Three Sections of the Cell

• All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce

• 3 main sections– 1) Nucleus

– 2) Cytoplasm

– 3) Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like material inside of the cell• Most organelles float within• Job: Allow chemical reactions to take place

• Aka: Cell Membrane• Job: Allow materials to

enter/exit• Composition: Lipids &

proteins• Semi-Permeable: only

specific materials may enter and exit– Through pores & protein

channels

• Job: Controls cell activity

– Where DNA is found

– DNA holds info to make proteins

• Inside:

– 1) Chromatin: long strands of DNA

– 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

• Aka: ER• Rough ER: Tunnel system that transports

ribosomes and proteins• Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no

ribosomes)

• Created by nucleolus– Some attached to ER… some free-floating

• Transported by the rough ER

• Job: make proteins

• Job: Package and transport proteins out of the cell• Protein Creation Process Review

1) Nucleolus makes a ribosome2) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER3) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and

exports them

Golgi Body in action

Golgi body is placing proteins (yellow dots) into protective vesicles

Vesicle expels the proteins (blue dots) from the cell

• Powerhouse: Releases energy to the cell• Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular

respiration• Endosymbiosis theory: Mitochondria were once free living

organisms that later became parts of modern cells– Evidence: Own DNA, own ribosomes, make proteins, replicate

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Functions:

– 1) Break down food

– 2) Kill bacteria

– 3) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell

• Used in movement• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

That one magical night, sperm cells swam with the aid of a flagella!

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments

• Swells & shrinks with H2O supply

• Plant cells: Large central vacuole (as pictured)

• Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells

• Job: Adds support to growing plants

• Made of tough cellulose– Hard to digest

• Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665

Cell membrane

• Job: Perform photosynthesisCO2 + H20 + sunlight Sugar + O2

• Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & converts it into glucose (sugar)

• Endosymbiosis theory: Chloroplasts were once free living organisms that later became parts of modern cells– Evidence: Own DNA, own ribosomes, make proteins, replicate

Kobe Kuiz1) Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function.2) Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm.3) Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to

exportation.4) List various reasons to help support the theory of

endosymbiosis.5) Name two organelles that plant cells have an animal cells do

not.6) Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells?7) Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar?8) Which organelle creates ribosomes?9) Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release

proteins?10)Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?