeginnings in EnglandEarly racing

    Flat racing existed in England by at least 1174, when four-mile racestook place at Smithfield, in London. Racing continued at fairs andmarkets throughout the Middle Ages and into the reign of King James Iof England. It was then that handicapping, a system of adding weight toattempt to equalize a horse's chances of winning as well as improvedtraining procedures, began to be used. During the reigns of Charles II,William III, Anne, and George I, the foundation of the Thoroughbredwas laid. Under James' grandson, Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner,and James' great-granddaughter Queen Anne, royal support was given toracing and the breeding of race horses. With royal support, horse racing became popular with the public, and by1727, a newspaper devoted to racing, the Racing Calendar, was founded. Devoted exclusively to the sport, itrecorded race results and advertised upcoming meets.[16]

    Foundation stallions

    All modern Thoroughbreds trace back to three stallions imported into England from the Middle East in the late17th and early 18th centuries: the Byerley Turk (1680s), the Darley Arabian (1704), and the Godolphin Arabian(1729).[17][18] Other stallions of oriental breeding were less influential, but still made noteworthy contributionsto the breed. These included the Alcock's Arabian,[19] D'Arcy's White Turk, Leedes Arabian, and Curwen's BayBarb.[20][21][notes 1] Another was the Brownlow Turk, who, among other attributes, is thought to be largelyresponsible for the gray coat color in Thoroughbreds.[19] In all, about 160 stallions of Oriental breeding havebeen traced in the historical record as contributing to the creation of the Thoroughbred. The addition of horsesof Eastern bloodlines, whether Arabian, Barb, or Turk, to the native English mares[22] ultimately led to the

  • Matchem, a grandson of theGodolphin Arabian, from a paintingby George Stubbs

    creation of the General Stud Book (GSB) in 1791 and the practice of official registration of horses.[12]According to Peter Willett, about 50% of the foundation stallions appear to have been of Arabian bloodlines,with the remainder being evenly divided between Turkoman and Barb breeding.[22][notes 2]

    Each of the three major foundation sires was, coincidentally, theancestor of a grandson or great-great-grandson who was the only maledescendant to perpetuate each respective horse's male line: Matchemwas the only descendant of his grandsire, the Godolphin Arabian, tomaintain a male line to the present;[24] the Byerley Turk's male line waspreserved by Herod (or King Herod), a great-great-grandson;[25] and themale line of the Darley Arabian owes its existence to great-great-grandson Eclipse, who was the dominant racehorse of his day and neverdefeated.[20][26] One genetic study indicates that 95% of all maleThoroughbreds trace their direct male line (via the Y chromosome) tothe Darley Arabian.[27] However, in modern Thoroughbred pedigrees,most horses have more crosses to the Godolphin Arabian (13.8%) thanto the Darley Arabian (6.5%) when all lines of descent (maternal andpaternal) are considered. Further, as a percentage of contributions to current Thoroughbred bloodlines, Curwen'sBay Barb (4.2%) appears more often than the Byerley Turk (3.3%). The majority of modern Thoroughbredsalive today trace to a total of only 27 or 28 stallions from the 18th and 19th centuries.[27][28]

    Foundation mares

    The mares used as foundation breeding stock came from a variety of breeds, some of which, such as the IrishHobby, had developed in northern Europe prior to the 13th century.[29] Other mares were of oriental breeding,including Barb, Turk and other bloodlines,[30] although most researchers conclude that the number of Easternmares imported into England during the 100 years after 1660 was small.[22] The 19th century researcher BruceLowe identified 50 mare "families" in the Thoroughbred breed, later augmented by other researchers to 74.[31]However, it is probable that fewer genetically unique mare lines existed than Lowe identified.[31] Recent studiesof the mtDNA of Thoroughbred mares indicate that some of the mare lines thought to be genetically distinctmay actually have had a common ancestor; in 19 mare lines studied, the haplotypes revealed that they traced toonly 15 unique foundation mares, suggesting either a common ancestor for foundation mares thought to beunrelated or recording errors in the GSB.[31]

    Later development in BritainBy the end of the 18th century, the English Classic races had been established. These are the St. Leger Stakes,founded in 1776, the Epsom Oaks, founded in 1779, and the Epsom Derby in 1780. Later, the 2,000 GuineasStakes and the 1,000 Guineas Stakes were founded in 1809 and 1814. The 1,000 Guineas and the Oaks arerestricted to fillies, but the others are open to racehorses of either sex aged three years. The distances of theseraces, ranging from 1 mile (1.6 km) to 1.75 miles (2.82 km), led to a change in breeding practices, as breedersconcentrated on producing horses that could race at a younger age than in the past and that had more speed. In

  • the early 18th century, the emphasis had been on longer races, up to 4 miles (6.4 km), that were run in multipleheats. The older style of race favored older horses, but with the change in distances, younger horses becamepreferred.[32]

    Selective breeding for speed and racing ability led to improvements in the size of horses and winning times bythe middle of the 19th century. Bay Middleton, a winner of the Epsom Derby, stood over 16 hands high, a fullhand higher than the Darley Arabian. Winning times had improved to such a degree that many felt furtherimprovement by adding additional Arabian bloodlines was impossible. This was borne out in 1885, when a racewas held between a Thoroughbred, Iambic, considered a mid-grade runner, and the best Arabian of the time,Asil. The race was over 3 miles (4,800 m), and although Iambic was handicapped by carrying 4.5 stone (29 kg;63 lb) more than Asil, he still managed to beat Asil by 20 lengths.[33] An aspect of the modern British breedingestablishment is that they breed not only for flat racing, but also for steeplechasing.[34] Up until the end of the19th century, Thoroughbreds were bred not only for racing but also as saddle horses.[35]

