Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

Chapter 11

Essential Question?

Did Thomas Jefferson the president stay true to his Democratic-Republican beliefs? How, or why not?

Jefferson’s Timeline

1800: Jefferson elected president

1801: Judiciary Act 01-05: War with Tripoli

1803: Marbury v. Madison Louisiana Purchase

1804-06: Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804: Reelected president

1806: Burr’s treason trial

1807: Chesapeake Affair Embargo Act

Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

Federalist military spending left them vulnerable to criticism.

Federalists tried to defame Thomas Jefferson through numerous accusations: Fathered children with a slave (true!) Anti-Christian rhetoric

The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”

In the 1800 Presidential election, Jefferson became the 1st person to defeat a sitting president.

Jefferson actually tied with his running mate Aaron Burr

Burr refused to back down with the presidency in sight

Lead to 12th Amendment

When no candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives decides.

Jefferson called it a revolution because the people had peacefully changed the direction of the nation.

1800 Election Results

Responsibility Breeds Moderation

1st president inaugurated in DC Inaugural address, “We are all

Republicans, we are all Federalists.” (What does he mean?)

Jefferson broke “fancy” tradition State of the Union not delivered in

person Left many Federalists in office

Jeffersonian Restraint

Influenced Congress to repeal the Excise Tax

Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin lowered the federal debt.

Jefferson left many Federalist programs in place Bank of US

The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary

Adams and Congress approved 16 federal judges in his last few days (Midnight Judges)

New Chief Justice John Marshall carried on the Federalist ideals for 34 years!

One Midnight Judge, William Marbury sued the Jefferson administration when he was not allowed to be a judge.

Marbury v. Madison: single most important Supreme Court case, established Judicial Review

Judicial Review

Not included in the Constitution Power “assumed” by the Supreme

Court Judicial check over legislative and

executive branch Ability to declare a law or executive

order unconstitutional (invalid)

Chief Justice John Marshall

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

Believed in a small military force Costs less $ Less chance for a

coup The Barbary

Pirates captured countless sailors and held them ransom.

The nation of Tripoli (modern Libya) declared war when the US refused to pay the ransom.

US won the war (1801-1805), freed captives

The Louisiana Godsend

In 1800, France gains control of Louisiana from Spain.

1803: Jefferson sends a delegation to France to buy New Orleans for $10 million.

Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million.

Jefferson struggled with the constitutionality of the issue, but the idea of doubling the US won out.

Senate approved treaty.

Louisiana Purchase was the equivalent to $.03 an acre!

Louisiana in the Long View

1804: Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana territory

1st whites to travel through modern Nebraska, SD, ND, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon.

Discovered new lands, flora and fauna, American Indian groups

Took 2.5 years!

Lewis and Clark

The Route

The Aaron Burr Conspiracies

VP Burr dropped from ticket for Jefferson's 2nd term

Plotted secession schemes in New England and Louisiana

Alexander Hamilton exposed plots, Burr challenged to a duel, shot and killed Hamilton.

Tried and acquitted of treason

A Precarious Neutrality

Jefferson reelected in 1804 UK and France’s war made trading

difficult for US UK practiced impressments, 6,000

US sailors forced into UK Navy 1807: Chesapeake Incident; UK fired

on US naval vessel killing 3

The Hated Embargo

UK and France depended on US food Congress approves the Embargo Act which

prohibited all US exports US merchants and farmers suffer New England talked of secession, Congress

replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 (allowed trade with anyone except UK and France)

Why the Embargo Failed

UK began getting grain from Latin America

France had conquered enough of Europe to sustain itself.

Illegal trade flourished Highly unpopular with Americans

Madison Timeline (1st Term)

1808: Elected president 1809: Non-Intercourse Act replaces

Embargo Act 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe 1812: US declares war on UK

James Madison

Madison’s Gamble

Jefferson followed Washington’s tradition of serving 2 terms.

James Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State

Macon’s Bill #2 opened trade to UK and France; made US look weak

Eventually lead to US passing an Embargo against UK alone, UK mad!

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Many in Congress wanted war with UK (War Hawks)

War Hawks also wanted to push Indians pas the Mississippi

2 Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and “The Prophet” united all eastern Indian nations (UK supplied weapons)

William H. Harrison (future president), lead a militia to Tecumseh’s base near the Tippecanoe River (Indiana), defeated Indians

Pushed Tecumseh’s coalition even closer to UK; they would be allies in the War of 1812.

Mr. Madison’s War

War Hawks, expansionists, Republicans – Many were itching for war

Federalists and New England against Congress declares war against UK in

1812 New England actually lent money and

food to UK!

Essential Question?

Did Thomas Jefferson the president stay true to his Democratic-Republican beliefs? How, or why not?