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Signal to Noise Ratio Along A XMission Path

T- 1


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Nyquist Criteria, Roll Off Factor

Frequency Response of Nyquist Channel

T- 2


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Transmitter Receiver

Superimposition

of received

waveform

Fig. 6

Generation of Eye Pattern

T- 3Superposition

of receivedwaveforms


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The details of digital systems currently available

are given below :8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 34 Mb/s

140Mb/s

140Mb/s

Opticalfibretype

6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1Monom

ode

LossdB/km

repeater

3.5 3.5 2.3 2.3 0.5

Span 8 kms 1520 1520 2025 2530

Opticalsource

LED LASER LASER LASER LASER

Detector

APD APD APDPINFET

PINFET

LineCode

Scrambled

binary

Scrambled

binary3B4B 5B6B 5B6B

Wavelength

850 850 1300 1300 1300

T- 4


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Table 1A short message using even character and odd

column parity

P b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0ASCII

Character

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 d

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 t

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 SP0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 c

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 o

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 BCC

T- 5


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Table 2Bit 1 of the SP character fails both character and

column parity checksand is therefore in error.


Character1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 d

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 t

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 SP

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 c

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 o

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 BCC

T- 6


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Table 3Twobit errors can be detected by a combinationof character and column parity checks, but they

usually cannot be corrected


Character

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 d

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 t

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 SP

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 c

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 o

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 BCC

T- 7


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A Parity Generator Circuit

T- 8


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Table 4Even the combination of character and column

parity checkswill not detect all errors


Character

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 d

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 t

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 SP

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 c

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 o

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 m

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 m1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 BCC

T- 9


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A CRC Circuit

T- 10

Shift right register Shift right register Shift right register

Data

input


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Encoded TDM (European)

T- 11


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Frame Structure :

T-

Frame Structure Bit No.

Frame alignment word(1111010000)

1 to 10

Alarm to remote Tml 11 Set I

National use 12 Set I

Bits from tributaries 13 to 212 Set I

Justification Control bits 1 to 4 Set II

Bits from tributaries 5 to 212 Set II

Justification Control bits 1 to 4 Set III

Bits from tributaries 5 to 212 Set III

Justification Control bits 1 to 4 Set IV

Bits for tributaries

available for justification

5 to 8 Set IV

Bits from tributaries 9 to 212 Set IV

Frame Length

bits/tributary

848 bits

206 bits

12


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T- 13


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Fig. 6

Generalized Model of a QPSK and QMA Modulator

T- 14


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Fig. 7

Model of a Coherent QPSK and QAM Demodulator

Fig. 8

T- 15


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Multiplier Type Demodulator Carrier Recovery

Fig. 6.1

BWPerBitRate Comparisons for Various Modulation Techniques

T- 16

( Here M is number of levels )

2 4 8 16

M=16


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(a)

T- 17


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Fig. 1

Block Diagram of QPSK Modulator

T- 18


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Fig. 2

Differential Encoder

Fig. 3

Fig. 4Differential Decoder

T- 19


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Fig. 13Dejitterister Schematic

T- 20


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Fig. 14Scrambler/Descrambler

T- 21


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(i)

Fig. 2Spectrum for

NRZ Signal

4

RZ Binary Waveform and Spectrum

T- 22


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(1)

Spectrum of AMI Signal

3.4.1 code.

T- 23


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T

Spectrum of HDB 1 Code

T- 24


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Transition of 6 bit pattern state

T- 25


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A Typical Microwave Radio SysSchematic of a Microwave Terminal

Frequency Bands

NomenclatureBit rate

Mb/s.