    Soon after the start of the 20th century, fears that the English races would be overrun with American-bredThoroughbreds because of the closing of US racetracks in the early 1910s, led to the Jersey Act of 1913.[36] Itprohibited the registration of any horse in the General Stud Book (GSB) if they could not show that everyancestor traced to the GSB. This excluded most American-bred horses, because the 100-year gap between thefounding of the GSB and the American Stud Book meant that most American-bred horses possessed at least oneor two crosses to horses not registered in the GSB. The act was not repealed until 1949, after which a horse wasonly required to show that all its ancestors to the ninth generation were registered in a recognized StudBook.[37] Many felt that the Jersey Act hampered the development of the British Thoroughbred by preventingbreeders in the United Kingdom from using new bloodlines developed outside the British Isles.[38]

    In AmericaThe first Thoroughbred horse in the American Colonies was Bulle Rock, imported in 1730 by Samuel Gist ofHanover County, Virginia.[39][40] Maryland and Virginia were the centers of Colonial Thoroughbred breeding,along with South Carolina and New York. During the American Revolution importations of horses fromEngland practically stopped but were restarted after the signing of a peace treaty. Two important stallions wereimported around the time of the Revolution; Messenger in 1788 and Diomed before that. Messenger left littleimpact on the American Thoroughbred, but is considered a foundation sire of the Standardbred breed. Diomed,who won the Derby Stakes in 1780, had a significant impact on American Thoroughbred breeding, mainlythrough his son Sir Archy.[41][42] John F. Wall, a racing historian, said that Sir Archy was the "first outstandingstallion we can claim as native American."[43] He was retired from the racetrack because of lack ofopponents.[43]

    After the American Revolution, the center of Thoroughbred breeding and racing in the United States movedwest. Kentucky and Tennessee became notable centers. Andrew Jackson, later President of the United States,was a breeder and racer of Thoroughbreds in Tennessee.[44] Famous match races held in the early 19th centuryhelped popularize horse racing in the United States. One took place in 1823, in Long Island, New York, betweenSir Henry and American Eclipse. Another was a match race between Boston and Fashion in 1838 that featuredbets of $20,000 from each side.[45] The last major match races before the American Civil War were bothbetween Lexington and Lecompte. The first was held in 1854 in New Orleans and was won by Lecompte.

  • Lexington's owner then challenged Lecompte's owner to a rematch, held in 1855 in New Orleans and won byLexington. Both of these horses were sons of Boston, a descendant of Sir Archy.[46] Lexington went on to acareer as a breeding stallion, and led the sires list of number of winners for sixteen years, fourteen of them in arow.[47]

    After the American Civil War, the emphasis in American racing changed from the older style of four-mile(6 km) races in which the horses ran in at least two heats. The new style of racing involved shorter races not runin heats, over distances from five furlongs up to 1.5 miles (2.4 km). This development meant a change inbreeding practices, as well as the age that horses were raced, with younger horses and sprinters coming to thefore. It was also after the Civil War that the American Thoroughbred returned to England to race. Iroquoisbecame the first American-bred winner of the Epsom Derby in 1881. The success of American-bredThoroughbreds in England led to the Jersey Act in 1913, which limited the importation of AmericanThoroughbreds into England.[48] After World War I, the breeders in America continued to emphasize speed andearly racing age but also imported horses from England, and this trend continued past World War II.[49] AfterWorld War II, Thoroughbred breeding remained centered in Kentucky, but California, New York, and Floridaalso emerged as important racing and breeding centers.[50]

    Thoroughbreds in the United States have historically been used not only for racing but also to improve otherbreeds. The early import Messenger was the foundation of the Standardbred,[51] and Thoroughbred blood wasalso instrumental in the development of the American Quarter Horse.[52] The foundation stallion of the Morganbreed is held by some to have been sired by a Thoroughbred.[53] Between World War I and World War II, theU.S. Army used Thoroughbred stallions as part of their Remount Service, which was designed to improve thestock of cavalry mounts.[54][55]

    In EuropeThoroughbreds began to be imported to France in 1817 and 1818 with the importation of a number of stallionsfrom England, but initially the sport of horse racing did not prosper in France. The first Jockey Club in Francewas not formed until 1833, and in 1834 the racing and regulation functions were split off to a new society, theSociete d'Encouragement pour l'Amelioration des Races de Chevaux en France, better known as the Jockey-Club de Paris.[56] The French Stud Book was founded at the same time by the government.[57] By 1876, French-bred Thoroughbreds were regularly winning races in England, and in that year a French breeder-owner earnedthe most money in England on the track.[58] World War I almost destroyed French breeding because of wardamage and lack of races.[59] After the war, the premier French race, the Grand Prix, resumed and continues tothis day. During World War II, French Thoroughbred breeding did not suffer as it had during the first WorldWar, and thus was able to compete on an equal footing with other countries after the war.[60]

    Organized racing in Italy started in 1837, when race meets were established in Florence and Naples and a meetin Milan was founded in 1842. Modern flat racing came to Rome in 1868. Later importations, including theDerby Stakes winners Ellington (1856) and Melton (1885), came to Italy before the end of the19th century.[42][61] Modern Thoroughbred breeding in Italy is mostly associated with the breeding program ofFederico Tesio, who started his breeding program in 1898. Tesio was the breeder of Nearco, one of thedominant sires of Thoroughbreds in the later part of the 20th century.[62]

  • Other countries in Europe have Thoroughbred breeding programs, including Germany,[63] Russia, Poland, andHungary.[64]

