The Study of Traffic Accident Costs in Thailand

Faculty of Engineering Prince of Songkla University

8 April 2008

Department of Highways

รศ. ดร.พิชัย ธานีรณานนท Project Leaderนายแพทย วิทยา ชาติบัญชาชัย Medical Team Leader

ศ. ดร.ยอดพล ธนาบรบิูรณ Accident Costing Model Team Leader

ศ. ดร.พลายพล คุมทรัพย Economics Team Leader

Peter Waugh Road Safety Team Leader

รศ ลําดวน ศรีศักดา Assistant Project Leader

Study Team

IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion

Overview

“Knowing the Enemy”知己知彼，百戰不貽﹔不知彼而知己，一勝一負﹔不知彼不知 己，每戰必貽

Know yourself and your enemy outcome of a 100 wars are assured

Know yourself but not your enemy the outcomes are 50 50

Know not yourself nor your enemy all wars are lost

Sun Tzu’s The Art of War

Introduction

5

The Art of Life

To liveTo live well To live better

Alfred North Whitehead

ThailandThailand: 76 ProvincesCapital: BangkokArea: 514,000 km2

Population (2005):62.4 million GDP (2005): $559.5 billion GDP per capita: $2,100

IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion

Overview

Objectives

To detail a sound and comprehensive method of calculating traffic accident costs which enables values to be regularly updated.To enable the application of cost benefit analyses in traffic accident reduction projects.To identify actual traffic accident costs and the burden placed on society for use in raising the awareness of policy makers and the public.

Scope of the Study

5 Provinces for the Pilot Case Study in Thailand :

1. Khon Kaen2. Lampang3. Nakhonsawan4. Bangkok5. Songkhla

IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion

Overview

In Thailand road accidents are considered one of the top three public health problems in the country. Despite the Government’s best efforts, there are sadly over 13 000 deaths and more than one million injuries each year as the result of road accidents, with several hundred thousand people disabled. An over-whelming majority of the deaths and injuries involve motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians.The Royal Thai Government regards this problem to be of great urgency and has accorded it high priority in the national agenda. We are also aware of the fact that effective and sustainable prevention of such injuries can only be achieved through concerted multisectoralcollaboration.

Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra’sLetter to WHO

Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister, Thailand, 2004

Road Traffic Accident Situationin Thailand

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year

Trend in Accident Occurrences and Fatalities.

No.of Accidents

Fatalities 16,727124,530

Road Traffic Accident Situationin Thailand

Percentage of Vehicles in Carsh.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year PedestrianBicycle

Tricycle

Motorcycle

Mortor Tricycle

Passenger Car

Van

Pickup Truck

Heavy Bus

6 Wheels Truck

10 Wheel or more Truck

Farm Vehicle

Taxi

Others

Typical Motorcycle Crash

Cost of Fatality in Road Accident

The Precious Human Life

Cost of Fatality in Road Accidentin ASEAN

IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion

Overview

Human Capital Approach

Human Costs Category

Loss of Productivity Costs

Quality of Life Costs

Medical Costs

EMS. Costs

Long Term Care Costs

Property Damage Costs Category

Vehicle Damage Costs

Non-Vehicle Damage Costs

General Crash Costs Category

Insurance Administration

Police Administration

Judicial System Costs

ERS. Costs

Travel Delay Costs

21

Human Costs Category

Human Costs Category

Loss of Productivity CostsQuality of Life CostsMedical CostsEmergency Medical Service CostsLong Term Care Costs

Quality of Life

The loss of quality of life reflects pain, grief, and suffering experienced by victims of road crashes, and by their families and friends.

Medical Costs

The unit cost for treatment of crash patients at pre-hospital care, hospital care and rehabilitation stages

Emergency Medical Service Costs

These costs cover staff cost,material cost, and capital cost of emergency medical service unit.

Long Term Care Costs

These are costs associated with continuous provision of service to patients after discharge. They include follow-up at OPD, ER, drug room in OPD, laboratories in OPD etc.

27

Property Damage Costs Category

Property Damage Costs Category

Vehicle Damage CostsNon-Vehicle Damage Costs

29

General Crash Costs Category

General Crash Costs Category

Insurance Administration CostsPolice Administration CostsJudicial Administration CostsEmergency Rescue Service CostsTravel Delay Costs

31

Thailand Accident Costing Model

Thailand Accident Costing Model

Human Capital Approach Total Traffic Accident Costs = A+B+C

Human Costs Category, (A) = A1+A2+A3+A4+A5

Property Damage Costs Category, (B) = B1+B2

General Crash Costs Category, (C) = C1+C2+C3+C4+C5

Thailand Accident Costing Model Human Costs Category (A)

Total EMS costs = [No. of EMS cases]severity x [average EMS costs]severity* the average EMS costs by severity cover labor cost, material cost, and capital cost

EMS. Costs(A4)

Human Costs Category (A)