No. of

chls.Frequency band

Small capacity 0.704 10 658712 MHz (UHF)

Small capacity 2.048 30 400 MHz band (UHF)

Small capacity 8.448 120520585 MHz (UHF)622712 MHz (UHF)

Small capacity 8.448 1202 GHz band (M/W)(2.02.3 GHz)

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Mediumcapacity

34.368 4807 GHz band (M/W)(7.4257.725 GHz)

Mediumcapacity

34.368 48013 GHz band (M/W)(12.7513.25 GHz)

band M/WMediumcapacity

34.368 48015 GHz band (M/W)(14.7515.75 GHz)

High capacity 139.264 19204 GHz band (M/W)(3.33.8 and 3.84.2GHz)

High capacity 139.264 1920

6 GHz band (M/W)(5.9256.425 GHz;Lower)(6.4307.110 GHz;

Upper)

High capacity 139.264 192011 GHz band (M/W)(10.711.7 GHz)

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T- 28


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Hot Standby Digital Radio System(one

T- 29


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Block Diagram of DM2G1000 Digital Radio Equipment

T- 30


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Hot Standby Protection Switching System

T- 31


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Route Line Diagram

Radio Frequency Channel Arrangement

T- 32


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(U6 GHz, CCIR Rec. 3843, 6, 4 to 7.1 GHz)

T-

Lower half band Upper half band

RF CHNo.

Radio frequency(MHz)

RF CHNo.

Radio frequency(MHz)

1 6460 1' 6800

2 6500 2' 6840

3 6540 3' 6880

4 6580 4' 6920

5 6620 5' 6960

6 6660 6' 7000

7 6700 7' 70408 6740 8' 7080

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Frequency Bands

T-

Nomenclature Bit rate No. of chls.

Frequency band

Small capacity 0.704 10 658712 MHz (UHF)

Small capacity 2.048 30 400 MHz band (UHF

Small capacity 8.448 120520585 MHz (UHF)622712 MHz (UHF)

Small capacity 8.448 1202 GHz band (M/W)(2.02.3 GHz)

Medium capacity 34.368 4807 GHz band (M/W)(7.4257.725 GHz)

Medium capacity 34.368 48013 GHz band (M/W)[12.7513.25 GHband (M/W)]

High capacity 139.264 19204 GHz band (M/W)(3.33.8 and 3.84GHz)

High capacity 139.264 1920

6 GHz band (M/W)(5.9256.425 GHz Lower)

(6.4307.110 GHz Upper)

High capacity 139.264 192011 GHz band (M/W)(10.711.7 GHz)

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Survey and Feasibility Report for MW Routes

TABLE-I

S.No. Type of MW Systems Channel Capacity

I ANALOGUE

1 UHF (400 MHz) 602 NARROWBAND 2 GHz 120/300

3 NARROWBAND 7 GHz 300

4 WIDEBAND 4 GHz 1800

5 WIDEBAND 6 GHz 1800

II DIGITAL

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1.UHF 400700 MHz (2&8)mb/s

30/120 PCM chls.

2. NB 2 GHz (2&8 mb/s) 30/120 PCM chls.

3. NB 7 GHz (34 mb/s) 480 PCM chls.

4. WB 6 GHz (140 mb/s) 1920 chls.5. NB 13 GHz (34 mb/s) 480 chls.

Table II

Table III

T-

S.No. Input Data Data to be Calculated

1. Height above MSLTower Height/AntennaHeight

2. Latitude Free Space Loss

3. Longitude Feeder Loss

4. Direction of True NorthAntenna System Gainrequired

5. Beam Direction Received Signal level

6. Frequency of operations S/N ratio

7. Hop distance Interference level, if any

8. Critical point distance Noise burst study

S.No. Type Plinth Area Where Used

1. Z Type 136.575 Sq.m. UHF/NB Repeaters

(Non dropping).2. Y Type 266.921 Sq.m. UHF/NB (Terminal) WB

Rptr.