    In Australia and New Zealand

    Horses arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788 along with the earliest colonists.[65] Although horses ofpart-Thoroughbred blood were imported into Australia during the late 18th century, it is thought that the firstpureblood Thoroughbred was a stallion named Northumberland who was imported from England in 1802 as acoach horse sire.[66] By 1810, the first formal race meets were organized in Sydney, and by 1825 the first mareof proven Thoroughbred bloodlines arrived to join the Thoroughbred stallions already there.[65] In 1825, theSydney Turf Club, the first true racing club in Australia, was formed. Throughout the 1830s, the Australiancolonies began to import Thoroughbreds, almost exclusively for racing purposes, and to improve the localstock. Each colony formed its own racing clubs and held its own races.[66] Gradually, the individual clubs wereintegrated into one overarching organization, now known as the Australian Racing Board.[67] Thoroughbredsfrom Australia were imported into New Zealand in the 1840s and 1850s, with the first direct importation fromEngland occurring in 1862.[68]

    In other areasThoroughbreds have been exported to many other areas of the world since the breed was created. Orientalhorses were imported into South Africa from the late 17th century in order to improve the local stock throughcrossbreeding. Horse racing was established there in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and Thoroughbredswere imported in increasing numbers.[69] The first Thoroughbred stallions arrived in Argentina in 1853, but thefirst mares did not arrive until 1865. The Argentine Stud Book was first published in 1893.[70] Thoroughbredswere imported into Japan from 1895, although it was not until after World War II that Japan began a seriousbreeding and racing business involving Thoroughbreds.[71]

    Registration, breeding, and populationMain article: Thoroughbred breeding theoriesSee also: Horse breeding

    About 37,000 Thoroughbred foals are registered each year in North America,[72] with the largest numbers beingregistered in the states of Kentucky, Florida and California.[73][notes 3] Australia is the second largest producerof Thoroughbreds in the world with almost 30,000 broodmares producing about 18,250 foals annually.[75]Britain produces about 5,000 foals a year,[76] and worldwide, there are more than 195,000 active broodmares, orfemales being used for breeding, and 118,000 newly registered foals in 2006 alone.[77] The Thoroughbredindustry is a large agribusiness, generating around $34 billion in revenue annually in the United States andproviding about 470,000 jobs through a network of farms, training centers and race tracks.[78]

  • Twilight, the Thoroughbred mare whoserves as the subject of the EquineGenome Project

    Unlike a significant number of registered breeds today, a horse cannot beregistered as a Thoroughbred (with The Jockey Club registry) unlessconceived by live cover, the witnessed natural mating of a mare and astallion. Artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), thoughcommonly used and allowable in many other horse breed registries,cannot be used with Thoroughbreds.[79] One reason is that a greaterpossibility of error exists in assigning parentage with AI, and althoughDNA and blood testing eliminate many of those concerns, AI stillrequires more detailed record keeping.[80] The main reason, however,may be economic; a stallion has a limited number of mares who can beserviced by live cover. Thus the practice prevents an oversupply ofThoroughbreds, although modern management still allows a stallion tolive cover more mares in a season than was once thought possible. As anexample, in 2008, the Australian stallion Encosta De Lago covered 227mares.[81] By allowing a stallion to cover only a couple of hundred mares a year rather than the couple ofthousand possible with AI, it also preserves the high prices paid for horses of the finest or most popularlineages.[82]

    Concern exists that the closed stud book and tightly regulated population of the Thoroughbred is at risk of lossof genetic diversity because of the level of inadvertent inbreeding inevitable in such a small population.According to one study, 78% of alleles in the current population can be traced to 30 foundation animals, 27 ofwhich are male. Ten foundation mares account for 72% of maternal (tail-female) lineages, and, as noted above,one stallion appears in 95% of tail male lineages.[28] Thoroughbred pedigrees are generally traced through thematernal line, called the distaff line. The line that a horse comes from will often determine the price paidregardless of the actual talent or potential of the horse.[83]

    ValueMain article: Thoroughbred valuation

    Prices of Thoroughbreds vary greatly, depending on age, pedigree, conformation, and other market factors.[84]In 2007, Keeneland Sales, a United States-based sales company, sold 9,124 horses at auction, with a total valueof $814,401,000, which gives an average price of $89,259.[85] As a whole for the United States in 2007, TheJockey Club auction statistics indicated that the average weanling sold for $44,407, the average yearling soldfor $55,300, average sale price for two-year-olds was $61,843, broodmares averaged $70,150, and horses overtwo and broodmare prospects sold for an average of $53,243.[86] For Europe, the July 2007 Tattersall's Sale sold593 horses at auction, with a total for the sale of 10,951,300 guineas,[87] for an average of 18,468 guineas.[88]Also in 2007, Doncaster Bloodstock Sales, another British sales firm, sold 2,248 horses for a total value of43,033,881 guineas, making an average of 15,110 guineas per horse.[89] Australian prices at auction during the2007-2008 racing and breeding season were as follows: 1,223 Australian weanlings sold for a total of$31,352,000, an average of $25,635 each. 4,903 yearlings sold for a total value of A$372,003,961, an averageof A$75,853. Five hundred two-year-olds sold for A$13,030,150, an average of A$26,060, and 2,118broodmares totalled A$107,720,775, an average of A$50,860.[90]

  • Race horses competing on turf (grassracetrack) in Germany. Most races inEurope are run on turf, while mostraces in North America are run ondirt.

