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JIET SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHOLOGY FOR GIRLS, JODHPUR
Submitted by: Submitted to:Pratibha maurya Prof. Anshu mathur
DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER A disaster can be defined as any occurrence
that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale ,sufficient to
DISASTERS CLASSIFICATIONS
MANMADE NATURAL
NATURAL DISASTER
Avalanches Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Hydrological disasters Cyclonic storms Space disasters Health disasters Wildfires
MAN- MADE DISASTERS
fires transport accidents industrial accidents oil spills nuclear explosions/radiationtraffic accident
DEFININTION OF ACCIDENT The who definition:- Unpremeditated event resulting in
recognizable damage- An unexpected, unplanned occurrence which
may involve injury.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IMAGES
OTHER LAWS YOU NEED TO KNOW!
Headlights must be lighted from sunset to sunrise or when visibility is poor.
You must dim your brights 500’ before meeting and 200’ before overtaking another vehicle.
It is illegal to engage in any vehicle race, exhibit of speed, or speed contest on any public road, street, or highway.
Windows and windshields must be kept clean and free of stickers, signs, posters, except those required by law.
When a load extends 4’ or more out the back, a red flag must be attached to the load.
It is illegal to drive recklessly or inattentively. It is illegal to send or read text messages while
driving!
SPEED LIMITS The Basic Rule: No matter what the posted
speed, you must judge the situation and conditions and adjust your speed accordingly.
The maximum speed on a freeway is 75mph, 65mph on a highway, and 35mph on city streets (unless posted otherwise).
It is illegal to drive so slowly that you disrupt the normal flow of traffic.
Observe posted speeds in school and construction zones to protect students and workers (penalties are higher in these areas).
FACT ABOUT SIGNALING & TURNING
You must signal when turning at an intersection or into a driveway!
You must signal when changing lanes. You must signal when entering or leaving the
freeway. You must signal when pulling toward or away from
the curb. You must signal 100 feet (about 5 seconds) before
turning. In Idaho, you may turn right on a red light, after
stopping. In Idaho, you may turn left on a red light, after
stopping, and if turning onto a one-way street.
TEXTING AND DRIVING As of July 1, 2012, it is illegal to text while
driving in Idaho. “Texting” means, “engaging in the review of,
or manual preparation and transmission of, written communication via handheld wireless devices.”
PERFORMANCE OF ORIGINAL ARPANET ALGORITHM
Light load Delay dominated by the constant part
(transmission delay and propagation delay) Medium load
Queuing delay is no longer negligible Moderate traffic shifts to avoid congestion
Heavy load Very high metrics on congested links Busy links look bad to all of the routers All routers avoid the busy links Routers may send packets on longer paths
MOTOROLA ESENSOR™ DNA Detection System.
Binding properties of DNA and RNA. Electronic circuit element. Detectable electronic signal. Disposable biochip cartridges, detection
reagents, electronic biochip reader, software and protocols.
Convenient, economically feasible.
AIMINVESTIGATE THE CAUSES OF THE MAJOR REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF ROAD ACCIDENT FATALITIES IN 2007-10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Casu
altie
s in
dexe
d to
200
0 fig
ure
Killed Seriously injured
RISK FACTORS The risk depends on four elements : A) Exposure excess (need to travel)
B) Risk of crash, given a particular exposure,
C) Risk of injury, given a crash,
D) Risk of death or severe consequences, given an injury.
PREVENTION
Traffic accidents are preventable. The three targets of the road safety
actions : - the road users - the vehicles - the roads infrastructure as well as the
traffic management.
PREVENTION A scientific approach to the issue is necessary : Many conditions are required to guarantee the
efficiency of the prevention strategies which are adopted.
To collect, analyse and carefully interpret reliable data : The National Traffic Observatory in Tunisia was established to fulfill theses missions.
To define objectives. To promote research, which subjects are concerned
with road safety. To encourage the cooperation between different
organizations intervening in traffic accidents prevention (NETWORKING).
THE KEY ORGANIZATIONS INTERVENING IN
THE PREVENTION STRATEGIES :
Organizations intervening in road safety actions
PREVENTION MEASURES Prevention strategies are made of interventions
which are aiming to : diminish the exposure risk. avoid road crashes, given a particular
exposure. reduce the severity of injuries caused by
crashes improve the medical care for victims.
MEASURES AVOIDING ROAD CRASHES, GIVEN AN EXPOSURE
Speed limitation Measures against « alcohol and driving » Measures avoiding the drivers fatigue : Measures ensuring pedestrian and cyclists safety Prevention of traffic accidents implying young
drivers The prohibition of the use of hand- held mobile
telephones while driving More road visibility
MEASURES REDUCING THE SEVERITY OF INJURIES CAUSED BY CRASHES :
a – The use of seat-belts When use, the seat- belt reduce the risk of fatal or
severe accident, between 40% and 65 % (1). Making the wearing of safety belts compulsory
improves their use rates.b- Use of helmets
c- Availability of air bags
ACTIONS IMPROVING POST-CRASH INJURY OUTCOME
- pre-hospital mesures : * Bystanders : call for help, carry out simple acts to
rescue victims, protect victims from an other accident
* Larger access to emergency services * Better pre- hospital medical care - actions in the hospital :
CONCLUSIONS
Traffic
Vehiclesafety
Financial stability
Vehiclesafety
CONCLUSIONS General reduction in traffic
Reduction in young male drivers
Drink driving accidents reduce
Small reduction in speeding
Progressively colder winters
TTTTT
Thank