3. X Type 435.781 Sq.m. WB Terminal

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Table IV

S.No. Tower Height Soil BearingCapacity

1. 50 20 MT/Dry

2. 60 20 MT/Dry

3. 70 20 MT/Dry

4. 80 20 MT/Dry

5. 90 20 MT/Dry

6. 100 20 MT/Dry

Weight of Tower Materials :

60 M LW : 30.51 MT60 M HW : 30.95100 M LW : 76.83100 M HW : 89.73100 M SHW : 150 MT

6 GHz DIGITAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Specifications

The specifications of radio system are given below :

1. System Parameter

(1) Frequency range6430 to 7110 MHz (6 GHzband)

(2) Modulation 16 QAM

(3) Repeating Regenerative repeating

(4) Transmission data rate 139.264 Mbit/s (equivalentto 1920 telephone

T- 37


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channels).

(5) Environmental conditionsa. Performance

guaranteed

b. Operation withoutdamage

c. Transportation andstorage

Temperature, Relativehumidity.0 to +50oC, up to 95% at

35o

C10 to +55oC, up to 95% at45oC

40 to +65oC, up to 95% at45oC

(6) Altitude of installation Up to 4500 m

2. TransmitterReceiver

(1) Transmitter output power+30 dBm typical at the TXunit output (+27 dBm to

+32 dBm)

(2) Receiver noise figure3.5 dB typical, 4 dBguaranteed, measured atRX unit input.

(3) Frequency stability + 2 x 105

(4) Receiver threshold level74 dBm to 17 dBm forBER of 1 x 103 measuredat RX unit input

3. ModulatorDemodulator

Modulation 16 QAM

DemodulationCoherent/Instantaneousdecision

Spectrum shaping 35% rolloff at baseband

IF frequency 70 MHz

4. Base band switching

Switching capacity

One protection channelfor maximum seven mainchannels. At the initialstage of this system,number of main channelsis three.

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Switching methodHitless switching withoutframe loss on fades ormaintenance actions.

Switching threshold

a. Switching initiationBER

b. Restoration BER

c. Switching time

1 x 10

4

to 1 x 10

9

(1 x 10

4, adjustable on site).1 x 104 to 1 x 109 (1 x 106, adjustable on site).Less than 15 msexcluding propagationtime.

5. Baseband signal interface to/from MUX

Bit rate 139.264 Mbit/s + 15 ppm

Code format CMILevel

in accordance with CCITTG.703

Impedance 75 unbalanced

6. Digital service channel

Maximum number of 64kbit/s channel

24

Digital interface64 kbit/s, codirectional inaccordance with CCITTG.703.

Analog interfacea. Input/Output levelb. Connection methodc. Impedanced. Signalling

16 dBm/+7 dBm4wire600 ohms, balancedE&M

7. Auxiliary signal (option)

Wayside signal 2,048 Mb/s

Analog service channel1 voice channel (OmnibusOW)

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Transmission lineProtection and No.1working channel

8. Interface connector

RF (at antenna port)

PDR70 at antenna side

JIS BRJ7 at radioequipment side.

IF and baseband SP3CJ coaxial, 75Alarm and auxiliarysignals

Multipin jack

9. Power supply

Input voltage48V nominal, positiveground(40 to 60 V)

Power consumption(typical)

a. Terminal (3+1) with SDincluding SC WS and

MSTR SVb. Repeater (3+1) with

SD including SCWSand sub SV

1,074 W

1,358 W

10. Physical dimensions

Rack, excluding RF 2500 mm high, 120 mm

T- 40


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branching networkwide,225 mm deep.

T- 41


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Fig. 1Block Diagram of Typical Terminal Configuration

T- 42


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T- 43


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Hardware of Centralized Supervisory Equipment (CSE)

T- 44


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Fig. 2Basic FibreOptic Link

nformation Transmission Sequence

Core (m) Cladding (m)

8 125

50 125

62.5 125

100 140

Fig. 3Typical Core and Cladding Diameter

T- 45

Information in

(Voice, Data,

Video)


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Fig. 4Optical Fibres Principle and Types

T- 46


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Fig.Cross Section of Optical Fibre (Single Mode)