    Averages, however, can be deceiving. For example, at the 2007 Fall Yearling sale at Keeneland, 3,799 younghorses sold for a total of $385,018,600, for an average of $101,347 per horse.[85] However, that average salesprice reflected a variation that included at least 19 horses that sold for only $1,000 each and 34 that sold for over$1,000,000 apiece.[91]

    The highest price paid at auction for a Thoroughbred was set in 2006 at $16,000,000 for a two-year-old coltnamed The Green Monkey.[92] Record prices at auction often grab headlines, though they do not necessarilyreflect the animal's future success; in the case of The Green Monkey, injuries limited him to only three careerstarts before being retired to stud in 2008, and he never won a race.[92] Conversely, even a highly successfulThoroughbred may be sold by the pound for a few hundred dollars to become horsemeat. The best-knownexample of this was the 1986 Kentucky Derby winner Ferdinand, exported to Japan to stand at stud, but wasultimately slaughtered in 2002, presumably for pet food.[93]

    However, the value of a Thoroughbred may also be influenced by the purse money it wins. In 2007,Thoroughbred racehorses earned a total of $1,217,854,602 in all placings, an average earnings per starter of$16,924.[94] In addition, the track record of a race horse may influence its future value as a breeding animal.

    Stud fees for stallions that enter breeding can range from $2,500 to $500,000 per mare in the UnitedStates,[95][96] and from 2000 pounds[97] to 75,000 pounds or more in Britain.[98] The record stud fee to datewas set in the 1980s, when the stud fee of the late Northern Dancer reached $1 million.[99] During the 2008Australian breeding season seven stallions stood at a stud fee of A$110,000 or more, with the highest fee in thenation at A$302,500.[81]

    UsesAlthough the Thoroughbred is primarily bred for racing, the breed isalso used for show jumping and combined training because of itsathleticism, and many retired and retrained race horses become finefamily riding horses, dressage horses, and youth show horses. The largerhorses are sought after for hunter/jumper and dressage competitions,whereas the smaller horses are in demand as polo ponies.

    Horse racingMain article: Thoroughbred horse race

    Thoroughbred horses are primarily bred for racing under saddle at thegallop. Thoroughbreds are often known for being either distance runnersor sprinters, and their conformation usually reflects what they have beenbred to do. Sprinters are usually well muscled, while stayers, or distancerunners, tend to be smaller and slimmer.[100] The size of the horse is oneconsideration for buyers and trainers when choosing a potential

    racehorse. Although there have been champion racehorses of every height, from Zenyatta who stood 17.2hands,[101] to Man o' War and Secretariat who both stood at 16.2 hands,[102][103] down to Hyperion, who was

  • A Thoroughbred competing ineventing

    only 15.1,[104] the best racehorses are generally of average size.[105] Larger horses mature more slowly andhave more stress on their legs and feet, predisposing them to lameness.[106] Smaller horses are considered bysome to be at a disadvantage due to their shorter stride and a tendency of other horses to bump them, especiallyin the starting gate.[105] Historically, Thoroughbreds have steadily increased in size: the average height of aThoroughbred in 1700 was about 13.3 hands high. By 1876 this had increased to 15.3.[107]

    In 2007, there were 71,959 horses who started in races in the United States, and the average Thoroughbredracehorse in the United States and Canada ran 6.33 times in that year.[94] In Australia, there were 31,416 horsesin training during 2007, and those horses started 194,066 times for A$375,512,579 of prize money. During2007, in Japan, there were 23,859 horses in training and those horses started 182,614 times for A$857,446,268of prize money.[75] In Britain, the British Racing Authority states there were 8,556 horses in training for flatracing for 2007, and those horses started 60,081 times in 5,659 races.[108]

    Statistically, fewer than 50% of all race horses ever win a race, and less than 1% ever win a stakes race such asthe Kentucky Derby or the Epsom Derby.[109] Any horse who has yet to win a race is known as a maiden.

    Horses finished with a racing career that are not suitable for breeding purposes often become riding horses orother equine companions. A number of agencies exist to help make the transition from the racetrack to anothercareer, or to help find retirement homes for ex-racehorses.[110]

    Other disciplinesIn addition to racing, Thoroughbreds compete in eventing, showjumping and dressage at the highest levels of international competition,including the Olympics. They are also used as show hunters,steeplechasers, and in western riding speed events such as barrel racing.Mounted police divisions employ them in non-competitive work, andrecreational riders also use them.[111] Thoroughbreds are one of the mostcommon breeds for use in polo in the United States.[112] They are oftenseen in the fox hunting field as well.[113]

    CrossbreedingThoroughbreds are often crossed with horses of other breeds to create new breeds or to enhance or introducespecific qualities into existing ones. They have been influential on many modern breeds, including the AmericanQuarter Horse,[114] the Standardbred,[115] and possibly the Morgan, a breed that went on to influence many ofthe gaited breeds in North America.[116] Other common crosses with the Thoroughbred include crossbreedingwith Arabian bloodlines to produce the Anglo-Arabian[117] as well as with the Irish Draught to produce the IrishSport Horse.[118] Thoroughbreds are often crossed with various Warmblood breeds due to their refinement andperformance capabilities.[119]

    Health issues

  • Although Thoroughbreds are seen in the hunter-jumper world and in other disciplines, modern Thoroughbredsare primarily bred for speed, and racehorses have a very high rate of accidents as well as other health problems.