Total Longtterm Care Cost = [No. of disabilities] x [average long term care cost]

Long term Care Cost (A5)

Total medical costs = [No. of casualties]severity x [average hospitalization expenses]severity

Medical Costs(A3)

Total quality of life costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [estimated added percentage of quality of life costs]severity

Quality of Life Costs(A2)

1) Lost output in terms of income loss from fatality = [No. fatalities by age range] x [foregone income ]* the foregone income is calculated from a wage function showing relationship

between wage and age2) Lost output in terms of income loss from serious injuries

to disabilities (no work) = [No. serious injuries to disabilities by age range] x [foregone income, if abilities and work ]

3) Lost output in terms of income loss from serious injuries to disabilities (work) = [No. serious injuries to disabilities by age range] x [foregone income, if abilities and work ]* Assume effectiveness reduced by 30%

4) Lost output in terms of income loss from injuries = [No. of injuries]severity x[ No. of day in Hospital ]x[average wage per day ]

5) Lost output in terms of income loss involving those relatives and friends who take care of the injured and the disabled = [No. of injuries]severity x[ No. of day to take care ]x[average wage per day ]* No of carer to injuries, 1:1

Loss of Productivity and Long term Care Costs(A1)

Estimating FormulaCost Element

Thailand Accident Costing Model Property Damage Costs Category (B)

Total non-vehicle damage costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average non-vehicle damage costs]severity* the average non-vehicle damage costs by severity are obtained from Department of Highways

Non-Vehicle Damage Costs(B2)

Total vehicle damage costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average vehicle damage costs]severity

Vehicle Damage Costs (B1)

Property Damage Costs Category (B)

Estimating FormulaCost Element

Thailand Accident Costing Model General Crash Costs Category (C)

Total travel delay costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average travel delay costs]severity

Travel Delay Costs (C5)

Total ERS costs = [No. of ERS cases]severity x [average ERS costs]severity* the average EMS costs by severity cover labor cost, material cost, and capital cost

ERS Costs (C4)

Total judicial system costs = [No. of attendances by court cases]severity x [average judicial system costs]severity* the average judicial system costs by severity cover expertise fee, transportation expenditure, service fee, court costs and others.

Judicial System Costs (C3)

Total police administrative costs = [No. of attendances by police]severity x [average insurance administrative costs]severity* the average police administrative costs by severity are all staff wages and other expenses born by police work

Police Administration Costs (C2)

Total insurance administrative costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average insurance administrative costs]severity* the average insurance administrative costs by severity are all expenses born by insurance companies

Insurance Administration Costs (C1)

General Crash Costs Category (C)

Estimating FormulaCost Element

IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusions

Overview

Number of casualties by severities in the year of 2004

14,254 fatalities217,039 serious injuries775,245 slight injuries9,078 disabilities

Traffic Accidents Costing in Thailand 2004Human Costs Category (A)

Traffic Accidents Costing in Thailand 2004Property Damage Costs Category (B)

Traffic Accidents Costing in Thailand 2004General Crash Costs Category (C)

Total Traffic Accident Costs 2007

2.818,285,462232,8552007

2.857,816,474222,8282006

3.007,087,660213,2322005

3.146,489,847204,0502004

Percentage ofGDP

GDP(Million Baht)

Total Traffic Accident Costs(Million Baht)

Year

ที่มา : มูลคาความสูญเสียไดจากการคํานวณ200

Conclusions

Percentage of the Crash Cost Component for Thailand in 2004

Loss of productivity costs 17.65 %

Loss of quality of life costs 37.99 %

Vehicle damage costs 22.53 %

Travel delay costs 15.24 %

Medical Costs 2.27%

Long term care costs 2.53 %

Insurance administration costs 1.18 %Non-vehicle damage costs 0.20 %

Police administration costs 0.19 %

Judicial system costs 0.46 %

Emergency rescue service costs 0.03%

Emergency medical service costs 0.13%

Total Road Traffic Accident Cost to Thailand for 2007

232855 million BahtEqual to 2.81 % of GDP

Average Value of Costs according to Crash Severity for Thailand in 2007

45,898 A Property Damage Only Crash34,761 A Slight Injury

147,023 A Serious Injury6,167,061 A Disability5,315,556A Fatality

Average value of Costs (baht)Crash Severity

Average Value of Costs according to Crash Severity for Bangkok 2007

146,773 A Property Damage Only Crash154,850 A Slight Injury301,746 A Serious Injury

12,435,767 A Disability11,078,982 A Fatality

Average value of Costs (baht)Crash Severity

วันที่ 22 มกราคม 2551ศาลอุธรณตัดสินใหรถเมลสาย 207 จายเงิน กวา 10 ลานบาทใหกับพอนักศึกษา เอแบค ที่เสียชีวิต

ที่มา : MCOT

We have to do the best we can. This is our sacred human responsibility.

Albert Einstein