Fig.Siecor Mini Bundle Loose Tube Optical Fibre Cable

T- 47


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12 Fibres PE/Nylon

Fig.Loss and Bends

T- 48


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Fig. 1

Simplified Block Diagram of the Fibre Optics Transmission System

T- 49


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Fig. 3

T- 50


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Block Diagram of a Typical

Optical Line Transmission System

T- 51


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Fig. 4Frame Structure of Service Data for

140 Mbit/s Fibre Optics Transmission System

T- 52


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Frame Structure of Service Data for34 Mbit/s Fibre Optics Transmission System

T- 53


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STM-N Frame Structure

T- 54


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SDH Standards Bit Rates

T- 55


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Multiplexing Principles

T- 56


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Synchronous Multiplexers

Optional Tributary Interfaces

Add Drop Multiplexer

T- 57


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Add/Drop Multiplexers

Digital CrossConnects

T- 58


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Modes of Communication

T-1

T- 59


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Frequency bands in use for satellite

communication are :

"L" BAND 18302700 MHz

"S" BAND 25002700 MHz INSAT IS USING

"C" BAND

59256425 MHzUP37004200 MHzDOWN

INSAT IS USING

"X" BAND 79008400 UP72507750DOWN

"KU" BAND

14.00014.500Hz. UP1095011200GHz/DN.1145011700GHz/DN.

"K" BAND27.530 GHz UP17.721.2 GHzDOWN

EXTENDED CBAND

67257025 UP45004800DOWN

INSAT IS USING

V BAND4051 GHz UP4041 GHz

DOWNV BandIntersatellite

5964 GHz5458 GHz

T- 60


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T- 61


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Example of Geographical Advantage

T- 62


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T- 63


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Three Basic Orbits

FM/FDM/FDMA

Table 1

T- 64


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RF Bandwidthper Carrier

(MHz)

Voice CHLS.per Carrier

Accesses perTransponder

Voice CHLS.per

Transponder

2.5 24 14 336

5 60 7 42010 132 3.5* 456

36 972 1 972

T- 65


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T- 66


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Configuration at Earth Station B

Configuration at Earth Station B

T- 67


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Fig. 11

T- 68


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T- 69


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Fig. 1System Concept of Multichannel VSAT Network

T- 70


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Fig. 2Block Schematic of Multichannel per Carrier

Very Small Aperture Satellite Terminal (MCPCVSAT)

T- 71

2.5m

Dia

6GHz


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Block Schematic of Hub Station

T- 72


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T- 73


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(1/2) Illustration of IDR Channel Unit

T- 74


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CHARACTERISTICS AND TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS FOR IDRCARRIERS

S.No. PARAMETER REQUIREMENT

1. Information rate, IR 64 Kbit/s to 44.736 Mbit/s

2. Overhead data rate for carrier with IR > 1.544Mbit/s

96 Kbit/s

3. Forward error correctionencoding

Rate convolutionalencoding/Viterbi decoding

4. Energy dispersal(scrambling)

As per CCITT Rec. V.35

5. Modulation 4-Phase Coherent PSK

6. Ambiguity resolution Combination of differentialencoding (180o) and FEC (90o)

7. Clock recovery Clock timing must be recoveredfrom the received data stream

8. Minimum carrier bandwidth (allocated)

0.7 R Hz or [0.933 (IR+overhead)]

9. Noise bandwidth (andoccupied bandwidth)

0.6 R Hz or [0.8 (IR+overhead)]

10. Eb/No at BER (Rate FEC)a. Modems back-to-back

b. Through satellitechannel

10-3 10-7 10-8

5.3 dB 8.3 dB 8.3 dB5.7 dB 8.7 dB 9.2 dB

11. C/T at nominal operatingpoint (10 II BER)

-219.9 + 10 log10 (IR+OH), dBw/K

12. C/N in noise bandwidthat nominal operatingpoint

9.7 dB

13. Nominal bit-error-rate atoperating point

1 x 107

14. C/T at threshold -222.9 + 10 log10 (IR+OH), dBw/K

15. C/N in noise bandwidthat threshold

6.7 dB

16. Threshold bit-error-rate 1 x 10-3

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