    One tenth of all Thoroughbreds suffer orthopedic problems, including fractures.[27] Current estimates indicatethat there are 1.5 career-ending breakdowns for every 1,000 horses starting a race in the United States, anaverage of two horses per day. The State of California reported a particularly high rate of injury, 3.5 per 1000starts.[120] Other countries report lower rates of injury, with the United Kingdom having 0.9 injuries/1,000 starts(19901999) and the courses in Victoria, Australia, producing a rate of 0.44 injuries/1,000 starts (19892004).[121] Thoroughbreds also have other health concerns, including a majority of animals who are prone tobleeding from the lungs (exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage), 10% with low fertility, and 5% withabnormally small hearts.[27] Thoroughbreds also tend to have smaller hooves relative to their body mass thanother breeds, with thin soles and walls and a lack of cartilage mass,[122] which contributes to foot soreness, themost common source of lameness in racehorses.[123]

    Selective breeding

    One argument for the health issues involving Thoroughbreds suggests that inbreeding is the culprit.[27] It hasalso been suggested that capability for speed is enhanced in an already swift animal by raising muscle mass, aform of selective breeding that has created animals designed to win horse races.[124] Thus, according to onepostulation, the modern Thoroughbred travels faster than its skeletal structure can support.[125] VeterinarianRobert Miller states that "We have selectively bred for speeds that the anatomy of the horse cannot always copewith."[126]

    Poor breeding may be encouraged by the fact that many horses are sent to the breeding shed following an injury.If the injury is linked to a conformational fault, the fault is likely to be passed to the next generation.Additionally, some breeders will have a veterinarian perform straightening procedures on a horse with crookedlegs. This can help increase the horse's price at a sale and perhaps help the horse have a sounder racing career,but the genes for poor legs will still be passed on.[121]

    Excess stressA high accident rate may also occur because Thoroughbreds, particularly in the United States, are first raced as2-year-olds, well before they are completely mature. Though they may appear full-grown and are in superbmuscular condition, their bones are not fully formed.[126] However, catastrophic injury rates are higher in 4- and5-year-olds than in 2- and 3-year-olds.[127] Some believe that correct, slow training of a young horse (includingfoals) may actually be beneficial to the overall soundness of the animal. This is because, during the trainingprocess, microfractures occur in the leg followed by bone remodeling. If the remodeling is given sufficient timeto heal, the bone becomes stronger. If proper remodeling occurs before hard training and racing begins, thehorse will have a stronger musculoskeletal system and will have a decreased chance of injury.[121]

    Studies have shown that track surfaces,[128] horseshoes with toe grabs,[122] use of certain legal medications,[129]and high-intensity racing schedules may also contribute to a high injury rate.[130] One promising trend is thedevelopment of synthetic surfaces for racetracks, and one of the first tracks to install such a surface, Turfway

  • Park in Florence, Kentucky, saw its rate of fatal breakdowns drop from 24 in 200405 to three in the yearfollowing Polytrack installation. The material is not perfected, and some areas report problems related to winterweather, but studies are continuing.[120]

    Medical challengesThe level of treatment given to injured Thoroughbreds is often more intensive than for horses of lesser financialvalue[131] but also controversial, due in part to the significant challenges in treating broken bones and othermajor leg injuries.[132] Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be life-threatening because a horse'sweight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent circulatory problems, laminitis, and otherinfections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down duringthe recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses periodically lie down forbrief periods of time, a horse cannot remain lying in the equivalent of a human's "bed rest" because of the riskof developing sores, internal damage, and congestion.[132]

    Whenever a racing accident severely injures a well-known horse, such as the major leg fractures that led to theeuthanization of 2006 Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro, or 2008 Kentucky Derby runner-up Eight Belles,animal rights groups have denounced the Thoroughbred racing industry.[133] On the other hand, advocates ofracing argue that without horse racing, far less funding and incentives would be available for medical andbiomechanical research on horses.[134] Although horse racing is hazardous, veterinary science has advanced.Previously hopeless cases can now be treated,[132] and earlier detection through advanced imaging techniqueslike scintigraphy can keep at-risk horses off the track.[135]

    See alsoThoroughbred breeding theoriesGlossary of North American horse racing

    Notes1. Articles on the mentioned horses are located at Peters, Anne. "Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: D'Arcy's White

    Turk". Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved 2008-02-17., "Foundation Sires of theThoroughbred: L". Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved 2008-02-17., Peters, Anne."Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: Curwen's Bay Barb". Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred. ThoroughbredHeritage. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

    2. The identification of exact breeding for most of the foundation stallions is complicated by the practice in the 17th and18th century of calling a horse an Arab or a Barb based on where the horse was acquired, rather than from its actualbreeding.[23]

    3. Note that some promotional materials from The Jockey Club state that there are slightly under 1.3 millionThoroughbreds in the United States today registered with The Jockey Club,[74] but combining this information withfigures on foal registrations gives an average lifespan for registered Thoroughbreds of almost 35 years, which is wellbeyond normal for horses.

    Footnotes

  • 1. Patten Light Horse Breeds pp. 1911952. The Jockey Club. "Coat Colors Of Thoroughbreds". Interactive RegistrationTM Help Desk: How to Identify a

    Thoroughbred. The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2008-02-17.3. Bongianni Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies section 124. "Approved Veterinarian Identification of the Thoroughbred in Australia". Australian Stud Book. May 2008. Retrieved

    2009-02-25.5. Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 3383546. Henry All About Horses, pp. 60, 66.7. The Jockey Club. "Eligibility for Foal Registration". The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements. The

    Jockey Club. pp. Section V, part C. Retrieved 2008-02-17.8. Australian Jockey Club (2007). "Rules of the Australian Stud Book" (PDF). Australian Jockey Club. p. 7. Retrieved

    2008-02-17.9. Phifer Track Talk p. 38

    10. Merriam-Webster (1994). Thoroughbred entry. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (Merriam Webster).p. 195. ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

    11. Merriam-Webster The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage p. 90512. "Thoroughbred". Horse Breeds of the World. International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 2012-04-01.13. Australian Jockey Club. "About the Australian Stud Book". Australian Stub Book Website. Australian Jockey Club.

    Retrieved 2008-06-07.14. New York Times. "Search of the New York Times Website for Thoroughbred". New York Times Website. New York

    Times. Retrieved 2008-06-07.15. BBC. "Search of the BBC Website for Thoroughbred". BBC Website. BBC. Retrieved 2008-06-07.16. Wall Famous Running Horses pp. 7817. Milner The Godolphin Arabian pp. 3618. Wall Famous Running Horses p. 819. Willett The Thoroughbred p. 2520. Phifer Track Talk p. 4521. Morris Thoroughbred Stallions pp. 1222. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 22-2323. Willett The Thoroughbred p. 1924. Milner The Godolphin Arabian p. 14025. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 383926. Willett The Thoroughbred p. 3727. Pickrell "95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud" (http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7941) New

    Scientist28. Cunningham "Microsatellite diversity" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11736806?dopt=Abstract) Animal

    Genetics29. Erigero "Who's Your Momma III" (http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/mtdnaintbdamlines3.html) Animal

    Genetics30. Erigero "Who's Your Momma II" (http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/mtdnaintbdamlines3.html) Animal

    Genetics31. Erigero "New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees"

    (http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/mtdnaintbdamlines.html) Animal Genetics32. Willett The Classic Racehorse pp. 343633. Willett The Classic Racehorse pp. 394134. Willett The Classic Racehorse p. 5735. Derry Horses in Society p. 4136. Willett The Classic Racehorse pp. 11111337. Willett The Classic Racehorse pp. 717438. Willett The Classic Racehorse p. 5639. Robertson History of Thoroughbred Racing in America p. 1640. Bruce The American Stud Book Volume 1 p. 1041. Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 13113642. "Turf Hallmarks: Epsom Derby Stakes". Turf Hallmarks. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

  • 42. "Turf Hallmarks: Epsom Derby Stakes". Turf Hallmarks. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved 2008-02-17.43. Wall Famous Running Horses pp. 11411544. Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 14214345. Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 14314746. Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 15215447. Wall Famous Running Horses p. 11948. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 15916349. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 16517150. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 17517651. Evans The Horse pp. 282952. Evans The Horse pp. 232753. Evans The Horse p. 3654. Derry Horses in Society pp. 13613755. Buecker Fort Robinson pp. 272956. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 11912257. Willett The Classic Racehorse p. 3058. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 12512859. Willett The Thoroughbred p.13460. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 13914361. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 1808262. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 18218763. Willett The Classic Racehorse pp. 16216964. Willett The Classic Racehorse pp. 20221165. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 20220566. Herringer, Philip (2006). "Thoroughbred Horse Racing in Australia". Turf Hallmarks. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved

    2008-02-27.67. Ford, Michael (June 2006). "History of the Australian Stud Book: Part 1". Breeders and Breeding. Thoroughbred

    Heritage. Retrieved 2008-02-27.68. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 21321569. Herringer, Philip (2004). "Thoroughbred Horse Racing and Breeding in South Africa". Breeders and Breeding.

    Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved 2008-02-27.70. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 23323571. Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 2384072. The Jockey Club. "About the Registry". The Jockey Club Website. The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2008-02-17.73. The Jockey Club (c. 2007). "Distribution of Registered Foal US Foal Crop by State". The Jockey Club Online Factbook.

    The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2008-02-17.74. The Jockey Club. "Thoroughly Thoroughbred" (PDF). The Jockey Club Website. The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2008-04-01.75. "Racing Fact Book" (PDF). Australia Racing Board. 20092010. p. 72. Retrieved 2010-12-03.76. British Horseracing Authority. "British Breeding: Overview". British Horseracing Authority Website. British

    Horseracing Authority. Retrieved 2008-06-05.77. The Jockey Club. "Thoroughbred Racing and Breeding Worldwide". The Jockey Club Website. The Jockey Club.

    Retrieved 2008-03-30.78. NTRA Wagering Technology Working Group in conjunction with Giuliani Partners LLC (August 2003). "Improving

    Security in the United States Pari-Mutuel Wagering System: Status Report and Recommendations" (PDF). NationalThoroughbred Racing Association Web Site. National Thoroughbred Racing Association. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

    79. "Rules and Regulations of Thoroughbreds". The Jockey Club Website. The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2007-07-04.80. Equine Research Breeding Management and Foal Development p. 34981. Australian Stud Book: Encosta De Lago (AUS), Australian Jockey Club Limited and Victoria Racing Club Limited

    (http://www.studbook.org.au/horse.aspx?hid=529224&pagetype=STALFERT) Retrieved 2009-1-2582. Russell Meerdink Co. "Frequently Asked Questions: Breeding". HorseInfo.com Web Site. Russell Meerdink Co.

    Retrieved 2008-02-17.83. Napier Blood will tell pp. 171884. Commer, Malcolm. "Price Factors and Sales Trends" (PDF). Maryland Cooperative Extension. University of Maryland.

    Retrieved 2008-06-05.

  • Retrieved 2008-06-05.85. Keeneland Sales. "Yearly Sales Recap". Keeneland Sales Website. Keeneland Sales. Retrieved 2008-06-05.86. The Jockey Club. "2007 Auction Statistics". The Jockey Club Factbook. The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2008-06-05.87. Traditionally, the obsolete guinea, 1.05, formerly 21 shillings, is retained as the unit of account for these sales.88. Tattersalls. "Tattersall's (Select Sales & Results, then July)". Tattersall's Website. Tattersall's. Retrieved 2008-06-05.89. Doncaster Bloodstock Sales. "Sales Statistics". Doncaster Bloodstock Sales Website. Doncaster Bloodstock Sales.

    Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2008-06-05.90. Australian Racing Board Limited. "Australian Sales Results" (PDF). Sales Website. Australian Racing Board Limited.

    Retrieved 2010-01-18.91. Keeneland Sales. "Keeneland September 2007 Yearling Sale Results". Keeneland Sales Website. Keeneland Sales.

    Retrieved 2008-06-05.92. Biles, Deirdre (February 13, 2008). "The Green Monkey Retired". Bloodhorse.com. Retrieved December 19, 2009.93. Finley, Bill (2003-07-23). "Horse Racing; 1986 Derby Winner Was Slaughtered, Magazine Reports". New York Times.

    Retrieved 2009-12-28.94. The Jockey Club. "2007 Racing Statistics". The Jockey Club Factbook. The Jockey Club. Retrieved 2008-06-05.95. Blood-horse Magazine. "2008 Leading Sires". Blood-horse Website. Blood-horse. Retrieved 2008-06-05.96. Liebman, Dan (March 6, 2002). "Storm Cat Stud Fee Rises to $500,000". Blood Horse Magazine. Retrieved

    December 29, 2009.97. Weatherby's. "Stud Advertisement for Desideratum". Weatherby's Online Stallion Book. Weatherby's. Retrieved

    2008-06-05.98. Weatherby's. "Stud Advertisement for Dansili". Weatherby's Online Stallion Book. Weatherby's. Retrieved 2008-06-05.99. Thomas, Robert (November 17, 1990). "Northern Dancer, One of Racing's Great Sires, Is Dead". New York Times.

    100. Phifer Track Talk p. 26101. "Large and in charge: The Zenyatta file". Lexington Herald-Leader. October 31, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2012.102. Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 183186103. Bongianni Champion Horses pp. 112113104. Bongianni Champion Horses p. 56105. Hedge Horse Conformation p. 35106. Barakat "Why Size Matters" Equus107. Phifer Track Talk p. 24108. British Horseracing Authority. "British Horseracing Review 20062007" (PDF). British Horseracing Authority Website.

    British Horseracing Authority. Retrieved 2008-06-05.109. Gutner, Toddi (2003-06-16). "So You Want to Race a Horse". Business Week (Business Week): 92. Retrieved 2008-06-05.110. Thomas, Heather Smith (2008-05-10). "Options for Ex-racehorses" (PDF). Blood-horse Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-05.111. The Jockey Club. "The Thoroughbred". The Jockey Club Web Site. The Jockey Club. Archived from the original on

    2013-07-03. Retrieved 2008-02-17.112. American Polo Horse Association staff. "What is a Polo Pony or Polo Horse?". American Polo Horse Association Web

    Site. American Polo Horse Association. Retrieved 2012-03-30.113. Jones "Fox Hunting in America" American Heritage Magazine114. Oklahoma State University Department of Animal Science. "Quarter Horse". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State

    University. Retrieved 2008-02-17.115. Oklahoma State University Department of Animal Science. "Standardbred". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State

    University. Retrieved 2008-02-17.116. Curler, Elizabeth. "Morgan Horses in American History". The National Museum of the Morgan Horse Web Site. The

    National Museum of the Morgan Horse. Retrieved 2008-02-17.117. "Quick Facts". Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Registration. Arabian Horse Association. Retrieved 2008-02-27.118. Irish Draught Horse Society. "The Irish Draught Sport Horse". Irish Draught Horse Society Web Site. Irish Draught

    Horse Society. Retrieved 2008-02-17.119. Von Velsen, Dr. Eberhard (SeptemberOctober 1981). "The Trakehner Breed and the Thoroughbred". Trakehner Hefte.

    American Trakehner Association. Retrieved 2008-02-27.120. Rosenblatt "Barbaro's Legacy" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

    dyn/content/article/2007/04/23/AR2007042301231.html) Washington Post121. Oke, "Understanding and Preventing Catastrophic Injuries", The Horse, 2636.122. Casner, Bill (April 2007). "The Detrimental Effects of Toe Grabs" (ppt). Retrieved 2008-02-17.123. Arthur Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse p. 872

  • References

    123. Arthur Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse p. 872124. Kluger "Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble" Time Magazine125. Finley "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths" New York Daily News126. Miller "And They Call Us Horse Lovers" (http://www.equine-reproduction.com/articles/Horse-Lovers.shtml) Cowboy

    Magazine127. Bourke "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria" Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and

    Veterinarians128. Oikawa "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses" Journal of

    Equine Veterinary Science129. PETA. "The Horseracing Industry: Drugs, Deception and Death". PETA Media Center. People for the Ethical Treatment

    of Animals. Retrieved 2008-02-17.130. Pedulla "Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown Schedule" (http://www.usatoday.com/sports/horses/triple/2006-06-04-

    triple-crown-scrutiny_x.htm) USA Today131. Walker "Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances" (http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-

    te.sp.racing30jan30,0,3354975.story) Baltimore Sun132. Grady "State of the Art to Save Barbaro" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/sports/othersports/23leg.html?

    pagewanted=1&_r=2) The New York Times133. PETA. "Barbaro's Tragic Injury: A Symptom of a Cruel Industry". PETA.org Campaigns. People for the Ethical

    Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2008-02-17.134. Horserace Levy Betting Board staff. "Advancing Veterinary Science and Education". Horserace Levy Betting Board Web

    Site. Horserace Levy Betting Board. Retrieved 2008-02-17.135. Mackey "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses" Veterinary Radiology

    Arthur, RM; et al. (2003). "North American Thoroughbred". In Ross MW, Dyson SJ. Diagnosis and Management ofLameness in the Horse. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 872. ISBN 0-7216-8342-8.Barakat, Christine (October 2007). "Why Size Matters". Equus 361: 3642.Bongianni, Maurizio (1983). Champion Horses: An Illustrated History of Flat Racing, Steeplechasing and TrottingRaces. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-517-43933-6.Bongianni, Maurizio (1987). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York: Fireside. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.Bourke, JM (1994). "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria: a seven year study". Proceedings of the 10th InternationalConference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians.Bruce, S.D. (1884). The American Stud Book, Vol. 1, Revised Edition. New York: Sanders D. Bruce.Buecker, Thomas R. (2002). Fort Robinson and the American century, 19001948. Lincoln: Nebraska State HistoricalSociety. ISBN 0-933307-29-2.Cunningham EP, Dooley JJ, Splan RK, Bradley DG (December 2001). "Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness andthe contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses". Animal Genetics 32 (6): 3604. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00785.x. PMID 11736806.Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2006). Horses in Society: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 18001920. Toronto:University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-9112-1.Equine Research, Inc. (1982). Breeding Management and Foal Development. Grand Prairie, Texas: Equine Research.ISBN 0-935842-04-7.Erigero, Patricia. "New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees". Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved2008-02-17. which cites Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). "History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed inEquine mtDNA Variation" (PDF). Animal Genetics 33 (4): 287294. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x.PMID 12139508. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Erigero, Patricia. "Who's Your Momma II: Some Lines Converge". Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved2008-02-17. which cites Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). "History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed inEquine mtDNA Variation" (PDF). Animal Genetics 33 (4): 287294. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x.PMID 12139508. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Erigero, Patricia. "Who's Your Momma III: Some Lines Misplaced". Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage.

  • Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to:Thoroughbred (category)

    Look up Thoroughbred or

    External linksJockey Club (UK) (http://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/)The Jockey Club (USA) (http://www.jockeyclub.com/)Thoroughbred Bloodlines (http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/)Australian Stud Book (http://www.studbook.org.au/)

    Erigero, Patricia. "Who's Your Momma III: Some Lines Misplaced". Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage.Retrieved 2008-02-17. which cites Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). "History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam LinesRevealed in Equine mtDNA Variation" (PDF). Animal Genetics 33 (4): 287294. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x.PMID 12139508. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Evans, Warren J; Anthony Borton; L. Dale Van Vleck; Harold Hintz (1990). The Horse (Second ed.). San Francisco:W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1811-1.Finley, Bill (6 October 2006). "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths". New York Daily News.Glyn, Richard (1971). The World's Finest Horses and Ponies. London: Harrap. ISBN 0-245-59267-9.Grady, Denise (23 May 2006). "State of the Art to Save Barbaro". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Hedge, Juliet; Don M. Wagoner (2004). Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance. Globe Pequot.ISBN 1-59228-487-6.Henry, Marguerite (1967). All About Horses. Random House. ISBN 0-394-80243-8.Jones, Caroline (October 1973). "Fox Hunting in America". American Heritage Magazine 24 (6).Kluger, Jeffrey (28 May 2006). "Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-17.MacKey, Valorie S.; Trout, Donald R.; Meagher, Dennis M.; Hornof, William J. (1987). "Stress fractures of the humerus,radius, and tibia in horses: clinical features and radiographic and/or scintigraphic appearance". Veterinary Radiology &Ultrasound 28 (1): 2631. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1987.tb01719.x.Merriam-Webster (1989). The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.ISBN 0-87779-132-5.Miller, Robert M., DVM (Fall 2006). "And They Call Us Horse Lovers". Cowboy Magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Milner, Mordaunt (1990). The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line. London: J. A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-476-7.Montgomery, Edward E. (1971). The Thoroughbred. New York: Arco Publishing. ISBN 0-668-02824-6.Morris, Tony (1990). Thoroughbred Stallions. Swidon, Wiltshire: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-85223-331-1.Napier, Miles (1977). Blood will tell: Orthodox breeding theories examined. London: J. A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-254-3.Oikawa, M; et al. (1994). "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in thoroughbredhorses". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 14 (5): 262. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81951-9.Oke, Stacey (July 2008). "Understanding and Preventing Catastrophic Injuries". The Horse.Patten, John W. (1960). The Light Horse Breeds: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Principal Uses. New York: BonanzaBooks. OCLC 403717047.Pedulla, Tom (4 June 2006). "Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown schedule". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Phifer, Kate Gilbert (1978). Track Talk: An Introduction to Thoroughbred Racing. Washington, D.C.: Robert B. Luce Co.ISBN 0-88331-098-8.Pickrell, John (September 2005). "95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud". NewScientist.com news service. NewScientist. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Robertson, William P. (1964). The History of Thoroughbred Racing in America. New York: Bonanza Books.OCLC 1028160.Rosenblatt, Richard (2007-04-23). "Barbaro's Legacy: Better Life for Horses". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Walker, Childs and Bill Ordine (30 January 2007). "Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances". BaltimoreSun. Retrieved 2008-02-17.Wall, John F. (1949). Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants (Reprint edition from KessingerPublishing (2007) ed.). Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press. ISBN 1-4325-9386-2.Willett, Peter (1982). The Classic Racehorse. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1477-2.Willett, Peter (1970). The Thoroughbred. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-297-00225-2.

  • thoroughbred inWiktionary, the freedictionary.

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&oldid=690112192"

    Categories: Horse breeds originating in England Horse breedsHorse racing Thoroughbred horses

    This page was last modified on 11 November 2015, at 10:32.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registeredtrademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.